X-Git-Url: https://git.donarmstrong.com/?a=blobdiff_plain;f=Documentation%2Fuser%2Fmusic-glossary.tely;h=13b78d554353c5c75e3ea929e3c374e6869da975;hb=d28c76465e19fbb32d24836bcd30ccf79e7d1ca4;hp=49a1f5bd7bf4c5868bf90c5cd60096d2b921e3b1;hpb=5c14a087ca6cbd665fd631452b7b1283ba0387c3;p=lilypond.git diff --git a/Documentation/user/music-glossary.tely b/Documentation/user/music-glossary.tely index 49a1f5bd7b..13b78d5543 100644 --- a/Documentation/user/music-glossary.tely +++ b/Documentation/user/music-glossary.tely @@ -14,12 +14,6 @@ * Glossary: (lilypond/music-glossary). Glossary of music terms. @end direntry -@ifhtml -This document is also available in -@uref{source/Documentation/user/music-glossary.pdf,PDF} -and as @uref{source/Documentation/user/music-glossary-big-page.html,one big page}. -@end ifhtml - @titlepage @title Music Glossary @author Christian Mondrup @c Original author of LilyPond glossary @@ -66,6 +60,19 @@ Copyright @copyright{} 1999--2008 by the authors @ifnottex +@ifhtml +@ifclear bigpage +This document is also available as a +@uref{source/Documentation/user/music-glossary.pdf,PDF} and as +@uref{source/Documentation/user/music-glossary-big-page.html,one big page}. +@end ifclear +@ifset bigpage +This document is also available as a +@uref{source/Documentation/user/music-glossary.pdf,PDF} and as a +@uref{source/Documentation/user/music-glossary/index.html,HTML indexed multiple pages}. +@end ifset +@end ifhtml + This glossary was brought you by: @itemize @@ -554,8 +561,8 @@ Languages in this order. @item FI: A, a @end itemize -@seealso +@seealso @ref{Pitch names}. @@ -569,7 +576,7 @@ D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, -FI: ?. +FI: kahdelle. Abbreviated @notation{a2} or @notation{a 2}. @@ -585,8 +592,8 @@ or groups of players (@q{desks}). @end enumerate -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -606,8 +613,8 @@ FI: accelerando, kiihdyttäen. Increase tempo -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -625,8 +632,8 @@ FI: aksentti, korostus. The stress of one tone over others. -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -634,7 +641,6 @@ None yet. @section accessory @seealso - @ref{ornament}. @@ -646,8 +652,8 @@ principal note to which it is attached. The acciaccatura is drawn as a small eighth note (quaver) with a line drawn through the flag and stem. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{appoggiatura}, @ref{grace notes}, @ref{ornament}. @@ -696,8 +702,8 @@ An accidental alters a note by: >> @end lilypond -@seealso +@seealso @ref{alteration}, @ref{semitone}, @ref{whole tone}. @@ -725,8 +731,8 @@ of sonatas, symphonies, etc. @end itemize -@seealso +@seealso @ref{andante}, @ref{largo}, @ref{sonata}. @@ -740,7 +746,7 @@ D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, -FI: ?. +FI: häviten olemattomiin. [Italian: @q{to nothing}.] Used with @notation{decrescendo} to indicate that the sound should fade away to nothing. @@ -772,8 +778,8 @@ Since one does not crescendo @emph{to} nothing, it is not correct to use @notation{al niente} with @notation{crescendo}. Instead, one should use @emph{dal niente} (@notation{@b{from} nothing}). -@seealso +@seealso @ref{crescendo}, @ref{decrescendo}, @ref{hairpin}. @@ -792,8 +798,8 @@ FI: allegro, nopeasti. [Italian: @q{cheerful}.] Quick tempo. Also used as a title for pieces in a quick tempo, especially the first and last movements of a sonata. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{sonata}. @@ -807,13 +813,13 @@ D: Alteration, NL: verhoging of verlaging, DK: ?, S: ?, -FI: ?. +FI: muunnettu. An alteration is the modification, raising or lowering, of a note's pitch. It is established by an accidental. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{accidental}. @@ -834,8 +840,8 @@ was a high male voice (hence the name), which by the use of falsetto reached the height of the female voice. This type of voice is also known as countertenor. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{countertenor}. @@ -853,8 +859,8 @@ FI: alttoavain. C clef setting middle C on the middle line of the staff. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{C clef}. @@ -875,8 +881,8 @@ Denotes a range of pitches for a given voice in a part of music. It may also denote the pitch range that a musical instrument is capable of playing. Sometimes anglicized to @emph{ambit} (pl. @emph{ambits}). -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -904,8 +910,8 @@ note(s) of a melody occurring in that incomplete measure. bes( a) g f | bes4. a8 bes4 c | f,2. \bar "||" } @end lilypond -@seealso +@seealso @ref{measure}, @ref{meter}. @@ -929,8 +935,8 @@ Also called @q{natural minor scale}. a1 b c d e f g a } @end lilypond -@seealso +@seealso @ref{diatonic scale}. @@ -950,8 +956,8 @@ FI: andante, käyden. Walking tempo/character. -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -1015,8 +1021,8 @@ An appoggiatura may have more notes preceding the main note. } @end lilypond -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -1054,8 +1060,8 @@ FI: arpeggio, murtosointu. >> @end lilypond -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -1075,8 +1081,8 @@ Articulation refers to notation which indicates how a note or notes should be played. Slurs, accents, staccato, and legato are all examples of articulation. -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -1094,8 +1100,8 @@ FI: nouseva intervalli. A distance between a starting lower note and a higher ending note. -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -1111,8 +1117,8 @@ DK: forstørret interval, S: överstigande intervall, FI: ylinouseva intervalli. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{interval}. @@ -1126,14 +1132,14 @@ D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, -FI: ?. +FI: aika-arvojen pidentäminen. @c TODO: add definition. This is a placeholder for augmentation (wrt mensural notation). -@seealso +@seealso @ref{diminution}, @ref{mensural notation}. @@ -1159,8 +1165,8 @@ emulate engraving. This required more skill than did engraving. @end itemize -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -1178,24 +1184,24 @@ None yet. @item FI: H, h @end itemize -@seealso +@seealso @ref{H}, @ref{Pitch names} @node backfall @section backfall -@seealso +@seealso @ref{appoggiatura}. @node bar @section bar -@seealso +@seealso @ref{measure}. @@ -1216,8 +1222,8 @@ separates measures. Used very infrequently during the Renaissance (mostly in secular music, or in sacred music to indicate congruences between parts in otherwise-unmetered music). -@seealso +@seealso @ref{measure}. @@ -1237,8 +1243,8 @@ The male voice intermediate in pitch between the bass and the tenor. @c F: clef de troisième ligne dropped -@seealso +@seealso @ref{bass}, @ref{tenor}. @@ -1256,8 +1262,8 @@ FI: baritoniavain. C or F clef setting middle C on the upper staff line. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{C clef}, @ref{F clef}. @@ -1282,8 +1288,8 @@ double bass. @end itemize -@seealso +@seealso @ref{strings}. @@ -1301,8 +1307,8 @@ FI: bassoavain. A clef setting with middle C on the first top ledger line. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{F clef}. @@ -1331,8 +1337,8 @@ number of beams determines the note value of the connected notes. g64_"1/64"[ s32 g64 s32 g64 s32 g64] s32 } @end lilypond -@seealso +@seealso @ref{feathered beam}. @@ -1360,24 +1366,24 @@ at the start of the music by the @notation{time signature}. \relative c'' { g8 d' c | b c a | g4. \bar "||"} @end lilypond -@seealso +@seealso @ref{time signature}. @node beat repeat @section beat repeat -@seealso +@seealso @ref{percent repeat}. @node bind @section bind -@seealso +@seealso @ref{tie}. @@ -1414,8 +1420,8 @@ Angular brackets for connecting parts in an orchestral or choral score: \relative c \context Staff = SB { \clef bass c1 \bar "|." } >> @end lilypond -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -1429,10 +1435,10 @@ D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, -FI: ?. +FI: sulkumerkki. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{brace} @@ -1452,8 +1458,8 @@ A family of blown musical instruments made of brass, all using a cup formed mouth piece. The brass instruments commonly used in a symphony orchestra are trumpet, trombone, french horn, and tube. -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -1471,8 +1477,8 @@ FI: hengitysmerkki. Indication of where to breathe in vocal and wind instrument parts. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{caesura}. @@ -1500,8 +1506,8 @@ name, which originally meant @q{of short duration}. \relative c'' { g\breve } @end lilypond -@seealso +@seealso @ref{mensural notation}, @ref{note value}. @@ -1519,8 +1525,8 @@ name, which originally meant @q{of short duration}. @item FI: C, c @end itemize -@seealso +@seealso @ref{Pitch names}. @@ -1557,8 +1563,8 @@ lines. >> @end lilypond -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -1574,8 +1580,8 @@ DK: kadence, S: kadens, FI: kadenssi, lopuke. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{harmonic cadence}, @ref{functional harmony}. @@ -1597,8 +1603,8 @@ chance to exhibit their technical skill and -- not last -- their ability to improvise. Since the middle of the 19th century, however, most cadenzas have been written down by the composer. -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -1612,15 +1618,15 @@ D: Zäsur, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, -FI: ?. +FI: välimerkki. [Latin: from the supine of @emph{caedere} @q{to cut down}.] The break between two musical phrases, sometimes (but not always) marked by a rest or a breath mark. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{breath mark}. @@ -1636,8 +1642,8 @@ DK: kanon, S: kanon, FI: kaanon, tarkka jäljittely. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{counterpoint}. @@ -1657,16 +1663,16 @@ viritysjärjestelmässä. Logarithmic unit of measurement. 1@tie{}cent is 1/1200 of an octave (1/100 of an equally tempered semitone). -@seealso +@seealso @ref{equal temperament}, @ref{semitone}. @node central C @section central C -@seealso +@seealso @ref{middle C}. @@ -1716,8 +1722,8 @@ minor. >> @end lilypond -@seealso +@seealso @ref{functional harmony}, @ref{interval}, @ref{inversion}, @ref{quality}, @ref{third}. @@ -1741,8 +1747,8 @@ A scale consisting of all 12 semitones. \relative c' { c1 cis d dis e f fis g gis a ais b c } @end lilypond -@seealso +@seealso @ref{semitone}. @@ -1760,8 +1766,8 @@ FI: kromatiikka. Using tones extraneous to a diatonic scale (minor, major). -@seealso +@seealso @ref{diatonic scale}. @@ -1777,8 +1783,8 @@ DK: kirketoneart, S: kyrkotonart, FI: moodi, kirkkosävellaji. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{diatonic scale}. @@ -2047,8 +2053,8 @@ major chord. } @end lilypond -@seealso +@seealso @ref{C clef}, @ref{F clef}, @ref{G clef}. @@ -2090,8 +2096,8 @@ pitch contained in the cluster would be notated as an ordinary note. \makeClusters { } @end lilypond -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -2110,8 +2116,8 @@ FI: komma, korvinkuultava ero äänenkorkeudessa. Difference in pitch between a note derived from pure tuning and the same note derived from some other tuning method. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{didymic comma}, @ref{Pythagorean comma}, @ref{syntonic comma}, @ref{temperament}. @@ -2122,7 +2128,6 @@ same note derived from some other tuning method. Another name for @ref{common time}. @seealso - @ref{common time}, @ref{meter}. @@ -2136,13 +2141,13 @@ D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, -FI: ?. +FI: C-merkintä. 4/4 time. The symbol, which resembles a capital letter C, comes from mensural notation. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{mensural notation}, @ref{meter}. @@ -2158,8 +2163,8 @@ DK: komplementærinterval, S: komplementärintervall (?), FI: täydentävä intervalli. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{inverted interval}. @@ -2177,8 +2182,8 @@ FI: oktaavia laajempi intervalli. Intervals larger than an octave. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{interval}. @@ -2192,13 +2197,13 @@ D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, -FI: ?. +FI: kolmijakoinen tahtilaji. A meter that includes a triplet subdivision within the beat, such as 6/8, 9/8, 12/8. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{meter}, @ref{simple meter}. @@ -2212,7 +2217,7 @@ D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, -FI: ?. +FI: yhdistetty tahtilajiosoitus. @enumerate @@ -2253,8 +2258,8 @@ A time signature that additively combines two or more unequal meters, e.g., @end enumerate -@seealso +@seealso @ref{compound meter}, @ref{meter}, @ref{polymetric time signature}. @@ -2268,7 +2273,7 @@ D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, -FI: ?. +FI: konserttikorkeus. The pitch at which the piano and other nontransposing instruments play: such instruments are said to be @q{in C}. The following list includes some (but not @@ -2322,8 +2327,8 @@ are, technically speaking, @emph{transposing instruments}: @end itemize -@seealso +@seealso @ref{transposing instrument}. @@ -2347,8 +2352,8 @@ Progressing melodically by intervals of a second, as contrasted with \relative c'' { g4 g g a | b2 a | g4 b a a | g1 \bar "||" } @end lilypond -@seealso +@seealso @ref{disjunct movement}. @@ -2364,8 +2369,8 @@ DK: konsonans, S: konsonans, FI: konsonanssi, sopusointi. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{harmony}. @@ -2381,8 +2386,8 @@ DK: alt, S: alt, FI: kontra-altto. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{alto}. @@ -2397,8 +2402,8 @@ music typesetters. @c Copying music required more skill than engraving. Flagged for NPOV -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -2460,8 +2465,8 @@ has been one of the most popular polyphonic composition methods. >> @end lilypond -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -2477,8 +2482,8 @@ DK: kontratenor, S: kontratenor, counter tenor, FI: kontratenori. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{contralto}. @@ -2502,8 +2507,8 @@ Increasing volume. Indicated by a rightwards opening horizontal wedge \relative c'' { g4 \< a b c | d1\! \bar "|." } @end lilypond -@seealso +@seealso @ref{decrescendo}, @ref{hairpin}. @@ -2522,8 +2527,8 @@ FI: vihjenuotit. In a separate part notes belonging to another part with the purpose of hinting when to start playing. Usually printed in a smaller type. -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -2537,7 +2542,7 @@ D: Notenzeiger, Custos, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, -FI: ?. +FI: vihje. A custos (plural: custodes) is a staff symbol that appears at the end of a staff line with monophonic musical contents (i.e., with a single voice). It @@ -2570,8 +2575,8 @@ they have survived only in special forms of musical notation such as the } @end lilypond -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -2589,8 +2594,8 @@ None yet. @item FI: D, d @end itemize -@seealso +@seealso @ref{Pitch names} @@ -2609,8 +2614,8 @@ FI: da capo, alusta. Abbreviated @notation{D.C.}. Indicates that the piece is to be repeated from the beginning to the end or to a certain place marked @emph{fine}. -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -2624,13 +2629,13 @@ D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, -FI: ?. +FI: tyhjästä ilmaantuen. [Italian: @q{from nothing}.] Used with @notation{crescendo} to indicate that the sound should gradually increase from nothing. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{al niente}. @@ -2663,8 +2668,8 @@ another place frequently near the beginning marked by a sign } @end lilypond -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -2689,8 +2694,8 @@ wedge (hairpin) or the abbreviation @notation{decresc.}. } @end lilypond -@seealso +@seealso @ref{crescendo}, @ref{diminuendo}, @ref{hairpin}. @@ -2708,8 +2713,8 @@ FI: laskeva intervalli. A distance between a starting higher note and a lower ending note. -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -2912,16 +2917,16 @@ the 6th and 7th tone. >> @end lilypond -@seealso +@seealso @ref{semitone}, @ref{whole tone}. @node didymic comma @section didymic comma -@seealso +@seealso @ref{syntonic comma}. @@ -2937,8 +2942,8 @@ DK: formindsket interval, S: förminskat intervall, FI: vähennetty intervalli. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{interval}. @@ -2954,8 +2959,8 @@ DK: diminuendo, S: diminuendo, FI: diminuendo, hiljentyen. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{decrescendo}. @@ -2969,12 +2974,12 @@ D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, -FI: ?. +FI: aika-arvojen tihennys. This is a stub for diminution (@emph{wrt} mensural notation). -@seealso +@seealso @ref{augmentation}, @ref{mensural notation}. @@ -2988,10 +2993,10 @@ D: Weiser, Zeiger, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, -FI: ?. +FI: suora. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{custos}. @@ -3019,8 +3024,8 @@ with conjunct movement. fis2 d4. \bar "||" } @end lilypond -@seealso +@seealso @ref{conjunct movement}. @@ -3029,8 +3034,8 @@ with conjunct movement. Another name for @ref{dissonant interval}. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{dissonant interval}, @ref{harmony}. @@ -3046,8 +3051,8 @@ DK: dissonerende interval, dissonans, S: dissonans, FI: dissonanssi, dissonoiva intervalli, riitasointi. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{harmony}. @@ -3061,7 +3066,7 @@ D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, -FI: ?. +FI: jäsennysmerkki. [Latin: @q{division}; pl. @emph{divisiones}] In Gregorian chant, a vertical stroke through part or all of the staff that serves to @@ -3082,8 +3087,8 @@ section in a long antiphonal or responsorial chant. TODO: musical example here? -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -3097,13 +3102,13 @@ D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, -FI: ?. +FI: nousu. Indicator for a indeterminately rising pitch bend. Compare with @emph{glissando}, which has determinate starting and ending pitches. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{fall}, @ref{glissando}. @@ -3121,8 +3126,8 @@ FI: dominantti, huippusointu. The fifth @emph{scale degree} in @emph{functional harmony}. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{functional harmony}, @ref{scale degree}. @@ -3138,8 +3143,8 @@ DK: dominantnoneakkord, S: dominantnonackord, FI: dominanttinoonisointu. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{chord}, @ref{functional harmony}. @@ -3155,8 +3160,8 @@ DK: dominantseptimakkord, S: dominantseptimackord, FI: dominanttiseptimisointu. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{chord}, @ref{functional harmony}. @@ -3172,8 +3177,8 @@ DK: dorisk skala, S: dorisk tonart, FI: doorinen moodi. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{diatonic scale}. @@ -3189,8 +3194,8 @@ DK: punkt, S: punkt, FI: piste. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{dotted note}, @ref{note value}. @@ -3206,8 +3211,8 @@ DK: punkteret node, S: punkterad not, FI: pisteellinen nuotti. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{note value}. @@ -3223,8 +3228,8 @@ DK: dobbelt forslag, S: dubbelslag, FI: kaksoisappogiatura, kaksoisetuhele. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{appoggiatura}. @@ -3242,8 +3247,8 @@ FI: kaksoistahtiviiva. Indicates the end of a section within a movement. -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -3259,8 +3264,8 @@ DK: dob@-belt@-punk@-te@-ret node, S: dub@-bel@-punk@-te@-rad not, FI: kaksoispisteellinen nuotti. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{note value}. @@ -3276,8 +3281,8 @@ DK: dob@-belt-b, S: dubbelbe, FI: kaksoisalennusmerkki. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{accidental}. @@ -3293,8 +3298,8 @@ DK: dob@-belt@-kryds, S: dubbelkors, FI: kaksoisylennysmerkki. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{accidental}. @@ -3308,10 +3313,10 @@ D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, -FI: ?. +FI: kaksois-aika-arvomerkintä. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{polymetric time signature}. @@ -3329,8 +3334,8 @@ FI: kaksoistrilli. A simultaneous trill on two notes, usually in the distance of a third. -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -3346,8 +3351,8 @@ DK: todelt takt, S: tvåtakt, FI: kaksoistempo. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{meter}. @@ -3363,8 +3368,8 @@ DK: duol, S: duol, FI: duoli. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{note value}. @@ -3380,8 +3385,8 @@ DK: varighed, S: tonlängd, FI: kesto, aika-arvo. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{note value}. @@ -3395,14 +3400,14 @@ D: Dynamik, Lautstärke, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, -FI: ?. +FI: äänen voimakkuusvaihtelu, dynamiikka. The aspect of music relating to degrees of loudness, or changes from one degree to another. The terms, abbreviations, and symbols used to indicate this information are called dynamic marks. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{piano}, @ref{forte}, @ref{crescendo}, @ref{decrescendo}, @ref{diminuendo}. @@ -3421,16 +3426,16 @@ indicate this information are called dynamic marks. @item FI: E, e @end itemize -@seealso +@seealso @ref{Pitch names} @node ecclesiastical mode @section ecclesiastical mode -@seealso +@seealso @ref{church mode}, @ref{diatonic scale}. @@ -3449,8 +3454,8 @@ indicate this information are called dynamic marks. @item FI: kahdeksasosanuotti @end itemize -@seealso +@seealso @ref{note value}. @@ -3469,8 +3474,8 @@ indicate this information are called dynamic marks. @item FI: kahdeksasosatauko @end itemize -@seealso +@seealso @ref{note value}. @@ -3486,7 +3491,7 @@ D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, -FI: ?. +FI: tavujen yhdistäminen yhteen ääneen. More properly @emph{synalepha} [New Lat. > Gr. @emph{συναλοιφη}, from Greek @emph{συναλοιφην} @q{to smear together}]. @@ -3495,16 +3500,16 @@ The singing of several syllables on a single note. Elision may be indicated by a lyric tie, which looks like (and serves the same function) as a musical tie. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{lyric tie}. @node embellishment @section embellishment -@seealso +@seealso @ref{ornament}. @@ -3527,8 +3532,8 @@ drafting or engineering drawing, using similar tools. The traditional process of music printing is done through cutting in a plate of metal. Now also the term for the art of music typesetting. -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -3560,8 +3565,8 @@ names but equal pitch. >> @end lilypond -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -3580,8 +3585,8 @@ FI: tasavireinen. A tuning system that divides the octave into 12 equal semitones (each of which is precisely equal to 100 cents). -@seealso +@seealso @ref{cent}, @ref{semitone}, @ref{temperament}. @@ -3608,8 +3613,8 @@ Performance indications concerning: @end itemize -@seealso +@seealso @ref{allegro}, @ref{andante}, @ref{crescendo}, @ref{forte}. @@ -3623,7 +3628,7 @@ D: Fülllinie, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, -FI: ?. +FI: pidennysviiva. The generic term (in LilyPond) for a line (or dash) of arbitrary length that extends text (without indicating the musical @emph{function} of that text). @@ -3663,8 +3668,8 @@ by the given number of octaves. @end itemize -@seealso +@seealso @ref{melisma}, @ref{sul G}, @ref{thorough bass}, @ref{octave mark}, @ref{octave marking}. @@ -3683,8 +3688,8 @@ by the given number of octaves. @item FI: F, f @end itemize -@seealso +@seealso @ref{Pitch names} @@ -3733,8 +3738,8 @@ Double Bass). >> @end lilypond -@seealso +@seealso @ref{baritone clef}, @ref{strings}. @@ -3748,13 +3753,13 @@ D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, -FI: ?. +FI: lasku. Indicator for a indeterminately falling pitch bend. Compare with @emph{glissando}, which has determinate starting and ending pitches. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{doit}, @ref{glissando}. @@ -3768,15 +3773,15 @@ D: gespreizter Balken, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, -FI: ?. +FI: kiilapalkki. A type of beam used to indicate that a small group of notes should be played at an increasing or decreasing tempo -- depending on the direction of @q{feathering} -- but without changing the overall tempo of the piece. -@seealso +@seealso Internals Reference: @ruser{Manual beams} @@ -3803,8 +3808,8 @@ Prolonged note or rest of indefinite duration. } @end lilypond -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -3820,8 +3825,8 @@ DK: kvint, S: kvint, FI: kvintti. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{interval}. @@ -3870,8 +3875,8 @@ TODO: Make the upper clef smaller, since it's usually "realized" in performance. >> @end lilypond -@seealso +@seealso @ref{chord}, @ref{interval}. @@ -3890,8 +3895,8 @@ FI: sormitus. Figures to the side or above the note that methodically indicate which fingers to use while playing a passage. -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -3921,8 +3926,8 @@ than a quarter note. The number of flags determines the note value. } @end lilypond -@seealso +@seealso @ref{note value}. @@ -3936,7 +3941,7 @@ D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, -FI: ?. +FI: flageolet-ääni. An articulation for string players that means the note or passage is to be played in harmonics. @@ -3951,8 +3956,8 @@ Also: @end itemize -@seealso +@seealso @ref{articulation}, @ref{harmonics}. @@ -3968,16 +3973,16 @@ DK: b, S: beförtecken, FI: alennusmerkki. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{accidental}. @node forefall @section forefall -@seealso +@seealso @ref{appoggiatura}. @@ -4002,8 +4007,8 @@ Abbreviated @notation{@b{f}}. Variants include: @item @emph{fortissimo}, very loud (notated @notation{@b{ff}}). @end itemize -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -4019,8 +4024,8 @@ DK: kvart, S: kvart, FI: kvartti. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{interval}. @@ -4034,7 +4039,7 @@ D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, -FI: ?. +FI: partituuri francesan tapaan. A @q{condensed} score, produced by omitting staves for instruments that are not playing at the moment, and by moving up additional systems from following pages @@ -4045,8 +4050,8 @@ The specific rules for @q{frenching} a score differ from publisher to publisher. If you are producing scores for eventual publication by a commercial publisher, you may wish to procure a copy of their style manual. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{Frenched staff}. @@ -4060,14 +4065,14 @@ D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, -FI: ?. +FI: karsittu nuotinnus. [Pl. @emph{Frenched staves}] Analogous to Frenched scores (@emph{q.v}), a Frenched staff has unneeded measures or sections removed. This is useful for producing, for example, an @emph{ossia} staff. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{ossia}. @@ -4089,8 +4094,8 @@ DK: fuga, S: fuga, FI: fuuga. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{counterpoint}. @@ -4127,8 +4132,8 @@ TODO: what does the @q{p} mean in Sp, Dp, Tp? >> @end lilypond -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -4146,8 +4151,8 @@ None yet. @item FI: G, g @end itemize -@seealso +@seealso @ref{Pitch names} @@ -4195,8 +4200,8 @@ part in modern choral scores). >> @end lilypond -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -4214,8 +4219,8 @@ FI: glissando, liukuen. Letting the pitch slide fluently from one note to the other. -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -4234,8 +4239,8 @@ FI: korunuotit. Notes printed in small types to indicate that their time values are not counted in the rhythm of the bar. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{acciaccatura}, @ref{appoggiatura}, @ref{grace notes}, @ref{ornament}. @@ -4254,8 +4259,8 @@ FI: kaksoisnuottiviivasto. A combination of two staves with a brace. Usually used for piano music. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{brace}. @@ -4273,16 +4278,16 @@ FI: grave, raskaasti. [Italian] Slow, solemn. -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @node gruppetto @section gruppetto -@seealso +@seealso @ref{turn}. @@ -4304,8 +4309,8 @@ Letter name used for @notation{B natural} in German and Scandinavian usage. In the standard usage of these countries, @notation{B} means @notation{B flat}. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{Pitch names}, @ref{B}. @@ -4323,8 +4328,8 @@ dynamic marks. } @end lilypond -@seealso +@seealso @ref{crescendo}, @ref{decrescendo}. @@ -4343,8 +4348,8 @@ dynamic marks. @item FI: puolinuotti. @end itemize -@seealso +@seealso @ref{note value}. @@ -4363,8 +4368,8 @@ dynamic marks. @item FI: puolitauko. @end itemize -@seealso +@seealso @ref{note value}. @@ -4405,8 +4410,8 @@ A sequence of chords that terminates a musical phrase or section. @end lilypond -@seealso +@seealso @ref{functional harmony}. @@ -4420,7 +4425,7 @@ D: Flageolett-Töne, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, -FI: ?. +FI: harmoniset äänet, huiluäänet. The general class of pitches produced by sounding the second or higher harmonic of a tone producer: string, column of air, and so on. @@ -4434,8 +4439,8 @@ For instruments of the violin family, there are two types of harmonics: natural harmonics, which are those played on the open string; and artificial harmonics, which are produced on stopped strings. -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -4484,8 +4489,8 @@ Dissonances: For harmony that uses three or more notes, see @ref{chord}. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{chord}. @@ -4499,7 +4504,7 @@ D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, -FI: ?. +FI: 3/2 -suhde. [Greek: in Latin, @emph{sesquialtera}] The ratio 3:2. @@ -4529,8 +4534,8 @@ may be thought of having alternating time signatures and is therefore a polymeter (second definition) of considerable antiquity. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{mensural notation}, @ref{meter}, @ref{polymeter}, @ref{proportion}. @@ -4549,8 +4554,8 @@ FI: homofonia, yksiäänisyys. Music in which one voice leads melodically supported by the other voices in the same rhythm (more or less). In contrast to @emph{polyphony}. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{polyphony}. @node hymn meter @@ -4563,7 +4568,7 @@ D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, -FI: ?. +FI: säkeiden tavumäärät. A group or list of numbers that indicate the number of syllables in a line of a hymn's verse. Different hymnals have different ways of noting the hymn @@ -4590,8 +4595,8 @@ easier reading, a hymn with a meter of 87.87.87.87 is usually written @item 88.88.88.88 is Double Long Meter (DLM or D.L.M.) @end itemize -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -4673,8 +4678,8 @@ intervals forms an octave. >> @end lilypond -@seealso +@seealso @ref{enharmonic}, @ref{whole tone}. @@ -4688,7 +4693,7 @@ D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, -FI: ?. +FI: käännös. When a chord sounds with a bass note that differs from the root of the chord, it is said to be @emph{inverted}. The number of inversions that a @@ -4716,8 +4721,8 @@ marked as @notation{I6/4} or @notation{Ic}. Second inversion is the most unstable chord position. @end table -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -4745,8 +4750,8 @@ The difference between an interval and an octave. } @end lilypond -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -4765,8 +4770,8 @@ FI: puhdas viritys. Tuning system in which the notes are obtained by adding and subtracting natural fifths and thirds. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{temperament}. @@ -4785,8 +4790,8 @@ FI: tonaliteetti. According to the 12@w{ }tones of the @emph{chromatic scale} there are 12@w{ }keys, one on@w{ }c, one on c-sharp, etc. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{chromatic scale}, @ref{key signature}. @@ -4805,8 +4810,8 @@ FI: sävellajiosoitus. The sharps or flats appearing at the beginning of each staff indicating the key of the music. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{accidental}. @@ -4820,13 +4825,13 @@ D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, -FI: ?. +FI: antaa väristä. [French: @q{Let vibrate}.] Most frequently associated with harp parts. Marked @notation{l.v.} in the score. -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -4862,8 +4867,8 @@ The seventh @emph{scale degree}, a @emph{semitone} below the tonic; so called because of its strong tendency to @q{lead up} (resolve upwards) to the tonic scale degree. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{scale degree}, @ref{semitone}. @@ -4886,8 +4891,8 @@ A ledger line is an extension of the staff. \relative c'' { a,1 s c'' } @end lilypond -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -4925,24 +4930,24 @@ notes, unlike (b) @notation{leggiero} or @notation{non-legato}, (c) >> @end lilypond -@seealso +@seealso @ref{staccato}. @node legato curve @section legato curve -@seealso +@seealso @ref{slur}, @ref{legato}. @node leger line @section leger line -@seealso +@seealso @ref{ledger line}. @@ -4967,8 +4972,8 @@ performance in the sense of articulation. With the invention of the metric system of the white mensural notation, the need for ligatures to denote such patterns disappeared. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{mensural notation}. @@ -4989,8 +4994,8 @@ A pond with lilies floating in it. Also, the name of a music typesetting program. -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -5006,8 +5011,8 @@ DK: nodelinie, S: notlinje, FI: viiva, nuottiviiva. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{staff}. @@ -5021,13 +5026,13 @@ D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, -FI: ?. +FI: kirjoitetussa äänenkorkeudessa. [Italian: @q{place}.] Instruction to play the following passage at the written pitch. Cancels octave mark (q.v.). -@seealso +@seealso @ref{octave mark}, @ref{octave marking}. @@ -5043,8 +5048,8 @@ DK: langt forslag, S: långt förslag, FI: pitkä appoggiatura, pitkä etuhele. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{appoggiatura}. @@ -5073,8 +5078,8 @@ Note value: double length of @notation{breve}. } @end lilypond -@seealso +@seealso @ref{breve}, @ref{note value}. @@ -5088,12 +5093,12 @@ D: Textbindung, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, -FI: ?. +FI: sidonta sanoituksessa. @c TODO: add languages -@seealso +@seealso @ref{elision}. @@ -5111,8 +5116,8 @@ FI: sanoitus. @c Definition? -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -5128,8 +5133,8 @@ DK: dur, S: dur, FI: duuri. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{diatonic scale}. @@ -5145,8 +5150,8 @@ DK: stort interval, S: stort intervall, FI: suuri intervalli. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{interval}. @@ -5167,8 +5172,8 @@ fifth by 16@w{ }cents. Due to the non-circular character of this temperament only a limited set of keys are playable. Used for tuning keyboard instruments for performance of pre-1650 music. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{cent}, @ref{temperament}. @@ -5188,16 +5193,16 @@ A group of beats (units of musical time) the first of which bears an accent. Such groups in numbers of two or more recur consistently throughout the composition and are separated from each other by bar lines. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{bar line}, @ref{beat}, @ref{meter}. @node measure repeat @section measure repeat -@seealso +@seealso @ref{percent repeat}. @@ -5223,8 +5228,8 @@ mediant (variant tonic). @end itemize -@seealso +@seealso @ref{chord}, @ref{functional harmony}, @ref{relative key}. @@ -5243,8 +5248,8 @@ FI: melisma, laulettavan tavun sävelkuvio. A melisma (Greek: plural @emph{melismata}) is a group of notes or tones sung on one syllable, especially as applied to liturgical chant. -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -5260,18 +5265,18 @@ D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, -FI: ?. +FI: melismaviiva. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{extender line}. @node melodic cadence @section melodic cadence -@seealso +@seealso @ref{cadenza}. @@ -5287,7 +5292,7 @@ D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, -FI: ?. +FI: mensuraalinuotinnus. A system of duration notation whose principles were first established in the mid-13th century, and that (with various changes) remained in use until about @@ -5317,8 +5322,8 @@ colored) notes in the earlier notation. ... TODO: add to definition (including summary info on proportional notation) -@seealso +@seealso @ref{augmentation}, @ref{diminution}, @ref{ligature}, @ref{proportion}. @c TODO: more cross-references? @@ -5475,8 +5480,8 @@ Compound quadruple meter (P. Yon, 1886-1943): TODO: add information from discussion on lilypond-user related to polymeter. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{accent}, @ref{hemiola}, @ref{note value}, @ref{time signature} @@ -5500,8 +5505,8 @@ divisions, and patented it as a @q{metronome}. The inevitable lawsuit that followed acknowledged Winkler as the creator, but by then Mälzel had already sold many of them, and people had taken to calling it a Mälzel Metronome. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{metronome mark}. @@ -5521,16 +5526,16 @@ Exact tempo indication (in beats per minute). Abbreviated @notation{M.M.} or @notation{MM}, which is short for Mälzels Metronom (or Mälzel's Mark, @emph{anglice}). -@seealso +@seealso @ref{metronome} @node metronomic indication @section metronomic indication -@seealso +@seealso @ref{metronome mark} @@ -5544,7 +5549,7 @@ D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, -FI: ?. +FI: kohtalaisen, melko. [Italian: @q{medium}.] @@ -5568,8 +5573,8 @@ Used to qualify other indications, such as: @end itemize -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -5587,8 +5592,8 @@ FI: mezzosopraano. The female voice between soprano and contralto. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{soprano}, @ref{contralto}. @@ -5616,8 +5621,8 @@ First C below the 440 Hz A. } @end lilypond -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -5633,8 +5638,8 @@ DK: mol, S: moll, FI: molli. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{diatonic scale}. @@ -5650,16 +5655,16 @@ DK: lille interval, S: litet intervall, FI: pieni intervalli. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{interval}. @node mixolydian mode @section mixolydian mode -@seealso +@seealso @ref{diatonic scale}. @@ -5675,8 +5680,8 @@ DK: skala, S: modus, skala, FI: moodi, kirkkosävelasteikko. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{church mode}, @ref{diatonic scale}. @@ -5696,8 +5701,8 @@ Moving from one @ref{key} to another. For example, the second subject of a @ref{sonata form} movement modulates to the dominant key if the key is major and to the @ref{relative key} if the key is minor. -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -5712,16 +5717,16 @@ DK: mordent, S: mordent, FI: mordent, korukuvio. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{ornament}. @node motif @section motif -@seealso +@seealso @ref{motive}. @@ -5758,8 +5763,8 @@ theme or subject. } @end lilypond -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -5779,8 +5784,8 @@ Greater musical works like @ref{symphony} and @ref{sonata} most often consist of several -- more or less -- independant pieces called movements. -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -5812,8 +5817,8 @@ German, as a reminiscence of its use in Renaissance vocal polyphony. } @end lilypond -@seealso +@seealso @ref{longa}, @ref{breve}. @@ -5829,16 +5834,16 @@ DK: op@-løsningstegn, S: återställningstecken, FI: palautusmerkki. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{accidental}. @node neighbor tones @section neighbor tones -@seealso +@seealso @ref{acciaccatura}, @ref{appoggiatura}, @ref{grace notes}, @ref{ornament}. @@ -5855,16 +5860,16 @@ DK: none, S: nona, FI: nooni. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{interval}. @node non-legato @section non-legato -@seealso +@seealso @ref{legato}. @@ -5886,8 +5891,8 @@ which produces the sound. However, a clear distinction between the terms tone and @ref{note} is strongly recommended. Briefly, one sees a note, and hears a tone. -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -5909,16 +5914,16 @@ hollow or black heads with or without @notation{stems}, @notation{flags}, etc. For percussion instruments (often having no defined pitch) the note head may indicate the instrument. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{clef}, @ref{flag}, @ref{staff}, @ref{stem}. @node note names @section note names -@seealso +@seealso @ref{Pitch names} @@ -5999,16 +6004,16 @@ dotted notes are also frequently used. } @end lilypond -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @node octavation @section octavation -@seealso +@seealso @ref{octave marking}. @@ -6029,8 +6034,8 @@ The interval of an octave, sometimes abbreviated @notation{8ve}. For uses like @notation{all'ottava} or @notation{8va} with an extender line or bracket, or @notation{loco} see octave marking. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{interval}, @ref{octave marking}. @@ -6086,8 +6091,8 @@ different octave by putting a small 8 or 15 above or below the clef at the beginning. This octave mark can be applied to any clef, but it is most frequently used with the G and F clefs. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{F clef}, @ref{G clef}, @ref{loco}, @ref{octave marking}. @@ -6110,16 +6115,16 @@ octave. For a list of the specific marks used, see @ref{octave mark}. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{interval}, @ref{loco}, @ref{octave}, @ref{octave mark}. @node octave sign @section octave sign -@seealso +@seealso @ref{octave mark}. @@ -6179,8 +6184,8 @@ the >> @end lilypond -@seealso +@seealso @ref{acciaccatura}, @ref{appoggiatura}, @ref{grace notes}. @@ -6200,8 +6205,8 @@ Ossia (otherwise) marks an alternative. It is an added staff or piano score, usually only a few measures long, which presents another version of the music, for example for small hands. -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -6227,24 +6232,24 @@ web. @end itemize -@seealso +@seealso @ref{counterpoint} @node pause @section pause -@seealso +@seealso @ref{fermata}. @node pennant @section pennant -@seealso +@seealso @ref{flag}. @@ -6274,8 +6279,8 @@ pattern to one or more measures. There are other names for this symbol: } @end lilypond -@seealso +@seealso @ref{repeat}, @uref{http://www.music.vt.edu/musicdictionary/textr/Repeat.html,University of Vermont Music Dictionary}. @@ -6299,8 +6304,8 @@ kettledrums (I: @emph{timpani}, D: @emph{Pauken}), snare drum, bass drum, tambourine, cymbals, chinese gong (tam-tam), triangle, celesta, glockenspiel, and xylophone. -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -6316,8 +6321,8 @@ DK: rent interval, S: rent intervall, FI: puhdas intervalli. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{interval}. @@ -6335,8 +6340,8 @@ FI: fraasi, lause. A natural division of the melodic line, comparable to a sentence of speech. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{caesura}. @@ -6355,8 +6360,8 @@ FI: fraseeraus, jäsentäminen. The clear rendering in musical performance of the @notation{phrases} of the melody. Phrasing may be indicated by a @notation{slur}. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{phrase}, @ref{slur}. @@ -6375,8 +6380,8 @@ FI, piano, hiljaa. @emph{piano} (@b{p}) soft, @emph{pianissimo} (@b{pp}) very soft, @emph{mezzo piano} (@b{mp}) medium soft. -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -6392,8 +6397,8 @@ DK: optakt, S: upptakt, FI: kohotahti. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{anacrusis}. @@ -6422,8 +6427,8 @@ association of a particular frequency with a particular pitch name, e.g., c' = @end enumerate -@seealso +@seealso @ref{Pitch names}. @@ -6442,8 +6447,8 @@ FI: pizzicato, näppäillen. A technique for stringed instruments, abbr. @emph{pizz}. To play by plucking the strings. -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -6457,7 +6462,7 @@ D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, -FI: ?. +FI: monia tahtiosoituksia sisältävä. @itemize @@ -6468,8 +6473,8 @@ parts. @end itemize -@seealso +@seealso @ref{polymetric} (adj.) @@ -6483,13 +6488,13 @@ D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, -FI: ?. +FI: monia tahtiosoituksia yhtäaikaa tai peräkkäin sisältävä. Characterized by @emph{polymeter}: using two or more metric frameworks simultaneously or in alternation. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{polymeter} (noun) @@ -6503,12 +6508,12 @@ D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, -FI: ?. +FI: vaihtelevan tahtiosoitusmerkintä. A time signature that indicates regularly alternating polymetric time. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{polymetric}. @@ -6527,8 +6532,8 @@ FI: polyfonia, moniäänisyys. Music written in a combination of several simultaneous voices (parts) of a more or less pronounced individuality. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{counterpoint}. @@ -6541,8 +6546,8 @@ A stroke in which each of several notes is separated slightly within a slur, without changing the bow's direction. It is used for passages of a @notation{cantabile} character. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{legato}. @@ -6563,8 +6568,8 @@ FI: presto, hyvin nopeasti. Very quick, i.e., quicker than @ref{allegro}; @emph{prestissimo} denotes the highest possible degree of speed. -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -6578,7 +6583,7 @@ D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, -FI: ?. +FI: suhde. [Latin: @emph{proportio}.] Described in great detail by Gaffurius, in @emph{Practica musicae} (published in Milan in 1496). In mensural notation, @@ -6667,8 +6672,8 @@ another question: @c TODO: add an example or two. O => 4/3, and its modern equivalent -@seealso +@seealso @ref{mensural notation}. @@ -6693,8 +6698,8 @@ on C eventually circles back to C. However, this C is 23.5 @ref{cent}s higher than the C obtained by adding 7 octaves. The difference between those two pitches is the Pythagorean comma. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{cent}, @ref{temperament}. @@ -6710,8 +6715,8 @@ DK: kvartol, S: kvartol, FI: kvartoli. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{note value}. @@ -6725,7 +6730,7 @@ D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, -FI: ?. +FI: laatu. The quality of a triad is determined by the precise arrangement of its intervals. Tertian triads can be described as a series of three notes. The @@ -6760,8 +6765,8 @@ indications are sometimes superscripted and sometimes not (e.g. Dm7, Dm^7, and D^m7 are all identical). The last three chords are not commonly used except in jazz. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{chord}. @@ -6780,8 +6785,8 @@ except in jazz. @item FI: neljäsosanuotti @end itemize -@seealso +@seealso @ref{note value}. @@ -6800,8 +6805,8 @@ except in jazz. @item FI: neljäsosatauko @end itemize -@seealso +@seealso @ref{note value}. @@ -6815,12 +6820,12 @@ D: Viertelton, NL: kwart toon, DK: ?, S: kvartston, -FI: ?. +FI: neljännessävelaskel. An interval equal to half a semitone. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{interval} @@ -6836,8 +6841,8 @@ DK: kvintol, S: kvintol, FI: kvintoli. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{note value}. @@ -6855,8 +6860,8 @@ FI: rallerdando, hidastuen. [Italian] A performance indication, abbreviated "rall.". -@seealso +@seealso @ref{ritardando}. @@ -6893,8 +6898,8 @@ Major and minor keys that have the same key signature. } @end lilypond -@seealso +@seealso @ref{key}, @ref{key signature}, @ref{major}, @ref{minor}. @@ -6918,8 +6923,8 @@ FI: toisto. } @end lilypond -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -6938,8 +6943,8 @@ FI: tauko. @c F: 'pause' if you mean a whole rest, 'silence' if you do not want to @c specify the rest's value. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{note value}. @@ -6971,8 +6976,8 @@ metrical unit (beat). @end itemize -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -6990,8 +6995,8 @@ FI: ritardando, hidastuen, Gradually slackening in speed. Mostly abbreviated to rit.@: or ritard. -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -7009,8 +7014,8 @@ FI: ritenuto, hidastaen. Immediate reduction of speed. -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -7026,8 +7031,8 @@ DK: Skala, S: skala, FI: asteikko, sävelasteikko. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{diatonic scale}. @@ -7060,8 +7065,8 @@ scale as roots of chords. The most important are degrees I = tonic >> @end lilypond -@seealso +@seealso @ref{functional harmony}. @@ -7075,7 +7080,7 @@ D: Skordatur, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, -FI: ?. +FI: epätavallinen viritys. [Italian: @emph{scordare}, @q{to mistune}.] Unconventional tuning of stringed instruments, particularly lutes or violins. Used @@ -7101,8 +7106,8 @@ available on open strings Tunings that could be called @var{scordatura} first appeared early in the 16th Century and became commonplace in the 17th. -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -7122,8 +7127,8 @@ A copy of orchestral, choral, or chamber music showing what each instrument is to play, each voice to sing, having each part arranged one underneath the other on different staves @ref{staff}. -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -7144,8 +7149,8 @@ The @ref{interval} between two neigbouring tones of a scale. A @ref{whole tone}s, hence the size of a se@-cond depends on the scale degrees in question. -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -7171,8 +7176,8 @@ be divided into 12@w{ }semitones. \relative c'' { g1 gis s a bes s b! c } @end lilypond -@seealso +@seealso @ref{interval}, @ref{chromatic scale}. @@ -7188,16 +7193,16 @@ DK: septim, S: septim, FI: septimi. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{interval}. @node sextolet @section sextolet -@seealso +@seealso @ref{sextuplet}, @ref{note value}. @@ -7213,16 +7218,16 @@ DK: sekstol, S: sextol, FI: sekstoli. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{note value}. @node shake @section shake -@seealso +@seealso @ref{trill}. @@ -7238,8 +7243,8 @@ DK: kryds, S: kors@-förtecken, FI: korotusmerkki. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{accidental}. @@ -7253,14 +7258,14 @@ D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, -FI: ?. +FI: samoin. [Italian: @q{in the same manner}.] Performance direction: the music thus marked is to be played in the same manner (i.e. with the same articulations, dynamics, etc.) as the music that precedes it. -@seealso +@seealso TODO: Where else could I refer the reader? @@ -7274,13 +7279,13 @@ D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, -FI: ?. +FI: kaksijakoinen tahtiosoitus. A meter in which the basic beat is subdivided in two: that is, a meter that does not include triplet subdivision of the beat. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{compound meter}, @ref{meter}. @@ -7299,8 +7304,8 @@ that does not include triplet subdivision of the beat. @item FI: kuudestoistaosanuotti @end itemize -@seealso +@seealso @ref{note value}. @@ -7319,8 +7324,8 @@ that does not include triplet subdivision of the beat. @item FI: kuudestoistaosatauko @end itemize -@seealso +@seealso @ref{note value}. @@ -7336,8 +7341,8 @@ DK: sekst, S: sext, FI: seksti. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{interval}. @@ -7356,8 +7361,8 @@ FI: seksti. @item FI: kuudeskymmenesneljäsosanuotti @end itemize -@seealso +@seealso @ref{note value}. @@ -7376,16 +7381,16 @@ FI: seksti. @item FI: kuudeskymmenesneljäsosatauko @end itemize -@seealso +@seealso @ref{note value}. @node slash repeat @section slash repeat -@seealso +@seealso @ref{percent repeat}. @@ -7405,8 +7410,8 @@ A slur above or below a group of notes indicates that they are to be played @ref{legato}, e.g., with one stroke of the violin bow or with one breath in singing. -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -7427,8 +7432,8 @@ General term for systems of designating the degrees of the @emph{re}, @emph{mi}, @emph{fa}, @emph{sol}, @emph{la}, @emph{si} (@emph{ti})). -@seealso +@seealso @ref{scale}, @ref{scale degree}. @@ -7449,8 +7454,8 @@ composition for piano or for some other instrument with piano accompaniment, which consists of three or four independant pieces, called movements. -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -7479,8 +7484,8 @@ of these two. The second theme is in another key, normally in the key of the @notation{dominant} if the @notation{tonic} is @notation{major}, and in the @notation{relative key} if the tonic is @notation{minor}. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{dominant}, @ref{major}, @ref{minor}, @ref{relative key}, @ref{sonata}, @ref{symphony}, @ref{tonic}. @@ -7488,8 +7493,8 @@ of these two. The second theme is in another key, normally in the key of the @node song texts @section song texts -@seealso +@seealso @ref{lyrics}. @@ -7507,8 +7512,8 @@ FI: sopraano, korkea naisääni. The highest female voice. -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -7537,8 +7542,8 @@ below the note head. } @end lilypond -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -7559,16 +7564,16 @@ lines upon and between which the musical notes are written, thus indicating (in connection with a @ref{clef}) their pitch. Staves for @ref{percussion} instruments may have fewer lines. -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @node staves @section staves -@seealso +@seealso @ref{staff}. @@ -7601,8 +7606,8 @@ whole note. } @end lilypond -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -7616,13 +7621,13 @@ D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, -FI: ?. +FI: kiihdyttäen, nopeuttaen. [Italian: @q{pressing}.] Pressing, urging, or hastening the time, as to a climax. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{accelerando}. @@ -7642,8 +7647,8 @@ A family of stringed musical instruments played with a bow. Strings commonly used in a symphony orchestra are violin, viola, violoncello, and double bass. -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -7659,8 +7664,8 @@ D: betonet taktslag, S: betonat taktslag, FI: tahdin vahva isku. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{beat}, @ref{accent}, @ref{measure}, @ref{rhythm}. @@ -7678,8 +7683,8 @@ FI: subdominantti, alidominantti. The fourth @notation{scale degree}. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{functional harmony}, @ref{scale degree}. @@ -7697,8 +7702,8 @@ FI: alikeskisävel. The sixth @notation{scale degree}. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{functional harmony}, @ref{scale degree}, @ref{superdominant}. @@ -7716,8 +7721,8 @@ FI: subtoonika, alitoonika. The seventh @ref{scale degree}. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{functional harmony}, @ref{scale degree}. @@ -7731,13 +7736,13 @@ D: auf G, auf der G-Saite, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, -FI: ?. +FI: G-kielellä. Indicates that the indicated passage (or note) should be played on the G string. -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -7755,8 +7760,8 @@ FI: ylidominantti. The sixth @ref{scale degree}. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{functional harmony}, @ref{scale degree}, @ref{submediant}. @@ -7774,8 +7779,8 @@ FI: ylitoonika. The second @ref{scale degree}. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{functional harmony}, @ref{scale degree}. @@ -7793,8 +7798,8 @@ FI: sinfonia. A symphony may be defined as a @emph{sonata} for orchestra. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{sonata}. @@ -7828,8 +7833,8 @@ contradiction between the underlaying (normal) pulse and the actual } @end lilypond -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -7855,8 +7860,8 @@ the sum of two octaves plus a major third. (3:2)^4 - (2:1)^2 + (5:4) This comma is also known as the comma of Didymus, or didymic comma. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{Pythagorean comma} @@ -7875,8 +7880,8 @@ FI: nuottijärjestelmä. The collection of staves (@notation{staff}), two or more, as used for writing down of keyboard, chamber, choral, or orchestral music. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{staff}. @@ -7895,8 +7900,8 @@ FI: viritysjärjestelmä. Systems of tuning in which the intervals deviate from the acoustically pure intervals. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{meantone temperament}, @ref{equal temperament}. @@ -7917,8 +7922,8 @@ slowest to the quickest, as is indicated by tempo marks as @notation{largo}, @notation{adagio}, @notation{andante}, @notation{allegro}, and @notation{presto}. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{adagio}, @ref{allegro}, @ref{andante}, @ref{largo}, @ref{presto}. @@ -7937,8 +7942,8 @@ FI: tenori, korkea miesääni. The highest @q{natural} male voice (apart from @notation{countertenor}). -@seealso +@seealso @ref{countertenor}. @@ -7954,8 +7959,8 @@ DK: decim, S: decima, FI: desimi. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{note value}. @@ -7974,8 +7979,8 @@ FI: viiva, tenuto. An indication that a particular note should be held for the whole length, although this can vary depending on the composer and era. -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -7991,8 +7996,8 @@ DK: terts, S: ters, FI: terssi. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{interval}. @@ -8011,8 +8016,8 @@ FI: terssi. @item FI: kolmaskymmeneskahdesosanuotti @end itemize -@seealso +@seealso @ref{note value}. @@ -8031,16 +8036,16 @@ FI: terssi. @item FI: kolmaskymmeneskahdesosatauko @end itemize -@seealso +@seealso @ref{note value}. @node thorough bass @section thorough bass -@seealso +@seealso @ref{figured bass}. @@ -8070,8 +8075,8 @@ combined durations. @node time @section time -@seealso +@seealso @ref{meter}. @@ -8091,8 +8096,8 @@ The sign placed at the beginning of a composition to indicate its meter. It most often takes the form of a fraction, but a few signs derived from mensural notation and proportions are also employed. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{mensural notation}, @ref{meter}. @@ -8113,8 +8118,8 @@ Tone is a primary building material of music. @c Music from the 20th century may be based on atonal sounds. Meh, not so much -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -8132,8 +8137,8 @@ FI: toonika. The first @notation{scale degree}. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{functional harmony}, @ref{scale degree}. @@ -8147,7 +8152,7 @@ D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, -FI: ?. +FI: transponoitava soitin. Instruments whose notated pitch is different from their sounded pitch. Except for those whose notated and sounding pitches differ by one or more octaves (to @@ -8170,8 +8175,8 @@ Not all transposing instruments include the pitch class in their name: @end itemize -@seealso +@seealso @ref{concert pitch}. @@ -8210,8 +8215,8 @@ relative pitches. } @end lilypond -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -8227,8 +8232,8 @@ DK: diskantnøgle, S: diskantklav, FI: diskanttiavain. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{G clef}. @@ -8266,8 +8271,8 @@ in the distance of a third (@ref{interval}). } @end lilypond -@seealso +@seealso @ref{strings} @@ -8283,8 +8288,8 @@ DK: treklang, S: treklang, FI: kolmisointu. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{chord}. @@ -8300,8 +8305,8 @@ DK: trille, S: drill, FI: trilli. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{ornament}. @@ -8317,8 +8322,8 @@ DK: tredelt takt, S: tretakt, FI: kolmijakoinen. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{meter}. @@ -8334,8 +8339,8 @@ DK: triol, S: triol, FI: trioli. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{note value}. @@ -8351,8 +8356,8 @@ DK: tritonus, S: tritonus, FI: tritonus. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{interval}. @@ -8372,8 +8377,8 @@ A two-pronged piece of steel used to indicate an absolute pitch, usually for @emph{A} above middle C (440 cps/Hz), which is the international tuning standard. Tuning forks for other pitches are available. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{middle C}. @@ -8384,8 +8389,8 @@ A non-standard subdivision of a beat or part of a beat, usually indicated with a bracket and a number indicating the number of subdivisions. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{triplet}, @ref{note value}. @@ -8401,8 +8406,8 @@ DK: dobbeltslag, S: dubbelslag, FI: korukuvio. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{ornament}. @@ -8422,8 +8427,8 @@ Playing of the same notes or the same melody by various instruments (voices) or by the whole orchestra (choir), either at exactly the same pitch or in a different octave. -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -8439,8 +8444,8 @@ DK: optakt, S: upptakt, FI: kohotahti. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{anacrusis} @@ -8473,8 +8478,8 @@ FI: ääni, lauluääni. @end itemize -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -8488,14 +8493,14 @@ D: ?, NL: ?, DK: ?, S: ?, -FI: ?. +FI: yksi kertauksen maaleista. [Italian: @q{time} (instance, not duration).] An ending, such as a first or second ending. LilyPond extends this idea to any number, and allows any text (not just a number) -- to serve as the @notation{volta} text. -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -8511,8 +8516,8 @@ DK: ubetonet taktslag, S: obetonat taktslag, FI: tahdin heikko isku. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{beat}, @ref{measure}, @ref{rhythm}. @@ -8531,8 +8536,8 @@ FI: tahdin heikko isku. @item FI: kokonuotti @end itemize -@seealso +@seealso @ref{note value}. @@ -8551,8 +8556,8 @@ FI: tahdin heikko isku. @item FI: kokotauko @end itemize -@seealso +@seealso @ref{note value}. @@ -8572,8 +8577,8 @@ The interval of a major second. The interval between two tones on the piano keyboard with exactly one key between them -- including black and white keys -- is a whole tone. -@seealso +@seealso @ref{interval}. @@ -8594,8 +8599,8 @@ instruments are actually made from metal. The woodwind instruments commonly used in a symphony orchestra are flute, oboe, clarinet, saxophone, and bassoon. -@seealso +@seealso None yet. @@ -8958,8 +8963,8 @@ the lilypond-user discussion list. @end multitable -@seealso +@seealso @ref{mensural notation}