X-Git-Url: https://git.donarmstrong.com/?a=blobdiff_plain;f=Documentation%2Fuser%2Fexpressive.itely;h=e292e5c68347bf5ccead3dbc41dc455990370c8e;hb=e8c5088682e4236b51afbb053d593f6c451460df;hp=514a2d8cc2cf82fe0e780cd409713d8dd03c9087;hpb=84dfa31321b6f0c3224ed8c586b64ec97e88402f;p=lilypond.git diff --git a/Documentation/user/expressive.itely b/Documentation/user/expressive.itely index 514a2d8cc2..e292e5c683 100644 --- a/Documentation/user/expressive.itely +++ b/Documentation/user/expressive.itely @@ -6,11 +6,16 @@ version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details. @end ignore +@c \version "2.11.51" + @node Expressive marks @section Expressive marks @lilypondfile[quote]{expressive-headword.ly} +This section lists various expressive marks that can be +created in a score. + @menu * Attached to notes:: * Curves:: @@ -21,17 +26,44 @@ @node Attached to notes @subsection Attached to notes +This section explains how to create expressive marks that are +attached to notes: articulations, ornamentations, and dynamics. +Methods to create new dynamic markings are also discussed. + @menu * Articulations and ornamentations:: * Dynamics:: +* New dynamic marks:: @end menu @node Articulations and ornamentations -@subsubsection Articulations and ornamentations +@unnumberedsubsubsec Articulations and ornamentations @cindex articulations @cindex scripts @cindex ornaments +@cindex espressivo +@cindex fermata +@cindex upbow +@cindex downbow +@cindex foot marks +@cindex organ pedal marks +@cindex turn +@cindex open +@cindex stopped +@cindex flageolet +@cindex reverseturn +@cindex trill +@cindex prall +@cindex mordent +@cindex prallprall +@cindex prallmordent +@cindex prall, up +@cindex prall, down +@cindex thumb marking +@cindex segno +@cindex coda +@cindex varcoda A variety of symbols that denote articulations, ornamentations, and other performance indications can be attached to a note using @@ -44,7 +76,7 @@ this syntax: The possible values for @var{name} are listed in @ref{List of articulations}. For example: -@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2] +@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2] c4\staccato c\mordent b2\turn c1\fermata @end lilypond @@ -59,141 +91,116 @@ c1\fermata Some of these articulations have shorthands for easier entry. Shorthands are appended to the note name, and their syntax -consists of a dash (@tie{}@code{-}) followed by a symbol -signifying the articulation. Predefined shorthands exist for -@notation{marcato}, @notation{stopped}, @notation{tenuto}, -@notation{staccatissimo}, @notation{accent}, @notation{staccato}, -and @notation{portato}. Their corresponding output appears as -follows: - -@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2] +consists of a dash @code{-} followed by a symbol signifying the +articulation. Predefined shorthands exist for @notation{marcato}, +@notation{stopped}, @notation{tenuto}, @notation{staccatissimo}, +@notation{accent}, @notation{staccato}, and @notation{portato}. +Their corresponding output appears as follows: + +@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2] c4-^ c-+ c-- c-| -c-> c-. c-_ +c4-> c-. c2-_ @end lilypond The rules for the default placement of articulations are defined in @file{scm/@/script@/.scm}. Articulations and ornamentations may be manually placed above or below the staff, see -@ref{Controlling direction and placement}. - -@cindex espressivo -@cindex fermata -@cindex upbow -@cindex downbow -@cindex foot marks -@cindex organ pedal marks -@cindex turn -@cindex open -@cindex stopped -@cindex flageolet -@cindex reverseturn -@cindex trill -@cindex prall -@cindex mordent -@cindex prallprall -@cindex prallmordent -@cindex prall, up -@cindex prall, down -@cindex thumb marking -@cindex segno -@cindex coda -@cindex varcoda +@ref{Direction and placement}. @snippets -@c Send these snippets to Valentin for the LSR. - -The shorthands are defined in @file{ly/@/script@/-init@/.ly}, -where the variables @code{dashHat}, @code{dashPlus}, -@code{dashDash}, @code{dashBar}, @code{dashLarger}, -@code{dashDot}, and @code{dashUnderscore} are assigned default -values. The default values for the shorthands can be modified. -For example, to associate the @code{-+} (@code{dashPlus}) -shorthand with the @notation{trill} symbol instead of the default -@notation{+} symbol, assign the value @code{trill} to the variable -@code{dashPlus}: - -@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right] -\relative c'' { c-+ } -dashPlus = "trill" -\relative c'' { c-+ } -@end lilypond +@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle] +{modifying-default-values-for-articulation-shorthand-notation.ly} -The vertical ordering of scripts is controlled with the -@code{script-priority} property. The lower this number, the -closer it will be put to the note. In this example, the -@code{TextScript} (the sharp symbol) first has the lowest -priority, so it is put lowest in the first example. In the -second, the @notation{prall trill} (the @code{Script}) has the -lowest, so it is on the inside. When two objects have the same -priority, the order in which they are entered decides which one -comes first. - -@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=3] -\once \override TextScript #'script-priority = #-100 -a4^\prall^\markup { \sharp } - -\once \override Script #'script-priority = #-100 -a4^\prall^\markup { \sharp } -@end lilypond +@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle] +{controlling-the-vertical-ordering-of-scripts.ly} @seealso -Music Glossary: @rglos{tenuto}, @rglos{accent}, @rglos{staccato}, +Music Glossary: +@rglos{tenuto}, +@rglos{accent}, +@rglos{staccato}, @rglos{portato}. -Snippets: @lsrdir{Expressive,Expressive-marks} +Notation Reference: +@ref{Direction and placement}, +@ref{List of articulations}. -Internals Reference: @internalsref{Script}, -@internalsref{TextScript}. +Installed Files: +@file{scm/@/script@/.scm}. +Snippets: +@rlsr{Expressive marks}. -@knownissues - -These signs appear in the printed output but have no effect on the -MIDI rendering of the music. +Internals Reference: +@rinternals{Script}, +@rinternals{TextScript}. @node Dynamics -@subsubsection Dynamics +@unnumberedsubsubsec Dynamics +@cindex absolute dynamics @cindex dynamics +@cindex dynamics, absolute +@funindex \ppppp +@funindex ppppp @funindex \pppp +@funindex pppp @funindex \ppp +@funindex ppp @funindex \pp +@funindex pp @funindex \p +@funindex p @funindex \mp +@funindex mp @funindex \mf +@funindex mf @funindex \f +@funindex f @funindex \ff +@funindex ff @funindex \fff +@funindex fff @funindex \ffff +@funindex ffff @funindex \fp +@funindex fp @funindex \sf +@funindex sf @funindex \sff +@funindex sff @funindex \sp +@funindex sp @funindex \spp +@funindex spp @funindex \sfz +@funindex sfz @funindex \rfz +@funindex rfz Absolute dynamic marks are specified using a command after a note, -like @code{c4\ff}. The available dynamic marks are @code{\ppppp}, -@code{\pppp}, @code{\ppp}, @code{\pp}, @code{\p}, @code{\mp}, -@code{\mf}, @code{\f}, @code{\ff}, @code{\fff}, @code{\ffff}, -@code{\fp}, @code{\sf}, @code{\sff}, @code{\sp}, @code{\spp}, -@code{\sfz}, and @code{\rfz}. The dynamic marks may be manually -placed above or below the staff, see @ref{Controlling direction -and placement}. - -@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2] +such as @code{c4\ff}. The available dynamic marks are +@code{\ppppp}, @code{\pppp}, @code{\ppp}, @code{\pp}, @code{\p}, +@code{\mp}, @code{\mf}, @code{\f}, @code{\ff}, @code{\fff}, +@code{\ffff}, @code{\fp}, @code{\sf}, @code{\sff}, @code{\sp}, +@code{\spp}, @code{\sfz}, and @code{\rfz}. The dynamic marks may +be manually placed above or below the staff, see +@ref{Direction and placement}. + +@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2] c2\ppp c\mp -c\rfz c^\mf -c_\spp c_\staccato^\ff +c2\rfz c^\mf +c2_\spp c^\ff @end lilypond @cindex hairpin +@cindex crescendo +@cindex decrescendo @funindex \< @funindex \> @funindex \! @@ -201,172 +208,286 @@ c_\spp c_\staccato^\ff @funindex \decr A @notation{crescendo} mark is started with @code{\<} and -terminated with @code{\!} or an absolute dynamic. A -@notation{decrescendo} is started with @code{\>} and is also -terminated with @code{\!} or an absolute dynamic. @code{\cr} and -@code{\decr} may be used instead of @code{\<} and @code{\>}. They -can be engraved either using a graphical sign (a -@notation{hairpin}), or with textual signs. - -Because these marks are bound to notes, you must use spacer notes -if multiple marks are needed during one note. - -@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2] -c\< c\! d\> e\! -<< f1 { s4 s4\< s4\! \> s4\! } >> +terminated with @code{\!}, an absolute dynamic, or an additional +crescendo or decrescendo mark. A @notation{decrescendo} mark is +started with @code{\>} and is also terminated with @code{\!}, an +absolute dynamic, or another crescendo or decrescendo mark. +@code{\cr} and @code{\decr} may be used instead of @code{\<} and +@code{\>}. @notation{Hairpins} are engraved by default using this +notation. + +@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2] +c2\< c\! +d2\< d\f +e2\< e\> +f2\> f\! +e2\> e\mp +d2\> d\> +c1\! @end lilypond -This may give rise to very short hairpins. To lengthen them, the -following code can be used, for example: +Spacer rests are needed to engrave multiple marks on one note. -@example -\override Voice.Hairpin #'minimum-length = #5 -@end example +@cindex multiple dynamic marks on one note +@cindex dynamic marks, multiple on one note -@noindent -A @notation{hairpin} normally starts at the left edge of the -beginning note and ends on the right edge of the ending note. If -the ending note falls on the downbeat, the @notation{hairpin} ends -on the immediately preceding bar line. The following example -illustrates this behavior: - -@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2] -e4\< e2. e1\! -\set hairpinToBarline = ##f -e4\< e2. e1\! +@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2] +c4\< c\! d\> e\! +<< f1 { s4 s4\< s4\> s4\! } >> @end lilypond -@cindex espressivo, articulation +@cindex espressivo articulation +@funindex \espressivo +@funindex espressivo In some situations the @code{\espressivo} articulation mark may be -suitable to indicate a crescendo and decrescendo on the one note: - -@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2] -c2 b4 a g1\espressivo -@end lilypond - -@cindex al niente -@cindex niente, al - -Hairpins may be printed with a circled tip (al niente notation): +the appropriate choice to indicate a crescendo and decrescendo on +one note: -@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2] -\override Hairpin #'circled-tip = ##t -c2\< c\! -c4\> c\< c2\! +@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2] +c2 b4 a +g1\espressivo @end lilypond @cindex crescendo @cindex decrescendo @cindex diminuendo -@funindex \setTextCresc -@funindex \setTextDim -@funindex \setTextDecresc -@funindex \setHairpinCresc -@funindex \setHairpinDim -@funindex \setHairpinDecresc - -You can use text saying @notation{cresc.}, @notation{decr.}, or -@notation{dim.} instead of hairpins with the commands -@code{\setTextCresc}, @code{\setTextDim}, and -@code{\setTextDecresc}. The corresponding -@code{\setHairpinCresc}, @code{\setHairpinDim}, and -@code{\setHairpinDecresc} will revert to hairpins again: - -@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2] -\setTextCresc -c\< d e f\! -\setHairpinCresc -e\> d c b\! -\setTextDecresc -e\> d e f\! -\setTextDecr -c\> d e f\! -\setTextDim -e\> d c b\! +@funindex \crescTextCresc +@funindex crescTextCresc +@funindex \dimTextDecresc +@funindex dimTextDecresc +@funindex \dimTextDecr +@funindex dimTextDecr +@funindex \dimTextDim +@funindex dimTextDim +@funindex \crescHairpin +@funindex crescHairpin +@funindex \dimHairpin +@funindex dimHairpin + +Crescendos and decrescendos can be engraved as textual markings +instead of hairpins. Dashed lines are printed to indicate their +extent. The built-in commands that enable these text modes are +@code{\crescTextCresc}, @code{\dimTextDecresc}, +@code{\dimTextDecr}, and @code{\dimTextDim}. The corresponding +@code{\crescHairpin} and @code{\dimHairpin} commands will revert +to hairpins again: + +@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2] +\crescTextCresc +c2\< d | e f\! +\dimTextDecresc +e2\> d | c b\! +\crescHairpin +c2\< d | e f\! +\dimHairpin +e2\> d\! @end lilypond -You can also supply your own texts and change the style of the -spanner line with the properties @code{\crescendoText}, -@code{\crescendoSpanner}, @code{\decrescendoText}, and -@code{\decrescendoSpanner}. Available values for the spanner -properties are @code{hairpin}, @code{line}, @code{dashed-line}, -and @code{dotted-line}. If unset, a hairpin crescendo is used: - -@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1] -\set crescendoText = \markup { \italic "cresc. poco" } -\set crescendoSpanner = #'dotted-line -a'2\< a a a a a a a\!\mf -@end lilypond -To create new dynamic marks or text that should be aligned with -dynamics, see @ref{New dynamic marks}. +To create new absolute dynamic marks or text that should be +aligned with dynamics, see @ref{New dynamic marks}. + +@cindex dynamics, vertical positioning +@cindex vertical positioning of dynamics +@funindex DynamicLineSpanner Vertical positioning of dynamics is handled by -@internalsref{DynamicLineSpanner}. +@rinternals{DynamicLineSpanner}. @predefined @funindex \dynamicUp +@funindex dynamicUp @code{\dynamicUp}, @funindex \dynamicDown +@funindex dynamicDown @code{\dynamicDown}, @funindex \dynamicNeutral -@code{\dynamicNeutral}. +@funindex dynamicNeutral +@code{\dynamicNeutral}, +@funindex \crescTextCresc +@funindex crescTextCresc +@code{\crescTextCresc}, +@funindex \dimTextDim +@funindex dimTextDim +@code{\dimTextDim}, +@funindex \dimTextDecr +@funindex dimTextDecr +@code{\dimTextDecr}, +@funindex \dimTextDecresc +@funindex dimTextDecresc +@code{\dimTextDecresc}, +@funindex \crescHairpin +@funindex crescHairpin +@code{\crescHairpin}, +@funindex \dimHairpin +@funindex dimHairpin +@code{\dimHairpin}. @snippets -Dynamics that occur at, begin on, or end on the same note will be -vertically aligned. If you want to ensure that dynamics are -aligned when they do not occur on the same note, you can increase -the @code{staff-padding} property. +@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle] +{setting-hairpin-behavior-at-bar-lines.ly} -@example -\override DynamicLineSpanner #'staff-padding = #4 -@end example +@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle] +{setting-the-minimum-length-of-hairpins.ly} -@noindent -You may also use this property if the dynamics are colliding with -other notation. +@cindex al niente +@cindex niente, al -@notation{Crescendi} and @notation{decrescendi} that cross a line -break will be continued on the second line. If they end on the -first note of a new line, nothing will be printed on that line. -To change this behavior, use +@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle] +{printing-hairpins-using-al-niente-notation.ly} -@example -\override Score.Hairpin #'after-line-breaking = ##t -@end example +@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle] +{vertically-aligned-dynamics-and-textscripts.ly} -Text style dynamic changes (such as @notation{cresc.} and -@notation{dim.}) are printed with a dashed line showing their -extent. To suppress printing this line, use +@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle] +{hiding-the-extender-line-for-text-dynamics.ly} -@example -\override DynamicTextSpanner #'dash-period = #-1.0 -@end example +@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle] +{changing-text-and-spanner-styles-for-text-dynamics.ly} @seealso @c TODO: Add hairpin to glossary. -Music Glossary: @rglos{crescendo}, @rglos{decrescendo}. +Music Glossary: +@rglos{crescendo}, +@rglos{decrescendo}. + +Learning Manual: +@rlearning{Articulation and dynamics}. + +Notation Reference: +@ref{Direction and placement}, +@ref{New dynamic marks}, +@ref{What goes into the MIDI output?}, +@ref{Controlling MIDI dynamics}. + +Snippets: +@rlsr{Expressive marks}. + +Internals Reference: +@rinternals{DynamicText}, +@rinternals{Hairpin}, +@rinternals{DynamicLineSpanner}. + + +@node New dynamic marks +@unnumberedsubsubsec New dynamic marks + +@cindex new dynamic marks +@cindex dynamic marks, new + +The easiest way to create dynamic indications is to use +@code{\markup} objects. + +@lilypond[verbatim,quote] +moltoF = \markup { molto \dynamic f } + +\relative c' { + 16_\moltoF + 2.. +} +@end lilypond + +@cindex dynamics, editorial +@cindex dynamics, parenthesis +@cindex editorial dynamics +@funindex \bracket +@funindex bracket +@funindex \dynamic +@funindex dynamic + +In markup mode, editorial dynamics (within parentheses or square +brackets) can be created. The syntax for markup mode is described +in @ref{Formatting text}. + +@lilypond[verbatim,quote] +roundF = \markup { \hcenter \concat { \bold { \italic ( } + \dynamic f \bold { \italic ) } } } +boxF = \markup { \bracket { \dynamic f } } +\relative c' { + c1_\roundF + c1_\boxF +} +@end lilypond + +@cindex make-dynamic-script +@funindex make-dynamic-script + +Simple, centered dynamic marks are easily created with the +@code{make-dynamic-script} function. The dynamic font only +contains the characters @code{f,m,p,r,s} and @code{z}. + +@lilypond[verbatim,quote] +sfzp = #(make-dynamic-script "sfzp") +\relative c' { + c4 c c\sfzp c +} +@end lilypond + +In general, @code{make-dynamic-script} takes any markup object as +its argument. In the following example, using +@code{make-dynamic-script} ensures the vertical alignment of +markup objects and hairpins that are attached to the same note +head. + +@lilypond[verbatim,quote] +roundF = \markup { \hcenter \concat { + \normal-text { \bold { \italic ( } } + \dynamic f + \normal-text { \bold { \italic ) } } } } +boxF = \markup { \bracket { \dynamic f } } +roundFdynamic = #(make-dynamic-script roundF) +boxFdynamic = #(make-dynamic-script boxF) +\relative c' { + c4_\roundFdynamic\< d e f + g,1_\boxFdynamic +} +@end lilypond + +The Scheme form of markup mode may be used instead. Its syntax is +explained in @ref{Markup construction in Scheme}. -Learning Manual: @rlearning{Articulation and dynamics}. +@lilypond[verbatim,quote] +moltoF = #(make-dynamic-script + (markup #:normal-text "molto" + #:dynamic "f")) +\relative c' { + 16 + 2..\moltoF +} +@end lilypond -Snippets: @lsrdir{Expressive,Expressive-marks} +Font settings in markup mode are described in +@ref{Selecting font and font size}. -Internals Reference: @internalsref{DynamicText}, -@internalsref{Hairpin}. Vertical positioning of these symbols is -handled by @internalsref{DynamicLineSpanner}. + +@seealso + +Notation Reference: +@ref{Formatting text}, +@ref{Selecting font and font size}, +@ref{Markup construction in Scheme}, +@ref{What goes into the MIDI output?}, +@ref{Controlling MIDI dynamics}. + +Snippets: +@rlsr{Expressive marks}. @node Curves @subsection Curves +This section explains how to create various expressive marks that +are curved: normal slurs, phrasing slurs, breath marks, falls, and +doits. + @menu * Slurs:: * Phrasing slurs:: @@ -375,30 +496,74 @@ handled by @internalsref{DynamicLineSpanner}. @end menu @node Slurs -@subsubsection Slurs +@unnumberedsubsubsec Slurs @cindex slurs -A @notation{slur} indicates that notes are to be played bound or -@emph{legato}. They are entered using parentheses: +@notation{Slurs} are entered using parentheses: -@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2] -f( g a) a8 b( a4 g2 f4) +@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2] +f4( g a) a8 b( +a4 g2 f4) 2( 2) @end lilypond -Just as with ties, the direction of a slur can be specified with -@code{\slur@emph{DIR}}, where @code{@emph{DIR}} is either -@code{Up}, @code{Down}, or @code{Neutral} (@code{Neutral} is the -default). Slurs may be manually placed above or below the staff, -see @ref{Controlling direction and placement}. +@cindex slurs, manual placement +@cindex slurs, below notes +@cindex slurs, above notes +@funindex \slurDown +@funindex slurDown +@funindex \slurNeutral +@funindex slurNeutral + +Slurs may be manually placed above or below the notes, see +@ref{Direction and placement}. -@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2] -c4_( c) c^( c) +@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2] +c2( d) +\slurDown +c2( d) +\slurNeutral +c2( d) @end lilypond -Using this method, only one slur can be printed at once. To print -a long slur over a few small slurs, see @ref{Phrasing slurs}. +@cindex phrasing slur +@cindex multiple slurs +@cindex simultaneous slurs +@cindex slur, phrasing +@cindex slurs, multiple +@cindex slurs, simultaneous + +Phrasing slurs must be used to print more than one slur at once. +For details, see @ref{Phrasing slurs}. + +@cindex slur style +@cindex slur, solid +@cindex slur, dotted +@cindex slur, dashed +@cindex solid slur +@cindex dotted slur +@cindex dashed slur +@cindex sytle, slur +@funindex \slurDashed +@funindex slurDashed +@funindex \slurDotted +@funindex slurDotted +@funindex \slurSolid +@funindex slurSolid + +Slurs can be solid, dotted, or dashed. Solid is the default slur +style: + +@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1] +c4( e g2) +\slurDashed +g4( e c2) +\slurDotted +c4( e g2) +\slurSolid +g4( e c2) +@end lilypond @predefined @@ -419,150 +584,189 @@ a long slur over a few small slurs, see @ref{Phrasing slurs}. @snippets -Some composers write two slurs when they want legato chords. This -can be achieved in LilyPond by setting @code{doubleSlurs}, - -@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1] -\set doubleSlurs = ##t -4 ( ) -@end lilypond +@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle] +{using-double-slurs-for-legato-chords.ly} @seealso -Music Glossary: @rglos{slur} +Music Glossary: +@rglos{slur}. + +Learning Manual: +@rlearning{On the un-nestedness of brackets and ties}. -Snippets: @lsrdir{Expressive,Expressive-marks} +Notation Reference: +@ref{Direction and placement}, +@ref{Phrasing slurs}. -Internals Reference: @internalsref{Slur}. +Snippets: +@rlsr{Expressive marks}. + +Internals Reference: +@rinternals{Slur}. @node Phrasing slurs -@subsubsection Phrasing slurs +@unnumberedsubsubsec Phrasing slurs @cindex phrasing slurs @cindex phrasing marks +@cindex slur, phrasing +@cindex mark, phrasing @funindex \( @funindex \) -A phrasing slur (or phrasing mark) connects notes and is used to -indicate a musical sentence. It is written using @code{\(} and +@notation{Phrasing slurs} (or phrasing marks) that indicate a +musical sentence are written using the commands @code{\(} and @code{\)} respectively: -@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1] -\time 6/4 c'\( d( e) f( e) d\) +@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2] +c4\( d( e) f( +e2) d\) @end lilypond -Typographically, the phrasing slur behaves almost exactly like a -normal slur. However, they are treated as different objects. A -@code{\slurUp} will have no effect on a phrasing slur; instead, -use @code{\phrasingSlurUp}, @code{\phrasingSlurDown}, and -@code{\phrasingSlurNeutral}. Phrasing slurs may be manually -placed above or below the staff, see @ref{Controlling direction -and placement}. +@funindex \phrasingSlurUp +@funindex phrasingSlurUp +@funindex \phrasingSlurDown +@funindex phrasingSlurDown +@funindex \phrasingSlurNeutral +@funindex phrasingSlurNeutral + +Typographically, a phrasing slur behaves almost exactly like a +normal slur. However, they are treated as different objects; a +@code{\slurUp} will have no effect on a phrasing slur. Phrasing +slurs may be manually placed above or below the notes, see +@ref{Direction and placement}. + +@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1] +c4\( g' c,( b) | c1\) +\phrasingSlurUp +c4\( g' c,( b) | c1\) +@end lilypond -You cannot have simultaneous phrasing slurs. +@cindex simultaneous phrasing slurs +@cindex multiple phrasing slurs +@cindex slurs, simultaneous phrasing +@cindex slurs, multiple phrasing +@cindex phrasing slurs, simultaneous +@cindex phrasing slurs, multiple + +Simultaneous phrasing slurs are not permitted. @predefined -@funindex \phrasingSlurUp @code{\phrasingSlurUp}, -@funindex \phrasingSlurDown @code{\phrasingSlurDown}, -@funindex \phrasingSlurNeutral @code{\phrasingSlurNeutral}. @seealso -Snippets: @lsrdir{Expressive,Expressive-marks} +Learning Manual: +@rlearning{On the un-nestedness of brackets and ties}. + +Notation Reference: +@ref{Direction and placement}. -Internals Reference: @internalsref{PhrasingSlur} +Snippets: +@rlsr{Expressive marks}. + +Internals Reference: +@rinternals{PhrasingSlur}. @node Breath marks -@subsubsection Breath marks +@unnumberedsubsubsec Breath marks @cindex breath marks @funindex \breathe +@funindex breathe Breath marks are entered using @code{\breathe}: -@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1] -c'4 \breathe d4 +@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2] +c2. \breathe d4 @end lilypond +Musical indicators for breath marks in ancient notation, +divisiones, are supported. For details, see @ref{Divisiones}. + @snippets -The glyph of the breath mark can be tuned by overriding the -@code{text} property of the @code{BreathingSign} layout object -with any markup text. For example, +@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle] +{changing-the-breath-mark-symbol.ly} -@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1] -c'4 -\override BreathingSign #'text - = #(make-musicglyph-markup "scripts.rvarcomma") -\breathe -d4 -@end lilypond +@cindex caesura +@cindex railroad tracks + +@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle] +{inserting-a-caesura.ly} @seealso -Snippets: @lsrdir{Expressive,Expressive-marks} +Notation Reference: +@ref{Divisiones}. + +Snippets: +@rlsr{Expressive marks}. @c @lsr{expressive,breathing-sign.ly}. -Internals Reference: @internalsref{BreathingSign} +Internals Reference: +@rinternals{BreathingSign}. @node Falls and doits -@subsubsection Falls and doits +@unnumberedsubsubsec Falls and doits @cindex falls @cindex doits @funindex \bendAfter +@funindex bendAfter @notation{Falls} and @notation{doits} can be added to notes using -the @code{\bendAfter} command: +the @code{\bendAfter} command. The direction of the fall or doit +is indicated with a plus or minus (up or down). The number +indicates the pitch interval that the fall or doit will extend +@emph{beyond} the main note. -@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2] +@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2] c2-\bendAfter #+4 -c-\bendAfter #-4 -c-\bendAfter #+8 -c-\bendAfter #-8 +c2-\bendAfter #-4 +c2-\bendAfter #+8 +c2-\bendAfter #-8 @end lilypond -The dash (@tie{-}) following the note name is @emph{required} when -writing @notation{falls} and @notation{doits}. +The dash @code{-} immediately preceding the @code{\bendAfter} +command is @emph{required} when writing falls and doits. @snippets -The @code{shortest-duration-space} property may have to be tweaked -to adjust the shape of @notation{falls} and @notation{doits}. - -@c Fix this snippet. The tweak does not work. -pm - -@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2] -\override Score.SpacingSpanner #'shortest-duration-space = #3.0 -c4-\bendAfter #+5 -c4-\bendAfter #-3 -@end lilypond +@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle] +{adjusting-the-shape-of-falls-and-doits.ly} @seealso @c TODO: add falls and doits to glossary. -@c Music Glossary: @rglos{falls}, @rglos{doits}. +@c Music Glossary: +@c @rglos{falls}, +@c @rglos{doits}. -Snippets: @lsrdir{Expressive,Expressive-marks} +Snippets: +@rlsr{Expressive marks}. @node Lines @subsection Lines +This section explains how to create various expressive marks that +follow a linear path: glissandos, arpeggios, and trills. + @menu * Glissando:: * Arpeggio:: @@ -570,46 +774,46 @@ Snippets: @lsrdir{Expressive,Expressive-marks} @end menu @node Glissando -@subsubsection Glissando +@unnumberedsubsubsec Glissando @cindex glissando @funindex \glissando +@funindex glissando -A @notation{glissando} is a smooth change in pitch. It is denoted -by a line or a wavy line between two notes. A -@notation{glissando} is created by attaching @code{\glissando} to -a note: +A @notation{glissando} is created by attaching @code{\glissando} +to a note: -@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2] -c2\glissando c' -\override Glissando #'style = #'zigzag +@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2] +g2\glissando g' c2\glissando c, @end lilypond +Different styles of glissandi can be created. For details, see +@ref{Line styles}. @snippets -@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right] -I = \once \override NoteColumn #'ignore-collision = ##t - -\relative c' << - { \oneVoice \stemDown f2 \glissando \stemNeutral a } \\ - { \oneVoice \I c2 \glissando \I d, } ->> -@end lilypond +@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle] +{contemporary-glissando.ly} @seealso -Music Glossary: @rglos{glissando} +Music Glossary: +@rglos{glissando}. -Snippets: @lsrdir{Expressive,Expressive-marks} +Notation Reference: +@ref{Line styles}. + +Snippets: +@rlsr{Expressive marks}. @c FIXME: I need to figure out what's up with these. -gp @c @lsr{expressive,glissando.ly}, @c @lsr{expressive,line-styles.ly} -Internals Reference: @internalsref{Glissando} +Internals Reference: +@rinternals{Glissando}. @knownissues @@ -619,194 +823,201 @@ supported. @node Arpeggio -@subsubsection Arpeggio +@unnumberedsubsubsec Arpeggio @cindex arpeggio @cindex broken chord +@cindex chord, broken +@funindex \arpeggio +@funindex arpeggio +@funindex \arpeggioArrowUp +@funindex arpeggioArrowUp +@funindex \arpeggioArrowDown +@funindex arpeggioArrowDown +@funindex \arpeggioNormal +@funindex arpeggioNormal + +An @notation{arpeggio} on a chord (also known as a broken chord) +is denoted by appending @code{\arpeggio} to the chord construct: + +@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1] +1\arpeggio +@end lilypond -You can specify an @notation{arpeggio} (also known as a -@notation{broken chord}) on a chord by attaching an -@code{\arpeggio} to the chord: - -@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1] -\arpeggio +Different types of arpeggios may be written. +@code{\arpeggioNormal} reverts to a normal arpeggio: + +@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1] +2\arpeggio +\arpeggioArrowUp +2\arpeggio +\arpeggioArrowDown +2\arpeggio +\arpeggioNormal +2\arpeggio @end lilypond -A square bracket on the left, denoted by @code{\arpeggioBracket}, -is used to indicate that the chord should @emph{not} be -arpeggiated: +@cindex arpeggio symbols, special +@cindex special arpeggio symbols +@funindex \arpeggioBracket +@funindex arpeggioBracket +@funindex \arpeggioParenthesis +@funindex arpeggioParenthesis -@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1] -\arpeggioBracket -\arpeggio -@end lilypond +Special @emph{bracketed} arpeggio symbols can be created: -The direction of the arpeggio can be denoted by adding an -arrowhead to the wiggly line. This is done with the commands -@code{arpeggioUp} and @code{arpeggioDown}. @code{arpeggioNeutral} -reverts to the arrow-less version: - -@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1] -\new Voice { - \arpeggioUp - \arpeggio - \arpeggioDown - \arpeggio - \arpeggioNeutral - \arpeggio -} +@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1] +2 +\arpeggioBracket +2\arpeggio +\arpeggioParenthesis +2\arpeggio +\arpeggioNormal +2\arpeggio @end lilypond +Arpeggios can be explicitly written out with ties. For more +information, see @ref{Ties}. @predefined -@funindex \arpeggio @code{\arpeggio}, -@funindex \arpeggioUp -@code{\arpeggioUp}, -@funindex \arpeggioDown -@code{\arpeggioDown}, -@funindex \arpeggioNeutral -@code{\arpeggioNeutral}, -@funindex \arpeggioBracket -@code{\arpeggioBracket}. +@code{\arpeggioArrowUp}, +@code{\arpeggioArrowDown}, +@code{\arpeggioNormal}, +@code{\arpeggioBracket}, +@code{\arpeggioParenthesis}. @snippets -In a @code{PianoStaff}, it is possible to let an arpeggio cross -between the staves by setting the property -@code{PianoStaff}.@code{connectArpeggios}. - -@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1] -\new PianoStaff << - \set PianoStaff.connectArpeggios = ##t - \new Staff { \arpeggio } - \new Staff { \clef bass \arpeggio } ->> -@end lilypond +@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle] +{creating-cross-staff-arpeggios-in-a-piano-staff.ly} -The same can be accomplished in contexts other than -@code{PianoStaff} if the @code{Span_arpeggio_engraver} is included -in the Score context. - -@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right] -\score { - \new StaffGroup { - \set Score.connectArpeggios = ##t - << - \new Voice \relative c' { - 4\arpeggio - } - \new Voice \relative c { - \clef bass - 4\arpeggio - } - >> - } - \layout { - \context { - \Score - \consists "Span_arpeggio_engraver" - } - } -} -@end lilypond +@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle] +{creating-cross-staff-arpeggios-in-other-contexts.ly} -Similarly, an arpeggio can be drawn across notes in different -voices on the same staff if the @code{Span_arpeggio_engraver} is -moved to the Staff context: - -@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right] -\new Staff -\with { - \consists "Span_arpeggio_engraver" -} \relative c' { - \set Staff.connectArpeggios = ##t - << - {4\arpeggio 2 } - \\ - {2\arpeggio 2 } - >> -} -@end lilypond +@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle] +{creating-arpeggios-across-notes-in-different-voices.ly} @seealso -@c TODO: Add 'broken chord' to glossary. - -Music Glossary: @rglos{arpeggio} +Music Glossary: +@rglos{arpeggio}. -Notation Reference: @ref{Ties}, for writing out arpeggios. +Notation Reference: +@ref{Ties}. -Snippets: @lsrdir{Expressive,Expressive-marks} +Snippets: +@rlsr{Expressive marks}. -Internals Reference: @internalsref{Arpeggio}, -@internalsref{PianoStaff}. +Internals Reference: +@rinternals{Arpeggio}, +@rinternals{PianoStaff}. @knownissues +@cindex cross-staff parenthesis-style arpeggio +@cindex arpeggio, parenthesis-style, cross-staff +@cindex arpeggio, cross-staff parenthesis-style + It is not possible to mix connected arpeggios and unconnected arpeggios in one @code{PianoStaff} at the same point in time. +The parenthesis-style arpeggio brackets do not work for +cross-staff arpeggios. + @node Trills -@subsubsection Trills +@unnumberedsubsubsec Trills @cindex trills @funindex \trill +@funindex trill +@funindex \startTrillSpan +@funindex startTrillSpan +@funindex \stopTrillSpan +@funindex stopTrillSpan -Short @notation{trills} are printed with @code{\trill} like normal -articulation; see @ref{Articulations and ornamentations}. +Short @notation{trills} without an extender line are printed with +@code{\trill}; see @ref{Articulations and ornamentations}. -Long running @notation{trills} are made with -@code{\startTrillSpan} and @code{\stopTrillSpan}. In the -following example, a long running @notation{trill} is shown -combined with grace notes. To achieve precise control of the -placement of the grace notes, see @ref{Grace notes}. +Longer trills with an extender line are made with +@code{\startTrillSpan} and @code{\stopTrillSpan}: -@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2] +@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2] +d1~\startTrillSpan +d1 +c2\stopTrillSpan r2 +@end lilypond + +In the following example, a trill is combined with grace notes. +The syntax of this construct and the method to precisely position +the grace notes are described in @ref{Grace notes}. + +@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2] c1 \afterGrace -d1\startTrillSpan { c16[\stopTrillSpan d] } -c4 +d1\startTrillSpan { c32[ d]\stopTrillSpan } +e2 r2 @end lilypond @cindex pitched trills +@cindex trills, pitched +@funindex \pitchedTrill +@funindex pitchedTrill -@notation{Trills} that should be executed on an explicitly -specified pitch can be typeset with the command -@code{\pitchedTrill} using the following syntax: - -@example -@code{\pitchedTrill} @var{mainnote} @code{\startTrillSpan} -@var{trillnote} @var{endnote} @code{\stopTrillSpan} -@end example +Trills that require an auxiliary note with an explicit pitch can +be typeset with the @code{\pitchedTrill} command. The first +argument is the main note, and the second is the @emph{trilled} +note, printed as a stemless note head in parentheses. -@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1] -\pitchedTrill e2 \startTrillSpan fis +@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1] +\pitchedTrill e2\startTrillSpan fis d\stopTrillSpan @end lilypond -@noindent -The first argument is the main note. The pitch of the second is -printed as a stemless note head in parentheses. +@cindex pitched trill with forced accidental +@cindex trill, pitched with forced accidental +@cindex accidental, forced for pitched trill + +In the following example, the second pitched trill is ambiguous; +the accidental of the trilled note is not printed. As a +workaround, the accidentals of the trilled notes can be forced. +The second measure illustrates this method: + +@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2] +\pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis +g\stopTrillSpan +\pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis +g\stopTrillSpan +\pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis +g\stopTrillSpan +\pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis! +g\stopTrillSpan +@end lilypond @predefined @code{\startTrillSpan}, -@funindex \startTrillSpan @code{\stopTrillSpan}. -@funindex \stopTrillSpan @seealso -Music Glossary: @rglos{trill} +Music Glossary: +@rglos{trill}. + +Notation Reference: +@ref{Articulations and ornamentations}, +@ref{Grace notes}. + +Snippets: +@rlsr{Expressive marks}. -Snippets: @lsrdir{Expressive,Expressive-marks} +Internals Reference: +@rinternals{TrillSpanner}. -Internals Reference: @internalsref{TrillSpanner}