X-Git-Url: https://git.donarmstrong.com/?a=blobdiff_plain;f=Documentation%2Fuser%2Fexpressive.itely;h=17bc053ee089f7f54c45d0f4c0cda36fdd402f51;hb=0387f04497978e37b335a8b99eec905499d6ad0f;hp=9bb34c806c45de194bfd9eaad4b0dcd2b9aeb25a;hpb=9287b6a92fafad367b83679f2bb7e64aec1efe62;p=lilypond.git diff --git a/Documentation/user/expressive.itely b/Documentation/user/expressive.itely index 9bb34c806c..17bc053ee0 100644 --- a/Documentation/user/expressive.itely +++ b/Documentation/user/expressive.itely @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details. @end ignore -@c \version "2.11.51" +@c \version "2.11.61" @node Expressive marks @section Expressive marks @@ -17,9 +17,9 @@ This section lists various expressive marks that can be created in a score. @menu -* Attached to notes:: -* Curves:: -* Lines:: +* Attached to notes:: +* Curves:: +* Lines:: @end menu @@ -31,15 +31,16 @@ attached to notes: articulations, ornamentations, and dynamics. Methods to create new dynamic markings are also discussed. @menu -* Articulations and ornamentations:: -* Dynamics:: -* New dynamic marks:: +* Articulations and ornamentations:: +* Dynamics:: +* New dynamic marks:: @end menu @node Articulations and ornamentations @unnumberedsubsubsec Articulations and ornamentations @cindex articulations +@cindex ornamentation @cindex scripts @cindex ornaments @cindex espressivo @@ -48,6 +49,7 @@ Methods to create new dynamic markings are also discussed. @cindex downbow @cindex foot marks @cindex organ pedal marks +@cindex pedal marks, organ @cindex turn @cindex open @cindex stopped @@ -65,6 +67,8 @@ Methods to create new dynamic markings are also discussed. @cindex coda @cindex varcoda +@funindex - + A variety of symbols that denote articulations, ornamentations, and other performance indications can be attached to a note using this syntax: @@ -82,7 +86,6 @@ c1\fermata @end lilypond @cindex marcato -@cindex stopped @cindex tenuto @cindex staccatissimo @cindex accent @@ -118,7 +121,6 @@ may be manually placed above or below the staff, see @seealso - Music Glossary: @rglos{tenuto}, @rglos{accent}, @@ -127,7 +129,8 @@ Music Glossary: Notation Reference: @ref{Direction and placement}, -@ref{List of articulations}. +@ref{List of articulations}, +@ref{Trills}. Installed Files: @file{scm/@/script@/.scm}. @@ -146,24 +149,43 @@ Internals Reference: @cindex absolute dynamics @cindex dynamics @cindex dynamics, absolute + @funindex \ppppp +@funindex ppppp @funindex \pppp +@funindex pppp @funindex \ppp +@funindex ppp @funindex \pp +@funindex pp @funindex \p +@funindex p @funindex \mp +@funindex mp @funindex \mf +@funindex mf @funindex \f +@funindex f @funindex \ff +@funindex ff @funindex \fff +@funindex fff @funindex \ffff +@funindex ffff @funindex \fp +@funindex fp @funindex \sf +@funindex sf @funindex \sff +@funindex sff @funindex \sp +@funindex sp @funindex \spp +@funindex spp @funindex \sfz +@funindex sfz @funindex \rfz +@funindex rfz Absolute dynamic marks are specified using a command after a note, such as @code{c4\ff}. The available dynamic marks are @@ -171,7 +193,7 @@ such as @code{c4\ff}. The available dynamic marks are @code{\mp}, @code{\mf}, @code{\f}, @code{\ff}, @code{\fff}, @code{\ffff}, @code{\fp}, @code{\sf}, @code{\sff}, @code{\sp}, @code{\spp}, @code{\sfz}, and @code{\rfz}. The dynamic marks may -be manually placed above or below the staff, see +be manually placed above or below the staff, see @ref{Direction and placement}. @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2] @@ -181,11 +203,17 @@ c2_\spp c^\ff @end lilypond @cindex hairpin +@cindex crescendo +@cindex decrescendo +@cindex diminuendo + @funindex \< @funindex \> @funindex \! @funindex \cr +@funindex cr @funindex \decr +@funindex decr A @notation{crescendo} mark is started with @code{\<} and terminated with @code{\!}, an absolute dynamic, or an additional @@ -208,6 +236,9 @@ c1\! Spacer rests are needed to engrave multiple marks on one note. +@cindex multiple dynamic marks on one note +@cindex dynamic marks, multiple on one note + @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2] c4\< c\! d\> e\! << f1 { s4 s4\< s4\> s4\! } >> @@ -215,6 +246,9 @@ c4\< c\! d\> e\! @cindex espressivo articulation +@funindex \espressivo +@funindex espressivo + In some situations the @code{\espressivo} articulation mark may be the appropriate choice to indicate a crescendo and decrescendo on one note: @@ -224,9 +258,19 @@ c2 b4 a g1\espressivo @end lilypond -@cindex crescendo -@cindex decrescendo -@cindex diminuendo + +@funindex \crescTextCresc +@funindex crescTextCresc +@funindex \dimTextDecresc +@funindex dimTextDecresc +@funindex \dimTextDecr +@funindex dimTextDecr +@funindex \dimTextDim +@funindex dimTextDim +@funindex \crescHairpin +@funindex crescHairpin +@funindex \dimHairpin +@funindex dimHairpin Crescendos and decrescendos can be engraved as textual markings instead of hairpins. Dashed lines are printed to indicate their @@ -247,33 +291,37 @@ c2\< d | e f\! e2\> d\! @end lilypond + To create new absolute dynamic marks or text that should be aligned with dynamics, see @ref{New dynamic marks}. +@cindex dynamics, vertical positioning +@cindex vertical positioning of dynamics + +@funindex DynamicLineSpanner + + Vertical positioning of dynamics is handled by @rinternals{DynamicLineSpanner}. +@funindex \dynamicUp +@funindex dynamicUp +@funindex \dynamicDown +@funindex dynamicDown +@funindex \dynamicNeutral +@funindex dynamicNeutral @predefined - -@funindex \dynamicUp @code{\dynamicUp}, -@funindex \dynamicDown @code{\dynamicDown}, -@funindex \dynamicNeutral @code{\dynamicNeutral}, -@funindex \crescTextCresc @code{\crescTextCresc}, -@funindex \dimTextDim @code{\dimTextDim}, -@funindex \dimTextDecr @code{\dimTextDecr}, -@funindex \dimTextDecresc @code{\dimTextDecresc}, -@funindex \crescHairpin @code{\crescHairpin}, -@funindex \dimHairpin @code{\dimHairpin}. +@endpredefined @snippets @@ -301,19 +349,20 @@ Vertical positioning of dynamics is handled by @seealso - -@c TODO: Add hairpin to glossary. - Music Glossary: +@rglos{al niente}, @rglos{crescendo}, -@rglos{decrescendo}. +@rglos{decrescendo}, +@rglos{hairpin}. Learning Manual: @rlearning{Articulation and dynamics}. Notation Reference: @ref{Direction and placement}, -@ref{New dynamic marks}. +@ref{New dynamic marks}, +@ref{What goes into the MIDI output?}, +@ref{Controlling MIDI dynamics}. Snippets: @rlsr{Expressive marks}. @@ -344,27 +393,32 @@ moltoF = \markup { molto \dynamic f } @cindex dynamics, editorial @cindex dynamics, parenthesis +@cindex editorial dynamics +@funindex \bracket +@funindex bracket +@funindex \dynamic +@funindex dynamic In markup mode, editorial dynamics (within parentheses or square brackets) can be created. The syntax for markup mode is described in @ref{Formatting text}. @lilypond[verbatim,quote] -roundf = \markup { \center-align { \line { \bold { \italic ( } - \dynamic f \bold { \italic ) } } } } -boxf = \markup { \bracket { \dynamic f } } +roundF = \markup { \center-align \concat { \bold { \italic ( } + \dynamic f \bold { \italic ) } } } +boxF = \markup { \bracket { \dynamic f } } \relative c' { - c1_\roundf - c1_\boxf + c1_\roundF + c1_\boxF } @end lilypond -By default, markup objects are aligned to the left side of a note -head, but authentic dynamic marks are always centered on the note -head. New, centered dynamic marks can be created using the -following function: - @cindex make-dynamic-script +@funindex make-dynamic-script + +Simple, centered dynamic marks are easily created with the +@code{make-dynamic-script} function. The dynamic font only +contains the characters @code{f,m,p,r,s} and @code{z}. @lilypond[verbatim,quote] sfzp = #(make-dynamic-script "sfzp") @@ -373,33 +427,50 @@ sfzp = #(make-dynamic-script "sfzp") } @end lilypond -@noindent -The dynamic font only contains the characters @code{f,m,p,r,s} and -@code{z}. In order to use other font families, it is necessary to -use markup mode in its Scheme form, as explained in -@ref{Markup construction in Scheme}. +In general, @code{make-dynamic-script} takes any markup object as +its argument. In the following example, using +@code{make-dynamic-script} ensures the vertical alignment of +markup objects and hairpins that are attached to the same note +head. + +@lilypond[verbatim,quote] +roundF = \markup { \center-align \concat { + \normal-text { \bold { \italic ( } } + \dynamic f + \normal-text { \bold { \italic ) } } } } +boxF = \markup { \bracket { \dynamic f } } +roundFdynamic = #(make-dynamic-script roundF) +boxFdynamic = #(make-dynamic-script boxF) +\relative c' { + c4_\roundFdynamic\< d e f + g,1_\boxFdynamic +} +@end lilypond + +The Scheme form of markup mode may be used instead. Its syntax is +explained in @ref{Markup construction in Scheme}. @lilypond[verbatim,quote] -moltoF = #(make-dynamic-script (markup - #:normal-text "molto" - #:dynamic "f")) +moltoF = #(make-dynamic-script + (markup #:normal-text "molto" + #:dynamic "f")) \relative c' { 16 2..\moltoF } @end lilypond -@noindent Font settings in markup mode are described in -@ref{Common markup commands}. +@ref{Selecting font and font size}. @seealso - Notation Reference: @ref{Formatting text}, -@ref{Common markup commands}, -@ref{Markup construction in Scheme}. +@ref{Selecting font and font size}, +@ref{Markup construction in Scheme}, +@ref{What goes into the MIDI output?}, +@ref{Controlling MIDI dynamics}. Snippets: @rlsr{Expressive marks}. @@ -413,10 +484,10 @@ are curved: normal slurs, phrasing slurs, breath marks, falls, and doits. @menu -* Slurs:: -* Phrasing slurs:: -* Breath marks:: -* Falls and doits:: +* Slurs:: +* Phrasing slurs:: +* Breath marks:: +* Falls and doits:: @end menu @node Slurs @@ -432,6 +503,14 @@ a4 g2 f4) 2( 2) @end lilypond +@cindex slurs, manual placement +@cindex slurs, below notes +@cindex slurs, above notes +@funindex \slurDown +@funindex slurDown +@funindex \slurNeutral +@funindex slurNeutral + Slurs may be manually placed above or below the notes, see @ref{Direction and placement}. @@ -443,8 +522,34 @@ c2( d) c2( d) @end lilypond -Phrasing slurs must be used to print more than one slur at once. -For details, see @ref{Phrasing slurs}. +@cindex phrasing slur +@cindex multiple slurs +@cindex simultaneous slurs +@cindex slur, phrasing +@cindex slurs, multiple +@cindex slurs, simultaneous + +Simultaneous or overlapping slurs are not permitted, but a phrasing +slur can overlap a slur. This permits two slurs to be printed at +once. For details, see @ref{Phrasing slurs}. + +@cindex slur style +@cindex solid slur +@cindex dotted slur +@cindex dashed slur +@cindex slur, solid +@cindex slur, dotted +@cindex slur, dashed +@cindex solid slur +@cindex dotted slur +@cindex dashed slur +@cindex sytle, slur +@funindex \slurDashed +@funindex slurDashed +@funindex \slurDotted +@funindex slurDotted +@funindex \slurSolid +@funindex slurSolid Slurs can be solid, dotted, or dashed. Solid is the default slur style: @@ -459,21 +564,18 @@ c4( e g2) g4( e c2) @end lilypond +@funindex \slurUp +@funindex slurUp -@predefined -@funindex \slurUp +@predefined @code{\slurUp}, -@funindex \slurDown @code{\slurDown}, -@funindex \slurNeutral @code{\slurNeutral}, -@funindex \slurDashed @code{\slurDashed}, -@funindex \slurDotted @code{\slurDotted}, -@funindex \slurSolid @code{\slurSolid}. +@endpredefined @snippets @@ -483,10 +585,12 @@ g4( e c2) @seealso - Music Glossary: @rglos{slur}. +Learning Manual: +@rlearning{On the un-nestedness of brackets and ties}. + Notation Reference: @ref{Direction and placement}, @ref{Phrasing slurs}. @@ -503,6 +607,8 @@ Internals Reference: @cindex phrasing slurs @cindex phrasing marks +@cindex slur, phrasing +@cindex mark, phrasing @funindex \( @funindex \) @@ -515,6 +621,19 @@ c4\( d( e) f( e2) d\) @end lilypond +@funindex \phrasingSlurUp +@funindex phrasingSlurUp +@funindex \phrasingSlurDown +@funindex phrasingSlurDown +@funindex \phrasingSlurNeutral +@funindex phrasingSlurNeutral +@funindex phrasingSlurDashed +@funindex \phrasingSlurDashed +@funindex \phrasingSlurDotted +@funindex phrasingSlurDotted +@funindex \phrasingSlurSolid +@funindex phrasingSlurSolid + Typographically, a phrasing slur behaves almost exactly like a normal slur. However, they are treated as different objects; a @code{\slurUp} will have no effect on a phrasing slur. Phrasing @@ -527,20 +646,42 @@ c4\( g' c,( b) | c1\) c4\( g' c,( b) | c1\) @end lilypond -Simultaneous phrasing slurs are not permitted. +@cindex simultaneous phrasing slurs +@cindex multiple phrasing slurs +@cindex slurs, simultaneous phrasing +@cindex slurs, multiple phrasing +@cindex phrasing slurs, simultaneous +@cindex phrasing slurs, multiple +Simultaneous or overlapping phrasing slurs are not permitted. -@predefined +Phrasing slurs can be solid, dotted, or dashed. Solid is the default +style for phrasing slurs: -@funindex \phrasingSlurUp +@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1] +c4\( e g2\) +\phrasingSlurDashed +g4\( e c2\) +\phrasingSlurDotted +c4\( e g2\) +\phrasingSlurSolid +g4\( e c2\) +@end lilypond + + +@predefined @code{\phrasingSlurUp}, -@funindex \phrasingSlurDown @code{\phrasingSlurDown}, -@funindex \phrasingSlurNeutral -@code{\phrasingSlurNeutral}. +@code{\phrasingSlurNeutral}, +@code{\phrasingSlurDashed}, +@code{\phrasingSlurDotted}, +@code{\phrasingSlurSolid}. +@endpredefined @seealso +Learning Manual: +@rlearning{On the un-nestedness of brackets and ties}. Notation Reference: @ref{Direction and placement}. @@ -556,7 +697,9 @@ Internals Reference: @unnumberedsubsubsec Breath marks @cindex breath marks +@cindex pause mark @funindex \breathe +@funindex breathe Breath marks are entered using @code{\breathe}: @@ -581,13 +724,14 @@ divisiones, are supported. For details, see @ref{Divisiones}. @seealso +Music Glossary: +@rglos{caesura}. Notation Reference: @ref{Divisiones}. Snippets: @rlsr{Expressive marks}. -@c @lsr{expressive,breathing-sign.ly}. Internals Reference: @rinternals{BreathingSign}. @@ -599,6 +743,7 @@ Internals Reference: @cindex falls @cindex doits @funindex \bendAfter +@funindex bendAfter @notation{Falls} and @notation{doits} can be added to notes using the @code{\bendAfter} command. The direction of the fall or doit @@ -624,11 +769,9 @@ command is @emph{required} when writing falls and doits. @seealso - -@c TODO: add falls and doits to glossary. -@c Music Glossary: -@c @rglos{falls}, -@c @rglos{doits}. +Music Glossary: +@rglos{fall}, +@rglos{doit}. Snippets: @rlsr{Expressive marks}. @@ -641,9 +784,9 @@ This section explains how to create various expressive marks that follow a linear path: glissandos, arpeggios, and trills. @menu -* Glissando:: -* Arpeggio:: -* Trills:: +* Glissando:: +* Arpeggio:: +* Trills:: @end menu @node Glissando @@ -651,6 +794,7 @@ follow a linear path: glissandos, arpeggios, and trills. @cindex glissando @funindex \glissando +@funindex glissando A @notation{glissando} is created by attaching @code{\glissando} to a note: @@ -670,7 +814,6 @@ Different styles of glissandi can be created. For details, see @seealso - Music Glossary: @rglos{glissando}. @@ -680,17 +823,13 @@ Notation Reference: Snippets: @rlsr{Expressive marks}. -@c FIXME: I need to figure out what's up with these. -gp -@c @lsr{expressive,glissando.ly}, -@c @lsr{expressive,line-styles.ly} - Internals Reference: @rinternals{Glissando}. @knownissues -Printing text over the line (such as @emph{gliss.}) is not +Printing text over the line (such as @notation{gliss.}) is not supported. @@ -701,6 +840,15 @@ supported. @cindex broken chord @cindex chord, broken +@funindex \arpeggio +@funindex arpeggio +@funindex \arpeggioArrowUp +@funindex arpeggioArrowUp +@funindex \arpeggioArrowDown +@funindex arpeggioArrowDown +@funindex \arpeggioNormal +@funindex arpeggioNormal + An @notation{arpeggio} on a chord (also known as a broken chord) is denoted by appending @code{\arpeggio} to the chord construct: @@ -721,6 +869,14 @@ Different types of arpeggios may be written. 2\arpeggio @end lilypond +@cindex arpeggio symbols, special +@cindex special arpeggio symbols + +@funindex \arpeggioBracket +@funindex arpeggioBracket +@funindex \arpeggioParenthesis +@funindex arpeggioParenthesis + Special @emph{bracketed} arpeggio symbols can be created: @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1] @@ -736,20 +892,15 @@ Special @emph{bracketed} arpeggio symbols can be created: Arpeggios can be explicitly written out with ties. For more information, see @ref{Ties}. -@predefined -@funindex \arpeggio +@predefined @code{\arpeggio}, -@funindex \arpeggioArrowUp @code{\arpeggioArrowUp}, -@funindex \arpeggioArrowDown @code{\arpeggioArrowDown}, -@funindex \arpeggioNormal @code{\arpeggioNormal}, -@funindex \arpeggioBracket @code{\arpeggioBracket}, -@funindex \arpeggioParenthesis @code{\arpeggioParenthesis}. +@endpredefined @snippets @@ -765,7 +916,6 @@ information, see @ref{Ties}. @seealso - Music Glossary: @rglos{arpeggio}. @@ -782,6 +932,10 @@ Internals Reference: @knownissues +@cindex cross-staff parenthesis-style arpeggio +@cindex arpeggio, parenthesis-style, cross-staff +@cindex arpeggio, cross-staff parenthesis-style + It is not possible to mix connected arpeggios and unconnected arpeggios in one @code{PianoStaff} at the same point in time. @@ -794,16 +948,29 @@ cross-staff arpeggios. @unnumberedsubsubsec Trills @cindex trills + @funindex \trill +@funindex trill +@funindex \startTrillSpan +@funindex startTrillSpan +@funindex \stopTrillSpan +@funindex stopTrillSpan Short @notation{trills} without an extender line are printed with @code{\trill}; see @ref{Articulations and ornamentations}. Longer trills with an extender line are made with -@code{\startTrillSpan} and @code{\stopTrillSpan}. In the -following example, the trill is combined with grace notes. To -achieve precise control over the placement of the grace notes, see -@ref{Grace notes}. +@code{\startTrillSpan} and @code{\stopTrillSpan}: + +@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2] +d1~\startTrillSpan +d1 +c2\stopTrillSpan r2 +@end lilypond + +In the following example, a trill is combined with grace notes. +The syntax of this construct and the method to precisely position +the grace notes are described in @ref{Grace notes}. @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2] c1 \afterGrace @@ -813,24 +980,23 @@ e2 r2 @cindex pitched trills @cindex trills, pitched +@funindex \pitchedTrill +@funindex pitchedTrill Trills that require an auxiliary note with an explicit pitch can be typeset with the @code{\pitchedTrill} command. The first argument is the main note, and the second is the @emph{trilled} note, printed as a stemless note head in parentheses. -@c This syntax example doesn't look nice. -pm - -@c @example -@c @code{\pitchedTrill} @var{mainnote} @code{\startTrillSpan} -@c @var{trillnote} @var{endnote} @code{\stopTrillSpan} -@c @end example - @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1] \pitchedTrill e2\startTrillSpan fis d\stopTrillSpan @end lilypond +@cindex pitched trill with forced accidental +@cindex trill, pitched with forced accidental +@cindex accidental, forced for pitched trill + In the following example, the second pitched trill is ambiguous; the accidental of the trilled note is not printed. As a workaround, the accidentals of the trilled notes can be forced. @@ -849,15 +1015,12 @@ g\stopTrillSpan @predefined - -@funindex \startTrillSpan @code{\startTrillSpan}, -@funindex \stopTrillSpan @code{\stopTrillSpan}. +@endpredefined @seealso - Music Glossary: @rglos{trill}. @@ -870,3 +1033,4 @@ Snippets: Internals Reference: @rinternals{TrillSpanner}. +