X-Git-Url: https://git.donarmstrong.com/?a=blobdiff_plain;f=Documentation%2Fuser%2Fancient.itely;h=bda9e15e12ad825b299023d37986325ca7adb66e;hb=ca70c381bd4e926e704565d725406e88f80cc180;hp=3972d87805b35ede2b65ea0cbc6f3582a40560d5;hpb=1a5188eef68e8823c2285098724e5494c32c69b3;p=lilypond.git diff --git a/Documentation/user/ancient.itely b/Documentation/user/ancient.itely index 3972d87805..bda9e15e12 100644 --- a/Documentation/user/ancient.itely +++ b/Documentation/user/ancient.itely @@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details. @end ignore +@c \version "2.11.38" + @node Ancient notation @section Ancient notation @@ -15,12 +17,31 @@ @cindex Petrucci @cindex mensural +@menu +* Introduction to ancient notation:: +* Alternative note signs:: +* Additional note signs:: +* Pre-defined contexts:: +* Transcribing ancient music:: +* Editorial markings:: +@end menu + +@node Introduction to ancient notation +@subsection Introduction to ancient notation + +@menu +* Ancient notation supported:: +@end menu + +@node Ancient notation supported +@subsubsection Ancient notation supported + Support for ancient notation includes features for mensural notation and Gregorian Chant notation. There is also limited support for -figured bass notation. +figured bass notation, see @ref{Figured bass}. Many graphical objects provide a @code{style} property, see -@itemize @bullet +@itemize @item @ref{Ancient note heads}, @item @@ -40,11 +61,11 @@ the affected graphical objects can be accommodated for a specific notation flavor without the need for introducing any new notational concept. -In addition to the standard articulation signs described in section -@ref{Articulations}, specific articulation signs for ancient notation -are provided. +In addition to the standard articulation signs described in +section @ref{Articulations and ornamentations}, specific +articulation signs for ancient notation are provided. -@itemize @bullet +@itemize @item @ref{Ancient articulations} @end itemize @@ -54,7 +75,7 @@ in terms of just changing a style property of a graphical object or adding articulation signs. Some notational concepts are introduced specifically for ancient notation, -@itemize @bullet +@itemize @item @ref{Custodes}, @item @@ -69,7 +90,7 @@ how to customize a context, you may have a look at the predefined contexts. Use them to set up predefined style-specific voice and staff contexts, and directly go ahead with the note entry, -@itemize @bullet +@itemize @item @ref{Gregorian Chant contexts}, @item @@ -79,43 +100,27 @@ staff contexts, and directly go ahead with the note entry, There is limited support for figured bass notation which came up during the baroque period. -@itemize @bullet +@itemize @item @ref{Figured bass} @end itemize -Here are all subtopics at a glance: - -@menu -* Ancient TODO:: -@end menu - -@node Ancient TODO -@subsection Ancient TODO - +@c Here are all subtopics at a glance: +@node Alternative note signs +@subsection Alternative note signs @menu -* Ancient note heads:: -* Ancient accidentals:: -* Ancient rests:: -* Ancient clefs:: -* Ancient flags:: -* Ancient time signatures:: -* Ancient articulations:: -* Custodes:: -* Divisiones:: -* Ligatures:: -* White mensural ligatures:: -* Gregorian square neumes ligatures:: -* Gregorian Chant contexts:: -* Mensural contexts:: -* Musica ficta accidentals:: -* Figured bass:: +* Ancient note heads:: +* Ancient accidentals:: +* Ancient rests:: +* Ancient clefs:: +* Ancient flags:: +* Ancient time signatures:: @end menu @node Ancient note heads -@unnumberedsubsubsec Ancient note heads +@subsubsection Ancient note heads @cindex note heads, ancient @@ -131,7 +136,7 @@ Stems are centered on the note heads. This style is particularly useful when transcribing mensural music, e.g., for the incipit. The @code{mensural} style produces note heads that mimic the look of note heads in historic printings of the 16th century. Finally, the -@code{petrucci} style also mimicks historic printings, but uses bigger +@code{petrucci} style also mimics historic printings, but uses bigger note heads. The following example demonstrates the @code{neomensural} style @@ -157,19 +162,19 @@ engravers work. @node Ancient accidentals -@unnumberedsubsubsec Ancient accidentals +@subsubsection Ancient accidentals @cindex accidentals Use the @code{glyph-name-alist} property of grob @internalsref{Accidental} and @internalsref{KeySignature} to select -ancient accidentals. +ancient accidentals. @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,staffsize=26] \score { { - \fatText + \textLengthOn s^\markup { \column { "vaticana" @@ -208,7 +213,7 @@ ancient accidentals. As shown, not all accidentals are supported by each style. When trying to access an unsupported accidental, LilyPond will switch to a different style, as demonstrated in -@lsr{ancient,ancient-accidentals.ly}. +@c @lsr{ancient,ancient-accidentals.ly}. Similarly to local accidentals, the style of the key signature can be controlled by the @code{glyph-name-alist} property of the @@ -216,17 +221,17 @@ controlled by the @code{glyph-name-alist} property of the @seealso -In this manual: @ref{Pitches}, @ref{Cautionary accidentals}, and +Notation Reference: @ref{Pitches}, @ref{Accidentals}, and @ref{Automatic accidentals}, give a general introduction of the use of accidentals. @ref{Key signature}, gives a general introduction of the use of key signatures. -Program reference: @internalsref{KeySignature}. +Internals Reference: @internalsref{KeySignature}. -Examples: @lsrdir{ancient} +Examples: @c @lsrdir{ancient} @node Ancient rests -@unnumberedsubsubsec Ancient rests +@subsubsection Ancient rests @cindex rests, ancient @@ -250,19 +255,19 @@ r\longa r\breve r1 r2 r4 r8 r16 There are no 32th and 64th rests specifically for the mensural or neo-mensural style. Instead, the rests from the default style will be -taken. See @lsr{pitches,rests} for a chart of all rests. +taken. See @c @lsr{pitches,rests} for a chart of all rests. There are no rests in Gregorian Chant notation; instead, it uses @ref{Divisiones}. @seealso -In this manual: @ref{Rests}, gives a general introduction into the use of +Notation Reference: @ref{Rests}, gives a general introduction into the use of rests. @node Ancient clefs -@unnumberedsubsubsec Ancient clefs +@subsubsection Ancient clefs @cindex clefs @@ -492,16 +497,16 @@ beams, depending on which staff line it is printed. @seealso -In this manual: see @ref{Clef}. +Notation Reference: see @ref{Clef}. -@refbugs +@knownissues The mensural g clef is mapped to the Petrucci g clef. @node Ancient flags -@unnumberedsubsubsec Ancient flags +@subsubsection Ancient flags @cindex flags @@ -527,7 +532,7 @@ when typesetting the incipit of a transcribed piece of mensural music, the default flag style should be used. There are no flags in Gregorian Chant notation. -@refbugs +@knownissues The attachment of ancient flags to stems is slightly off due to a change in early 2.3.x. @@ -539,7 +544,7 @@ features of classical notation (which however are typically out of scope for mensural notation). @node Ancient time signatures -@unnumberedsubsubsec Ancient time signatures +@subsubsection Ancient time signatures @cindex time signatures @@ -606,7 +611,7 @@ The following examples show the differences in style, @lilypond[ragged-right,fragment,relative=1,quote] { - \fatText + \textLengthOn \time 2/2 c1^\markup { \hspace #-2.0 \typewriter default } @@ -633,7 +638,7 @@ The following examples show the differences in style, This manual: @ref{Time signature}, gives a general introduction to the use of time signatures. -@refbugs +@knownissues Ratios of note durations do not change with the time signature. For example, the ratio of 1 brevis = 3 semibrevis (tempus perfectum) must @@ -651,15 +656,29 @@ This sets @code{breveTP} to 3/2 times 2 = 3 times a whole note. The @code{old6/8alt} symbol (an alternate symbol for 6/8) is not addressable with @code{\time}. Use a @code{\markup} instead + +@node Additional note signs +@subsection Additional note signs + +@menu +* Ancient articulations:: +* Custodes:: +* Divisiones:: +* Ligatures:: +* White mensural ligatures:: +* Gregorian square neumes ligatures:: +@end menu + + @node Ancient articulations -@unnumberedsubsubsec Ancient articulations +@subsubsection Ancient articulations @cindex articulations -In addition to the standard articulation signs described in section -@ref{Articulations}, articulation signs for ancient notation are -provided. These are specifically designed for use with notation in -Editio Vaticana style. +In addition to the standard articulation signs described in +section @ref{Articulations and ornamentations}, articulation signs +for ancient notation are provided. These are specifically +designed for use with notation in Editio Vaticana style. @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim] \include "gregorian-init.ly" @@ -677,7 +696,7 @@ Editio Vaticana style. } @end lilypond -@refbugs +@knownissues Some articulations are vertically placed too closely to the corresponding note heads. @@ -686,7 +705,7 @@ The episem line is not displayed in many cases. If it is displayed, the right end of the episem line is often too far to the right. @node Custodes -@unnumberedsubsubsec Custodes +@subsubsection Custodes @cindex custos @cindex custodes @@ -759,14 +778,14 @@ supported are @code{vaticana}, @code{medicaea}, @code{hufnagel}, and @seealso -Program reference: @internalsref{Custos}. +Internals Reference: @internalsref{Custos}. Examples: -@lsr{ancient,custodes@/.ly}. +@c @lsr{ancient,custodes@/.ly}. @node Divisiones -@unnumberedsubsubsec Divisiones +@subsubsection Divisiones @cindex divisio @cindex divisiones @@ -792,7 +811,7 @@ Therefore, @file{gregorian@/-init@/.ly} also defines @code{\virgula} and @lilypondfile[quote,ragged-right]{divisiones.ly} -@refcommands +@predefined @funindex \virgula @code{\virgula}, @@ -809,15 +828,15 @@ Therefore, @file{gregorian@/-init@/.ly} also defines @code{\virgula} and @seealso -In this manual: @ref{Breath marks}. +Notation Reference: @ref{Breath marks}. -Program reference: @internalsref{BreathingSign}. +Internals Reference: @internalsref{BreathingSign}. -Examples: @lsr{expressive,breathing-sign.ly}. +Examples: @c @lsr{expressive,breathing-sign.ly}. @node Ligatures -@unnumberedsubsubsec Ligatures +@subsubsection Ligatures @cindex Ligatures @@ -849,7 +868,7 @@ are supported with certain limitations. -@refbugs +@knownissues Ligatures need special spacing that has not yet been implemented. As a result, there is too much space between ligatures most of the time, @@ -870,12 +889,12 @@ function with the same effect and is believed to be stable. @menu -* White mensural ligatures:: -* Gregorian square neumes ligatures:: +* White mensural ligatures:: +* Gregorian square neumes ligatures:: @end menu @node White mensural ligatures -@unnumberedsubsubsec White mensural ligatures +@subsubsection White mensural ligatures @cindex Mensural ligatures @cindex White mensural ligatures @@ -959,12 +978,12 @@ to the following } @end lilypond -@refbugs +@knownissues Horizontal spacing is poor. @node Gregorian square neumes ligatures -@unnumberedsubsubsec Gregorian square neumes ligatures +@subsubsection Gregorian square neumes ligatures @cindex Square neumes ligatures @cindex Gregorian square neumes ligatures @@ -1001,7 +1020,7 @@ Deminutae} @c Therefore, it should somehow be included rather than duplicated all @c the time. --jr -@c why not make identifiers in ly/engraver-init.ly? --hwn +@c why not make variables in ly/engraver-init.ly? --hwn @c Because it's just used to typeset plain notes without @c a staff for demonstration purposes rather than something @@ -1864,7 +1883,7 @@ note that you can say @code{\augmentum @{a g@}} as a shortcut for } @end lilypond -@refcommands +@predefined The following head prefixes are supported @@ -1904,7 +1923,7 @@ respectively. @funindex \augmentum Use the unary music function @code{\augmentum} to add augmentum dots. -@refbugs +@knownissues When an @code{\augmentum} dot appears at the end of the last staff within a ligature, it is sometimes vertically placed wrong. As a @@ -1915,8 +1934,18 @@ of the staff. unary music function, such that @code{\augmentum} can be intermixed with head prefixes in arbitrary order. + +@node Pre-defined contexts +@subsection Pre-defined contexts + +@menu +* Gregorian Chant contexts:: +* Mensural contexts:: +@end menu + + @node Gregorian Chant contexts -@unnumberedsubsubsec Gregorian Chant contexts +@subsubsection Gregorian Chant contexts @cindex VaticanaVoiceContext @cindex VaticanaStaffContext @@ -1950,16 +1979,17 @@ the following excerpt demonstrates @node Mensural contexts -@unnumberedsubsubsec Mensural contexts +@subsubsection Mensural contexts @cindex MensuralVoiceContext @cindex MensuralStaffContext The predefined @code{MensuralVoiceContext} and -@code{MensuralStaffContext} can be used to engrave a piece in mensural -style. These contexts initialize all relevant context properties and -grob properties to proper values, so you can immediately go ahead -entering the chant, as the following excerpt demonstrates +@code{MensuralStaffContext} can be used to engrave a piece in +mensural style. These contexts initialize all relevant context +properties and grob properties to proper values, so you can +immediately go ahead entering the chant, as the following excerpt +demonstrates @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim] \score { @@ -1981,222 +2011,114 @@ entering the chant, as the following excerpt demonstrates } @end lilypond -@node Musica ficta accidentals -@unnumberedsubsubsec Musica ficta accidentals +@node Transcribing ancient music +@subsection Transcribing ancient music -In European music from before about 1600, singers were often expected -to chromatically alter notes at their own initiative. This is called -@q{Musica Ficta}. In modern transcriptions, these accidentals are -usually printed over the note. +@menu +* Ancient and modern from one source:: +* Incipits:: +* Mensurstriche layout:: +* Transcribing Gregorian chant:: +@end menu -@cindex Accidental, musica ficta -@cindex Musica ficta -Support for such suggested accidentals is included, and can be -switched on by setting @code{suggestAccidentals} to true. +@node Ancient and modern from one source +@subsubsection Ancient and modern from one source -@funindex suggestAccidentals +@c TODO Add text +@c Here among others the snippets about reducing note length +TBC -@lilypond[verbatim,fragment,relative=1] -fis gis -\set suggestAccidentals = ##t -ais bis -@end lilypond -@seealso +@node Incipits +@subsubsection Incipits -Program reference: @internalsref{Accidental_engraver} engraver and the -@internalsref{AccidentalSuggestion} object. +@c TODO Add text +@c clefs, mensuration signs etc from lsr and -user +@c use snippet Transcription-of-ancient-music-with-incipit -@node Figured bass -@unnumberedsubsubsec Figured bass +TBC -@cindex Basso continuo -@c TODO: musicological blurb about FB +@node Mensurstriche layout +@subsubsection Mensurstriche layout +@c TODO Add text +@c from lsr and -user +TBC -LilyPond has support for figured bass -@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment] -<< - \new Voice { \clef bass dis4 c d ais g fis} - \new FiguredBass \figuremode { - < 6 >4 < 7\+ >8 < 6+ [_!] > - < 6 >4 <6 5 [3+] > - < _ >4 < 6 5/>4 - } ->> -@end lilypond +@node Transcribing Gregorian chant +@subsubsection Transcribing Gregorian chant -The support for figured bass consists of two parts: there is an input -mode, introduced by @code{\figuremode}, where you can enter bass figures -as numbers, and there is a context called @internalsref{FiguredBass} that -takes care of making @internalsref{BassFigure} objects. +@c TODO Add text +@c extract from 1.6.1.1 +TBC -In figures input mode, a group of bass figures is delimited by -@code{<} and @code{>}. The duration is entered after the @code{>} -@example -<4 6> -@end example -@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment] -\new FiguredBass -\figuremode { <4 6> } -@end lilypond -Accidentals are added when you append @code{-}, @code{!}, and @code{+} -to the numbers. A plus sign is added when you append @code{\+}, and -diminished fifths and sevenths can be obtained with @code{5/} and @code{7/}. - -@example -<4- 6+ 7!> <5++> <3--> <7/> r <6\+ 5/> -@end example -@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment] -\figures { <4- 6+ 7!> <5++> <3--> <7/> r <6\+ 5/> } -@end lilypond - -Spaces may be inserted by using @code{_}. Brackets are -introduced with @code{[} and @code{]}. You can also include text -strings and text markups, see @ref{Overview of text markup commands}. - -@example -< [4 6] 8 [_! 12] > < 5 \markup @{ \number 6 \super (1) @} > -@end example -@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment] -\new FiguredBass -\figuremode { < [4 6] 8 [_! 12] > < 5 \markup{ \tiny \number 6 \super (1)} > } -@end lilypond +@node Editorial markings +@subsection Editorial markings +@menu +* Annotational accidentals:: +* Baroque rhythmic notation:: +@end menu -It is also possible to use continuation lines for repeated figures, -@lilypond[verbatim,relative=1] -<< - \new Staff { - \clef bass - c4 c c - } - \figures { - \set useBassFigureExtenders = ##t - <4 6> <3 6> <3 7> - } ->> -@end lilypond +@node Annotational accidentals +@subsubsection Annotational accidentals -@noindent -In this case, the extender lines always replace existing figures. - -The @code{FiguredBass} context doesn't pay attention to the actual -bass line. As a consequence, you may have to insert extra figures to -get extender lines below all notes, and you may have to add @code{\!} -to avoid getting an extender line, e.g. - -@lilypond[relative=1] -<< - \new Voice - \figures { - \set useBassFigureExtenders = ##t - <6 4->4. <6 4->16. <6 4->32 <5>8. r16 <6>8 <6\! 5-> - } - { - \clef bass - f16. g32 f16. g32 f16. g32 f16. g32 f8. es16 d8 es - } ->> -@end lilypond +In European music from before about 1600, singers were often +expected to chromatically alter notes at their own initiative. +This is called @q{Musica Ficta}. In modern transcriptions, these +accidentals are usually printed over the note. -When using continuation lines, common figures are always put in the -same vertical position. When this is unwanted, you can insert a rest -with @code{r}. The rest will clear any previous alignment. For -example, you can write +@cindex Accidental, musica ficta +@cindex Musica ficta -@example - <4 6>8 r8 -@end example +Support for such suggested accidentals is included, and can be +switched on by setting @code{suggestAccidentals} to true. -@noindent -instead of -@example - <4 6>4 -@end example +@funindex suggestAccidentals -Accidentals and plus signs can appear before or after the numbers, -depending on the @code{figuredBassAlterationDirection} and -@code{figuredBassPlusDirection} -properties - -@lilypond - \figures { - <6\+> <5+> <6 4-> r - \set figuredBassAlterationDirection = #1 - <6\+> <5+> <6 4-> r - \set figuredBassPlusDirection = #1 - <6\+> <5+> <6 4-> r - \set figuredBassAlterationDirection = #-1 - <6\+> <5+> <6 4-> r - } +@lilypond[verbatim,fragment,relative=1] +fis gis +\set suggestAccidentals = ##t +ais bis @end lilypond +This will treat @emph{every} subsequent accidentals as +@emph{musica ficta} until it is unset with @code{\set +suggestAccidentals = ##f}. A more convenient way is to use +@code{\once}: -Although the support for figured bass may superficially resemble chord -support, it is much simpler. The @code{\figuremode} mode simply -stores the numbers and @internalsref{FiguredBass} context prints them -as entered. There is no conversion to pitches and no realizations of -the bass are played in the MIDI file. - -Internally, the code produces markup texts. You can use any of the -markup text properties to override formatting. For example, the -vertical spacing of the figures may be set with @code{baseline-skip}. - - -Figured bass can also be added to @code{Staff} contexts -directly. In this case, their vertical position is adjusted -automatically. - -@lilypond[ragged-right,fragment,quote] -<< - \new Staff = someUniqueName - \relative c'' { - c4 c'8 r8 c,4 c' - } - - %% send to existing Staff. - \context Staff = someUniqueName - \figuremode { - <4>4 <6 10>8 s8 - - \set Staff.useBassFigureExtenders = ##t - <4 6>4 <4 6> - } ->> +@lilypond[verbatim,fragment,relative=1] +fis gis +\once \set suggestAccidentals = ##t +ais ais bis @end lilypond +@seealso -@commonprop - -By default, this method produces figures above the notes. To get -figures below the notes, use - -@example -\override Staff.BassFigureAlignmentPositioning #'direction = #DOWN -@end example - - -@refbugs +Internals Reference: @internalsref{Accidental_engraver} engraver and +the @internalsref{AccidentalSuggestion} object. -When using figured bass above the staff with extender lines and -@code{implicitBassFigures} the lines may become swapped around. -Maintaining order consistently will be impossible when multiple figures -have overlapping extender lines. To avoid this problem, please -use @code{stacking-dir} on @code{BassFigureAlignment}. +@node Baroque rhythmic notation +@subsubsection Baroque rhythmic notation -@seealso +@c TODO Add text +@c try Till Rettig +@c Add example of white noteheads: +@c In the french baroque some composers used white noteheads in slow pieces, +@c mainly in 3/2-time. A quarter looks there like a eighth with a white +@c notehead. (Franz-Rudolf Kuhnen) -Program reference: @internalsref{NewBassFigure}, -@internalsref{BassFigureAlignment}, @internalsref{BassFigureLine}, -@internalsref{BassFigureBracket}, and -@internalsref{BassFigureContinuation} objects and -@internalsref{FiguredBass} context. +@c TODO Add example of this: +@c I was referring to e.g. notated a8. a16, which should, if I +@c remember correctly, be interpreted more like a8.. a32 (in the french +@c style). The editor might want to show that rythmic figure above the +@c staff as an hint to performers. (Karl Hammer) +TBC \ No newline at end of file