X-Git-Url: https://git.donarmstrong.com/?a=blobdiff_plain;f=Documentation%2Fnotation%2Fvocal.itely;h=e63729bb0fb3e1539d181c2512cc912e61f56fe2;hb=53db923e715126eb9463220526b4838fbfd3dad4;hp=671db19355b7ffa3b1fbb0893548aae16ffb808b;hpb=0030bb3de3906d21019cb1a0ed4a7aad7cdf0a59;p=lilypond.git diff --git a/Documentation/notation/vocal.itely b/Documentation/notation/vocal.itely index 671db19355..e63729bb0f 100644 --- a/Documentation/notation/vocal.itely +++ b/Documentation/notation/vocal.itely @@ -7,12 +7,12 @@ Guide, node Updating translation committishes.. @end ignore -@c \version "2.12.0" +@c \version "2.13.36" @node Vocal music @section Vocal music -@c TODO: inspirational headword +@lilypondfile[quote]{vocal-headword.ly} This section explains how to typeset vocal music, and make sure that the lyrics will be aligned with the notes of their melody. @@ -43,7 +43,6 @@ This section discusses issues common to most types of vocal music. * Manual syllable durations:: * Multiple syllables to one note:: * Multiple notes to one syllable:: -* Skipping notes:: * Extenders and hyphens:: @end menu @@ -57,17 +56,23 @@ that may arise in any type of vocal music. @itemize @item -Most styles of vocal music use written text as lyrics. An introduction -to this notation is to be found in @rlearning{Setting simple songs}. +Most styles of vocal music use written text as lyrics. An +introduction to this notation is to be found in +@rlearning{Setting simple songs}. @item -Vocal music is likely to require the use of @code{markup} mode, either -for lyrics of for other text elements (character's names, etc.). -This syntax is described in @ref{Text markup introduction}. +Vocal music is likely to require the use of @code{markup} mode, +either for lyrics or for other text elements (characters' names, +etc.) This syntax is described in @ref{Text markup introduction}. @item -@notation{Ambitus} may be added at the beginning of vocal staves, as explained -in @ref{Ambitus}. +@notation{Ambitus} may be added at the beginning of vocal staves, +as explained in @ref{Ambitus}. + +@item +Dynamic markings by default are placed below the staff, but in +choral music they are usually placed above the staff in order to +avoid the lyrics, as explained in @ref{Score layouts for choral}. @end itemize @@ -75,70 +80,81 @@ in @ref{Ambitus}. Music Glossary: @rglos{ambitus}. +Learning Manual: +@rlearning{Setting simple songs}. + +Notation Reference: +@ref{Text markup introduction}, +@ref{Ambitus}, +@ref{Score layouts for choral}. + +Snippets: +@rlsr{Vocal music}. + @node Entering lyrics @unnumberedsubsubsec Entering lyrics -Lyrics are entered in lyric mode. This section explains how this -done. - -@cindex lyrics +@cindex lyrics, entering +@cindex entering lyrics +@cindex formatting in lyrics +@cindex lyrics, formatting +@cindex punctuation in lyrics +@cindex lyrics punctuation +@cindex spaces in lyrics +@cindex quotes in lyrics @funindex \lyricmode -@cindex punctuation -@cindex spaces, in lyrics -@cindex quotes, in lyrics -@c TODO: this section is to be rewritten. -Since LilyPond input files are text, there is at least one -issue to consider when working with vocal music: -song texts must be interpreted as text, not notes. For example, the -input@tie{}@code{d} should be interpreted as a one letter syllable, -not the note@tie{}D. -Therefore, a special lyric mode has to be used, either explicitly -or using some abbreviated methods. +@c TODO should we explain hyphens here Lyrics are entered in a special input mode, which can be introduced by the keyword @code{\lyricmode}, or by using @code{\addlyrics} or -@code{\lyricsto}. In this mode you can enter lyrics, -with punctuation and accents, and the input @code{d} is not parsed as -a pitch, but rather as a one letter syllable. Syllables are entered -like notes, but with pitches replaced by text. For example, +@code{\lyricsto}. In this special input mode, the input @code{d} +is not parsed as the pitch @notation{D}, but rather as a one-letter +syllable of text. In other words, syllables are entered like notes +but with pitches replaced by text. + +For example: @example -\lyricmode @{ Twin-4 kle4 twin- kle litt- le star2 @} +\lyricmode @{ Three4 blind mice,2 three4 blind mice2 @} @end example -There are two main methods to specify the horizontal placement +There are two main methods for specifying the horizontal placement of the syllables, either by specifying the duration of each syllable -explicitly, like in the example above, or by automatically aligning -the lyrics to a melody or other voice of music, using @code{\addlyrics} -or @code{\lyricsto}. -@c TODO: broken -@c For more details see @ref{The Lyrics context}. +explicitly, as in the example above, or by leaving the lyrics to be +aligned automatically to a melody or other voice of music, using +@code{\addlyrics} or @code{\lyricsto}. The former method is +described below in @ref{Manual syllable durations}. The latter +method is described in @ref{Automatic syllable durations}. -A word or syllable of lyrics begins with an alphabetic character, and ends -with -any space or digit. The following characters can be any character -that is not a digit or white space. +A word or syllable of lyrics begins with an alphabetic character +(plus some other characters, see below) and is terminated by any +white space or a digit. Later characters in the syllable can be any +character that is not a digit or white space. -Any character that is not a digit or white space will be regarded as -part of the syllable; one important consequence of this is that a word -can end with @code{@}}, which often leads to the following mistake: +Because any character that is not a digit or white space is regarded +as part of the syllable, a word is valid even if it ends with +@code{@}}, which often leads to the following mistake: @example -\lyricmode @{ lah- lah@} +\lyricmode @{ lah lah lah@} @end example In this example, the @code{@}} is included in the final syllable, so the opening brace is not balanced and the input file will probably not -compile. +compile. Instead, braces should always be surrounded with white space: +@example +\lyricmode @{ lah lah lah @} +@end example -@funindex \property in \lyricmode +@cindex overrides in lyric mode +@funindex \override in \lyricmode -@noindent -Similarly, a period which follows an alphabetic sequence is included in -the resulting string. As a consequence, spaces must be inserted around -property commands: do @emph{not} write +Similarly, in lyric mode, a period will be included in the +alphabetic sequence that it follows. As a consequence, spaces +must be inserted around the period in @code{\override} commands. +Do @emph{not} write @example \override Score.LyricText #'font-shape = #'italic @@ -151,156 +167,264 @@ but instead use \override Score . LyricText #'font-shape = #'italic @end example -To enter lyrics with characters from non-English languages, or with -accented and special characters (such as the heart symbol or slanted quotes), -simply insert the characters directly into the input file and save -it with UTF-8 encoding. See @ref{Text encoding}, for more info. +Punctuation, lyrics with accented characters, characters from +non-English languages, or special characters (such as the heart +symbol or slanted quotes), may simply be inserted directly +into the input file, providing it is saved with UTF-8 encoding. +For more information, see @ref{Text encoding}. -@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim] -\relative c' { e4 f e d e f e2 } -\addlyrics { He said: “Let my peo ple go”. } +@lilypond[quote,verbatim] +\relative c'' { d8 c16 a bes8 f e' d c4 } +\addlyrics { „Schad’ um das schö -- ne grü -- ne Band, } @end lilypond -To use normal quotes in lyrics, add a backslash before the -quotes. For example, +Normal quotes may be used in lyrics, but they have to be preceded +with a backslash character and the whole syllable has to be +enclosed between additional quotes. For example, -@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim] +@lilypond[quote,verbatim] \relative c' { \time 3/4 e4 e4. e8 d4 e d c2. } -\addlyrics { "\"I" am so lone- "ly\"" said she } +\addlyrics { "\"I" am so lone -- "ly,\"" said she } @end lilypond -The full definition of a word start in Lyrics mode is somewhat more -complex. - -A word in Lyrics mode begins with: an alphabetic character, @code{_}, -@code{?}, @code{!}, @code{:}, @code{'}, the control characters @code{^A} -through @code{^F}, @code{^Q} through @code{^W}, @code{^Y}, @code{^^}, -any 8-bit character with ASCII code over 127, or a two-character +The full definition of a word start in lyrics mode is somewhat more +complex. A word in lyrics mode is one that begins with an +alphabetic character, @code{_}, @code{?}, @code{!}, @code{:}, +@code{'}, the control characters @code{^A} through @code{^F}, +@code{^Q} through @code{^W}, @code{^Y}, @code{^^}, any 8-bit +character with an ASCII code over 127, or a two-character combination of a backslash followed by one of @code{`}, @code{'}, @code{"}, or @code{^}. @c " to balance double quotes for not-so-bright context-sensitive editors -To define variables containing lyrics, the function @code{lyricmode} -must be used. +Great control over the appearance of lyrics comes from using +@code{\markup} inside the lyrics themselves. For explanation of many +options, see @ref{Formatting text}. -@example -verseOne = \lyricmode @{ Joy to the world the Lord is come @} -\score @{ - << - \new Voice = "one" \relative c'' @{ - \autoBeamOff - \time 2/4 - c4 b8. a16 g4. f8 e4 d c2 - @} - \addlyrics @{ \verseOne @} - >> -@} -@end example +@snippets + +@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle] +{formatting-lyrics-syllables.ly} @seealso +Learning Manual: +@rlearning{Songs}. + Notation Reference: -@ref{Fonts}. +@ref{Automatic syllable durations}, +@ref{Fonts}, +@ref{Formatting text}, +@ref{Input modes}, +@ref{Manual syllable durations}, +@ref{Text encoding}. Internals Reference: -@rinternals{LyricText}, -@rinternals{LyricSpace}. +@rinternals{LyricText}. +Snippets: +@rlsr{Text} @node Aligning lyrics to a melody @unnumberedsubsubsec Aligning lyrics to a melody +@cindex lyrics, aligning to a melody +@cindex @code{associatedVoice} @funindex \lyricmode @funindex \addlyrics @funindex \lyricsto -@c TODO: this stuff is to be rewritten. -vv - -Aligning of text with melodies can be made automatically, but if you -specify the durations of the syllables it can also be made manually. -Lyrics aligning and typesetting are prepared with the help of skips, -hyphens and extender lines. - Lyrics are printed by interpreting them in the context called -@code{Lyrics}; see @rinternals{Lyrics}, for more. +@code{Lyrics}, see @ref{Contexts explained}. @example -\new Lyrics \lyricmode @dots{} +\new Lyrics \lyricmode @{ @dots{} @} @end example -There are two main methods to specify the horizontal placement -of the syllables: +Lyrics can be aligned with melodies in two main ways: @itemize + @item -by automatically aligning -the lyrics to a melody or other voice of music, using @code{\addlyrics} -or @code{\lyricsto} +Lyrics can be aligned automatically, with the durations of the +syllables being taken from another voice of music or (in special +circumstances) an associated melody, using @code{\addlyrics}, +@code{\lyricsto}, or by setting the @code{associatedVoice} property. +For more details, see @ref{Automatic syllable durations}. + +@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim] +<< + \new Staff << + \time 2/4 + \new Voice = "one" \relative c'' { + \voiceOne + c4 b8. a16 g4. r8 a4 ( b ) c2 + } + \new Voice = "two" \relative c' { + \voiceTwo + s2 s4. f8 e4 d c2 + } + >> + +% takes durations and alignment from notes in "one" + \new Lyrics \lyricsto "one" { + Life is __ _ love, live __ life. + } + +% takes durations and alignment from notes in "one" initially +% then switches to "two" + \new Lyrics \lyricsto "one" { + No more let + \set associatedVoice = "two" % must be set one syllable early + sins and sor -- rows grow. + } +>> +@end lilypond + +The first stanza shows the normal way of entering lyrics. + +The second stanza shows how the voice from which the lyric +durations are taken can be changed. This is useful if the words to +different stanzas fit the notes in different ways and all the +durations are available in Voice contexts. For more details, see +@ref{Stanzas}. @item -or by specifying the duration of each syllable -explicitly, using @code{\lyricmode} +Lyrics can be aligned independently of the duration of any notes +if the durations of the syllables are specified explicitly, +and entered with @code{\lyricmode}. + +@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim] +<< + \new Voice = "one" \relative c'' { + \time 2/4 + c4 b8. a16 g4. f8 e4 d c2 + } + +% uses previous explicit duration of 2; + \new Lyrics \lyricmode { + Joy to the earth! + } + +% explicit durations, set to a different rhythm + \new Lyrics \lyricmode { + Life4 is love,2. live4 life.2 + } +>> +@end lilypond + +The first stanza is not aligned with the notes because the durations +were not specified, and the previous value of 2 is used for each +word. + +The second stanza shows how the words can be aligned quite +independently from the notes. This is useful if the words to +different stanzas fit the notes in different ways and the required +durations are not available in a music context. For more details +see @ref{Manual syllable durations}. This technique is also useful +when setting dialogue over music; for examples showing this, see +@ref{Dialogue over music}. + +When entered in this way the words are left-aligned to the notes +by default, but may be center-aligned to the notes of a melody by +specifying an associated voice, if one exists. For details, see +@ref{Manual syllable durations}. + @end itemize -The @code{Voice} context containing the melody to which the lyrics -are being aligned must not have @qq{died}, or the lyrics after that -point will be lost. This can happen if there are periods when that -voice has nothing to do. For methods of keeping contexts alive, see -@ref{Keeping contexts alive}. +@seealso +Learning Manual: +@rlearning{Aligning lyrics to a melody}. +Notation Reference: +@ref{Contexts explained}, +@ref{Automatic syllable durations}. +@ref{Stanzas}, +@ref{Manual syllable durations}, +@ref{Dialogue over music}, +@ref{Manual syllable durations}. + +Internals Reference: +@rinternals{Lyrics}. @node Automatic syllable durations @unnumberedsubsubsec Automatic syllable durations @cindex syllable durations, automatic @cindex lyrics and melodies +@cindex associatedVoice +@funindex \addlyrics +@funindex \lyricsto -The lyrics can be aligned under a given melody -automatically. This is achieved by combining the -melody and the lyrics with the @code{\lyricsto} expression +Lyrics can be automatically aligned to the notes of a melody in +three ways: -@example -\new Lyrics \lyricsto @var{name} @dots{} -@end example +@itemize -@noindent -This aligns the lyrics to the -notes of the @code{Voice} context called @var{name}, which must -already exist. Therefore normally the @code{Voice} is specified first, and -then the lyrics are specified with @code{\lyricsto}. The command -@code{\lyricsto} switches to @code{\lyricmode} mode automatically, so the -@code{\lyricmode} keyword may be omitted. +@item +by specifying the named Voice context containing the melody with +@code{\lyricsto}, -The following example uses different commands for entering lyrics. +@item +by introducing the lyrics with @code{\addlyrics} and placing them +immediately after the Voice context containing the melody, -@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim] -<< - \new Voice = "one" \relative c'' { - \autoBeamOff - \time 2/4 - c4 b8. a16 g4. f8 e4 d c2 - } +@item +by setting the @code{associatedVoice} property, the alignment of +the lyrics may be switched to a different named Voice context at +any musical moment. + +@end itemize + +In all three methods hyphens can be drawn between the syllables of +a word and extender lines can be drawn beyond the end of a word. For +details, see @ref{Extenders and hyphens}. + +The @code{Voice} context containing the melody to which the lyrics +are being aligned must not have @qq{died}, or the lyrics after that +point will be lost. This can happen if there are periods when that +voice has nothing to do. For methods of keeping contexts alive, see +@ref{Keeping contexts alive}. -% not recommended: left-aligned syllables - \new Lyrics \lyricmode { Joy4 to8. the16 world!4. the8 Lord4 is come.2 } +@subheading Using @code{\lyricsto} -% wrong: durations needed - \new Lyrics \lyricmode { Joy to the earth! the Sa -- viour reigns. } +@cindex \lyricsto +@funindex \lyricsto + +Lyrics can be aligned under a melody automatically by specifying +the named Voice context containing the melody with +@code{\lyricsto}: -%correct - \new Lyrics \lyricsto "one" { No more let sins and sor -- rows grow. } +@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2] +<< + \new Voice = "melody" { + a4 a a a + } + \new Lyrics \lyricsto "melody" { + These are the words + } >> @end lilypond -The second stanza is not properly aligned because the durations -were not specified. A solution for that would be to use @code{\lyricsto}. +@noindent +This aligns the lyrics to the notes of the named @code{Voice} +context, which must already exist. Therefore normally the +@code{Voice} context is specified first, followed by the +@code{Lyrics} context. The lyrics themselves follow the +@code{\lyricsto} command. The @code{\lyricsto} command +invokes lyric mode automatically, so the @code{\lyricmode} keyword +may be omitted. By default, the lyrics are placed underneath the +notes. For other placements, see @ref{Placing lyrics vertically}. + +@subheading Using @code{\addlyrics} @cindex \addlyrics +@funindex \addlyrics -The @code{\addlyrics} command is actually just a convenient way -to write a more complicated LilyPond structure that sets up the -lyrics. +The @code{\addlyrics} command is just a convenient shortcut that +can sometimes be used instead of having to set up the lyrics +through a more complicated LilyPond structure. @example @{ MUSIC @} @@ -311,75 +435,163 @@ lyrics. is the same as @example -\new Voice = "blah" @{ music @} +\new Voice = "blah" @{ MUSIC @} \new Lyrics \lyricsto "blah" @{ LYRICS @} @end example Here is an example, -@lilypond[ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,quote] -\time 3/4 -\relative c' { c2 e4 g2. } -\addlyrics { play the game } +@lilypond[verbatim,quote] +{ + \time 3/4 + \relative c' { c2 e4 g2. } + \addlyrics { play the game } +} @end lilypond More stanzas can be added by adding more -@code{\addlyrics} sections +@code{\addlyrics} sections: -@lilypond[ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,quote] -\time 3/4 -\relative c' { c2 e4 g2. } -\addlyrics { play the game } -\addlyrics { speel het spel } -\addlyrics { joue le jeu } -@end lilypond - -The command @code{\addlyrics} cannot handle polyphony settings. -For these cases you should use @code{\lyricsto} and -@code{\lyricmode}, for details see @ref{Entering lyrics}. -@node Manual syllable durations -@unnumberedsubsubsec Manual syllable durations +@lilypond[ragged-right,verbatim,quote] +{ + \time 3/4 + \relative c' { c2 e4 g2. } + \addlyrics { play the game } + \addlyrics { speel het spel } + \addlyrics { joue le jeu } +} +@end lilypond -Lyrics can also be entered without @code{\addlyrics} or -@code{\lyricsto}. In this case, -syllables are entered like notes -- but with pitches replaced by text -- and the -duration of each syllable must be entered explicitly. For example: +The command @code{\addlyrics} cannot handle polyphonic settings. +For these cases one should use @code{\lyricsto}. -@example -play2 the4 game2. -sink2 or4 swim2. -@end example +@subheading Using associatedVoice -The alignment to a melody can be specified with the -@code{associatedVoice} property, +The melody to which the lyrics are being aligned can be changed by +setting the @code{associatedVoice} property, @example \set associatedVoice = #"lala" @end example @noindent -The value of the property (here: @code{"lala"}) should be the name of -a @code{Voice} context. Without this setting, extender lines -will not be formatted properly. -Here is an example demonstrating manual lyric durations, +The value of the property (here: @code{"lala"}) should be the name +of a @code{Voice} context. For technical reasons, the @code{\set} +command must be placed one syllable before the one to which the +change in voice is to apply. + +Here is an example demonstrating its use: + +@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim] +<< + \new Staff << + \time 2/4 + \new Voice = "one" \relative c'' { + \voiceOne + c4 b8. a16 g4. r8 a4 ( b ) c2 + } + \new Voice = "two" \relative c' { + \voiceTwo + s2 s4. f8 e8 d4. c2 + } + >> +% takes durations and alignment from notes in "one" initially +% then switches to "two" + \new Lyrics \lyricsto "one" { + No more let + \set associatedVoice = "two" % must be set one syllable early + sins and sor -- rows grow. + } +>> +@end lilypond + +@seealso +Notation Reference: +@ref{Extenders and hyphens}, +@ref{Keeping contexts alive}, +@ref{Placing lyrics vertically}. + +@node Manual syllable durations +@unnumberedsubsubsec Manual syllable durations + +In some complex vocal music, it may be desirable to place lyrics +completely independently of notes. In this case do not use +@code{\lyricsto} or @code{\addlyrics} and do not set +@code{associatedVoice}. Syllables are entered like notes -- +but with pitches replaced by text -- and the duration of each +syllable is entered explicitly after the syllable. + +By default, syllables will be left-aligned to the corresponding +musical moment. Hyphenated lines may be drawn between syllables +as usual, but extender lines cannot be drawn when there is no +associated voice. + +Here are two examples: + +@lilypond[relative=1,verbatim,quote] +<< + \new Voice = "melody" { + \time 3/4 + c2 e4 g2 f + } + \new Lyrics \lyricmode { + play1 the4 game4 + } +>> +@end lilypond + + +@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right] +<< + \new Staff { + \relative c'' { + c2 c2 + d1 + } + } + \new Lyrics { + \lyricmode { + I2 like4. my8 cat!1 + } + } + \new Staff { + \relative c' { + c8 c c c c c c c + c8 c c c c c c c + } + } +>> +@end lilypond + +This technique is useful when writing dialogue over music, see +@ref{Dialogue over music}. + +To center-align syllables on the notes at the corresponding musical +moments, set @code{associatedVoice} to the name of the Voice context +containing those notes. When @code{associatedVoice} is set, both +double hyphens and double underscores can be used to draw +hyphenated lines and extenders under melismata correctly. -@lilypond[relative=1,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,quote] -<< \new Voice = "melody" { +@lilypond[relative=1,verbatim,quote] +<< + \new Voice = "melody" { \time 3/4 - c2 e4 g2. - } - \new Lyrics \lyricmode { - \set associatedVoice = #"melody" - play2 the4 game2. - } >> + c2 e4 g f g + } + \new Lyrics \lyricmode { + \set associatedVoice = #"melody" + play2 the4 game2. __ + } +>> @end lilypond +@c TODO see also feature request 707 - show how to do this with manual durations @seealso Notation Reference: -@ref{Keeping contexts alive}. +@ref{Dialogue over music}. Internals Reference: @rinternals{Lyrics}, @@ -397,17 +609,22 @@ Internals Reference: In order to assign more than one syllable to a single note with spaces between the syllables, you can surround the phrase with quotes or use a @code{_} character. Alternatively, you can use -code the tilde symbol (@code{~}) to get a lyric tie. The lyric +code the tilde symbol (@code{~}) to get a lyric tie. The lyric tie is implemented with the Unicode character U+203F, so be -sure to have a font (like DejaVuLGC) installed that includes this -glyph. +sure to use a font for this glyph which actually contains it. +Freely available fonts with a lyric tie are, for example, +`FreeSerif' (a Times clone), `DejaVuSans' (but not +`DejaVuSerif'), or `TeXGyreSchola' (a Century Schoolbook +clone). -@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim] -\time 3/4 -\relative c' { c2 e4 g2 e4 } -\addlyrics { gran- de_a- mi- go } -\addlyrics { pu- "ro y ho-" nes- to } -\addlyrics { pu- ro~y~ho- nes- to } +@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim] +{ + \time 3/4 + \relative c' { c2 e4 g2 e4 } + \addlyrics { gran- de_a- mi- go } + \addlyrics { pu- "ro y ho-" nes- to } + \addlyrics { pu- ro~y~ho- nes- to } +} @end lilypond @@ -416,133 +633,209 @@ Internals Reference: @rinternals{LyricCombineMusic}. -@c Here come the section which used to be "Melismata" -@c the new title might be more self-explanatory - - @node Multiple notes to one syllable @unnumberedsubsubsec Multiple notes to one syllable @cindex melisma @cindex melismata @cindex phrasing, in lyrics +@funindex \melisma +@funindex \melismaEnd + +Sometimes, particularly in Medieval music, several notes are to be +sung on one syllable; such vocalises are called melismata, or +@rglos{melisma}s. The syllable to a melisma is usually +left-aligned with the first note of the melisma. + +When a melisma occurs on a syllable other that the last one in a +word, that syllable is usually joined to the following one with a +hyphenated line. This is indicated by placing a double hyphen, +@code{--}, immediately after the syllable. + +Alternatively, when a melisma occurs on the last or only syllable in +a word an extender line is usually drawn from the end of the syllable +to the last note of the melisma. This is indicated by placing a +double underscore, @code{__}, immediately after the word. -Sometimes, particularly in Medieval music, several notes are to be sung on one -single syllable; such vocalises are called melismas, or melismata. +There are five ways in which melismata can be indicated: -@c this method seems to be the simplest; therefore -@c it might be better to present it first - vv +@itemize + +@item +Melismata are created automatically over notes which are tied +together: + +@lilypond[quote,relative=2,verbatim] +<< + \new Voice = "melody" { + \time 3/4 + f4 g2 ~ | + g4 e2 ~ | + e8 + } + \new Lyrics \lyricsto "melody" { + Ky -- ri -- e __ + } +>> +@end lilypond -You can define melismata entirely in the lyrics, by entering @code{_} -for every extra note that has to be added to the melisma. +@item +Melismata can be created automatically from the music by placing +slurs over the notes of each melisma. This is the usual way of +entering lyrics: -@c TODO: clarify: __ is used to crate a lyric extender, -@c _ is used to add a note to a melisma, so both __ and _ are needed. +@lilypond[quote,relative=2,verbatim] +<< + \new Voice = "melody" { + \time 3/4 + f4 g8 ( f e f ) + e8 ( d e2 ) + } + \new Lyrics \lyricsto "melody" { + Ky -- ri -- e __ + } +>> +@end lilypond -@c verbose! --FV -@c duplicated: TODO fix -Additionally, you can make an extender line to be typeset to indicate -the melisma in the score, writing a double underscore next to the -first syllable of the melisma. This example shows the three elements -that are used for this purpose (all of them surrounded by spaces): -double hyphens to separate syllables in a word, underscores to add -notes to a melisma, and a double underscore to put an extender line. +@item +Notes are considered a melisma if they are manually beamed, +providing automatic beaming is switched off. See +@ref{Setting automatic beam behavior}. -@c wrong: extender line only on last syllable of a word. Change example -@lilypond[relative=1,verbatim,fragment,quote] -{ \set melismaBusyProperties = #'() - c d( e) f f( e) e e } -\addlyrics - { Ky -- _ _ ri __ _ _ _ e } +@lilypond[quote,relative=2,verbatim] +<< + \new Voice = "melody" { + \time 3/4 + \autoBeamOff + f4 g8[ f e f] + e2. + } + \new Lyrics \lyricsto "melody" { + Ky -- ri -- e + } +>> @end lilypond -In this case, you can also have ties and slurs in the melody if you -set @code{melismaBusyProperties}, as is done in the example above. +Clearly this is not suited to melismata over notes which are longer +than eighth notes. -However, the @code{\lyricsto} command can also -detect melismata automatically: it only puts one -syllable under a tied or slurred group of notes. If you want to force -an unslurred group of notes to be a melisma, insert @code{\melisma} -after the first note of the group, and @code{\melismaEnd} after the -last one, e.g., +@item +An unslurred group of notes will be treated as a melisma if they +are bracketed between @code{\melisma} and @code{\melismaEnd}. -@lilypond[quote,relative=2,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim] +@lilypond[quote,relative=2,verbatim] << - \new Voice = "lala" { + \new Voice = "melody" { \time 3/4 f4 g8 \melisma f e f \melismaEnd - e2 + e2. } - \new Lyrics \lyricsto "lala" { - la di __ daah + \new Lyrics \lyricsto "melody" { + Ky -- ri -- e } >> @end lilypond -In addition, notes are considered a melisma if they are manually -beamed, and automatic beaming (see @ref{Setting automatic beam -behavior}) is switched off. +Note that this method cannot be used to indicate two melismata if +the first one is immediately followed by another. + +@item +A melisma can be defined entirely in the lyrics by entering a +single underscore character, @code{_}, for every extra note that has +to be added to the melisma. -@lilypond[quote,relative=2,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim] +@lilypond[verbatim, quote, relative=2] << - \new Voice = "lala" { + \new Voice = "melody" { \time 3/4 - \autoBeamOff - f4 g8[ f e f] - e2 + f4 g8 f e f + e8 d e2 } - \new Lyrics \lyricsto "lala" { - la di __ daah + \new Lyrics \lyricsto "melody" { + Ky -- ri -- _ _ _ e __ _ _ } >> @end lilypond -@c TODO: this now links to LM -vv -@c umm, yeah... so what? -gp +@end itemize -@cindex SATB -@cindex choral score +It is possible to have ties, slurs and manual beams in the melody +without their indicating melismata. To do this, set +@code{melismaBusyProperties}: -A complete example of a SATB score setup is in -@rlearning{Vocal ensembles}. +@lilypond[relative=1,verbatim,quote] +<< + \new Voice = "melody" { + \time 3/4 + \set melismaBusyProperties = #'() + c4 d ( e ) + g8 [ f ] f4 ~ f + } + \new Lyrics \lyricsto "melody" { + Ky -- ri -- e e -- le -- i -- son + } +>> +@end lilypond + +Other settings for @code{melismaBusyProperties} can be used to +selectively include or exclude ties, slurs, and beams from the +automatic detection of melismata; see @code{melismaBusyProperties} +in @rinternals{Tunable context properties}. + +Alternatively, if all melismata indications are to be ignored, +@code{ignoreMelismata} may be set true; +see @ref{Stanzas with different rhythms}. + +If a melisma is required during a passage in which +@code{melismaBusyProperties} is active, it may be indicated by +placing a single underscore in the lyrics for each note which +should be included in the melisma: + +@lilypond[relative=1,verbatim,quote] +<< + \new Voice = "melody" { + \time 3/4 + \set melismaBusyProperties = #'() + c4 d ( e ) + g8 [ f ] ~ f4 ~ f + } + \new Lyrics \lyricsto "melody" { + Ky -- ri -- _ e __ _ _ _ + } +>> +@end lilypond @predefined -@funindex \melisma + +@code{\autoBeamOff}, +@code{\autoBeamOn}, @code{\melisma}, -@funindex \melismaEnd @code{\melismaEnd}. -@endpredefined - - -@c @seealso -@c @lsr{vocal,lyric@/-combine.ly}. +@seealso +Musical Glossary: +@rglos{melisma}. -@knownissues +Learning Manual: +@rlearning{Aligning lyrics to a melody}. -Melismata are not detected automatically, and extender lines must be -inserted by hand. +Notation Reference: +@ref{Aligning lyrics to a melody}, +@ref{Automatic syllable durations}, +@ref{Setting automatic beam behavior}, +@ref{Stanzas with different rhythms}. -@node Skipping notes -@unnumberedsubsubsec Skipping notes +Internals Reference: +@rinternals{Tunable context properties}. -Making a lyric line run slower than the melody can be achieved by -inserting @code{\skip}s into the lyrics. For every @code{\skip}, -the text will be delayed another note. The @code{\skip} command -must be followed by a valid duration, but this is ignored when -@code{\skip} is used in lyrics. +@knownissues -@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote] -\relative c' { c c g' } -\addlyrics { - twin -- \skip 4 - kle -} -@end lilypond +Extender lines under melismata are not created automatically; they +must be inserted manually with a double underscore. @node Extenders and hyphens @@ -551,6 +844,8 @@ must be followed by a valid duration, but this is ignored when @cindex melisma @cindex extender +@c TODO cf Multiple notes to one syllable; should this be merged in? + @c leave this as samp. -gp In the last syllable of a word, melismata are sometimes indicated with a long horizontal line starting in the melisma syllable, and ending in @@ -567,15 +862,17 @@ typeset by default.} @cindex hyphens @c leave this as samp. -gp -Centered hyphens are entered as @samp{ -- } between syllables of a same word -(note the spaces before and after the two hyphen characters). The hyphen -will be centered between the syllables, and its length will be adjusted -depending on the space between the syllables. +Centered hyphens are entered as @samp{ -- } between syllables of a +same word (note the spaces before and after the two hyphen +characters). The hyphen will be centered between the syllables, and +its length will be adjusted depending on the space between the +syllables. In tightly engraved music, hyphens can be removed. Whether this happens can be controlled with the @code{minimum-distance} (minimum distance between two syllables) and the @code{minimum-length} -(threshold below which hyphens are removed). +(threshold below which hyphens are removed) properties of +@code{LyricHyphen}. @seealso @@ -587,15 +884,14 @@ Internals Reference: @node Techniques specific to lyrics @subsection Techniques specific to lyrics -@c TODO This whole section is to be reorganized. -vv +@c TODO this whole section is to be reorganised @menu * Working with lyrics and variables:: +* Placing lyrics vertically:: +* Placing syllables horizontally:: * Lyrics and repeats:: * Divisi lyrics:: -* Lyrics independent of notes:: -* Spacing out syllables:: -* Placement of lyrics between staves:: @end menu @@ -603,104 +899,303 @@ Internals Reference: @node Working with lyrics and variables @unnumberedsubsubsec Working with lyrics and variables -@cindex lyrics, variables +@cindex lyrics, using variables -To define variables containing lyrics, the function @code{\lyricmode} -must be used. You do not have to enter durations though, if you add -@code{\addlyrics} or @code{\lyricsto} -when invoking your variable. +Variables containing lyrics can be created, but the lyrics must be +entered in lyric mode: -@example -verseOne = \lyricmode @{ Joy to the world the Lord is come @} -\score @{ - << - \new Voice = "one" \relative c'' @{ - \autoBeamOff - \time 2/4 - c4 b8. a16 g4. f8 e4 d c2 - @} - \addlyrics @{ \verseOne @} - >> -@} -@end example +@lilypond[quote,verbatim] +musicOne = \relative c'' { + c4 b8. a16 g4. f8 e4 d c2 +} +verseOne = \lyricmode { + Joy to the world, the Lord is come. +} +\score { + << + \new Voice = "one" { + \time 2/4 + \musicOne + } + \new Lyrics \lyricsto "one" { + \verseOne + } + >> +} +@end lilypond -For different or more complex orderings, the best way is to set up the -hierarchy of staves and lyrics first, e.g., -@example -\new ChoirStaff << - \new Voice = "soprano" @{ @emph{music} @} - \new Lyrics = "sopranoLyrics" @{ s1 @} - \new Lyrics = "tenorLyrics" @{ s1 @} - \new Voice = "tenor" @{ @emph{music} @} ->> -@end example +Durations do not need to be added if the variable is to be invoked +with @code{\addlyrics} or @code{\lyricsto}. -@noindent -and then combine the appropriate melodies and lyric lines +For different or more complex orderings, the best way is to define +the music and lyric variables first, then set up the hierarchy of +staves and lyrics, omitting the lyrics themselves, and then add the +lyrics using @code{\context} underneath. This ensures that the +voices referenced by @code{\lyricsto} have always been defined +earlier. For example: -@example -\context Lyrics = sopranoLyrics \lyricsto "soprano" -@emph{the lyrics} -@end example +@lilypond[quote,verbatim] +sopranoMusic = \relative c'' { c4 c c c } +contraltoMusic = \relative c'' { a4 a a a } +sopranoWords = \lyricmode { Sop -- ra -- no words } +contraltoWords = \lyricmode { Con -- tral -- to words } -@noindent -The final input would resemble +\score { + \new ChoirStaff << + \new Staff { + \new Voice = "sopranos" { + \sopranoMusic + } + } + \new Lyrics = "sopranos" + \new Lyrics = "contraltos" + \new Staff { + \new Voice = "contraltos" { + \contraltoMusic + } + } + \context Lyrics = "sopranos" { + \lyricsto "sopranos" { + \sopranoWords + } + } + \context Lyrics = "contraltos" { + \lyricsto "contraltos" { + \contraltoWords + } + } + >> +} +@end lilypond -@example -<<\new ChoirStaff << @emph{setup the music} >> - \lyricsto "soprano" @emph{etc} - \lyricsto "alto" @emph{etc} -@emph{etc} ->> -@end example -@ignore -@c TODO -http://code.google.com/p/lilypond/issues/detail?id=329 -The problem cannot be reproduced. -The following has no sense, because the issue seems to be fixed. -A comment is in tracker waiting for response ---FV +@seealso +Notation Reference: +@ref{Placing lyrics vertically}. + +Internals Reference: +@rinternals{LyricCombineMusic}, +@rinternals{Lyrics}. -Be careful when defining a variable with lyrics that creates a new -context, for example, using the deprecated @code{\lyrics} command. See -the next erroneous example: +@node Placing lyrics vertically +@unnumberedsubsubsec Placing lyrics vertically -@example -words = \lyrics{ %warning: this creates a new context - one two +@cindex placement of lyrics +@cindex lyrics, positioning + +Depending on the type of music, lyrics may be positioned +above the staff, below the staff, or between staves. Placing +lyrics below the associated staff is the easiest, and can be +achieved by simply defining the Lyrics context below the Staff +context: + +@lilypond[quote,verbatim] +\score { + << + \new Staff { + \new Voice = "melody" { + \relative c'' { c4 c c c } + } + } + \new Lyrics { + \lyricsto "melody" { + Here are the words + } + } + >> } -<< - \new Voice = "sop" { c1 } - \new Lyrics \lyricsto "sop" { \words } - \new Voice = "alt" { c2 c } - \new Lyrics \lyricsto "alt" { \words } ->> -@end example +@end lilypond + +Lyrics may be positioned above the staff using one of +two methods. The simplest (and preferred) method +is to use the same syntax as above and explicitly +specify the position of the lyrics: -the problem is that \lyricsto will try to connect the "sop" melody with the context -created by "\new Lyrics". +@lilypond[quote,verbatim] +\score { + << + \new Staff = "staff" { + \new Voice = "melody" { + \relative c'' { c4 c c c } + } + } + \new Lyrics \with { alignAboveContext = "staff" } { + \lyricsto "melody" { + Here are the words + } + } + >> +} +@end lilypond -Then \lyrics in \words creates another context, and the original "\new Lyrics" one -remains empty. +Alternatively, a two-step process may be used. First the Lyrics +context is declared (without any content) before the Staff and +Voice contexts, then the @code{\lyricsto} command is placed after +the Voice declaration it references by using @code{\context}, as +follows: -@end ignore +@lilypond[quote,verbatim] +\score { + << + \new Lyrics = "lyrics" \with { + % lyrics above a staff should have this override + \override VerticalAxisGroup #'staff-affinity = #DOWN + } + \new Staff { + \new Voice = "melody" { + \relative c'' { c4 c c c } + } + } + \context Lyrics = "lyrics" { + \lyricsto "melody" { + Here are the words + } + } + >> +} +@end lilypond + +When there are two voices on separate staves the lyrics may be +placed between the staves using either of these methods. Here +is an example of the second method: + +@lilypond[quote,verbatim] +\score { + \new ChoirStaff << + \new Staff { + \new Voice = "sopranos" { + \relative c'' { c4 c c c } + } + } + \new Lyrics = "sopranos" + \new Lyrics = "contraltos" \with { + % lyrics above a staff should have this override + \override VerticalAxisGroup #'staff-affinity = #DOWN + } + \new Staff { + \new Voice = "contraltos" { + \relative c'' { a4 a a a } + } + } + \context Lyrics = "sopranos" { + \lyricsto "sopranos" { + Sop -- ra -- no words + } + } + \context Lyrics = "contraltos" { + \lyricsto "contraltos" { + Con -- tral -- to words + } + } + >> +} +@end lilypond + +Other combinations of lyrics and staves may be generated by +elaborating these examples, or by examining the +@rlearning{Vocal ensembles} templates in the Learning Manual. +@snippets +@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle] +{lyrics-old-spacing-settings.ly} @seealso -@c TODO: document \new Staff << Voice \lyricsto >> bug -Internals Reference: -@rinternals{LyricCombineMusic}, -@rinternals{Lyrics}. +Learning Manual: +@rlearning{Vocal ensembles}. + +Notation Reference: +@ref{Aligning contexts}, +@ref{Creating contexts}. + +@node Placing syllables horizontally +@unnumberedsubsubsec Placing syllables horizontally + +@cindex Spacing lyrics +@cindex Lyrics, increasing space between + +To increase the spacing between lyrics, set the +@code{minimum-distance} property of @code{LyricSpace}. + +@lilypond[relative=1,verbatim,quote,ragged-right] +{ + c c c c + \override Lyrics.LyricSpace #'minimum-distance = #1.0 + c c c c +} +\addlyrics { + longtext longtext longtext longtext + longtext longtext longtext longtext +} +@end lilypond + +@noindent +To make this change for all lyrics in the score, set the property in the +@code{\layout} block. + +@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right] +\score { + \relative c' { + c c c c + c c c c + } + \addlyrics { + longtext longtext longtext longtext + longtext longtext longtext longtext + } + \layout { + \context { + \Lyrics + \override LyricSpace #'minimum-distance = #1.0 + } + } +} +@end lilypond + +@snippets +@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle] +{lyrics-alignment.ly} + +@c TODO: move to LSR -vv + +Checking to make sure that text scripts and lyrics are within the margins +required additional calculations. To speed up processing slighty, this +feature can be disabled: + +@example +\override Score.PaperColumn #'keep-inside-line = ##f +@end example + +To make lyrics avoid bar lines as well, use + +@example +\layout @{ + \context @{ + \Lyrics + \consists "Bar_engraver" + \consists "Separating_line_group_engraver" + \override BarLine #'transparent = ##t + @} +@} +@end example + +@c TODO Create and add lsr example of lyricMelismaAlignment +@c It's used like this to center-align all lyric syllables, +@c even when notes are tied. -td + +@ignore +\layout +{ + \context { \Score lyricMelismaAlignment = #0 } +} +@end ignore @node Lyrics and repeats @unnumberedsubsubsec Lyrics and repeats @cindex repeats and lyrics - -@c see http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/lilypond-user/2010-07/msg00022.html -@c see http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/lilypond-user/2010-06/msg00472.html +@cindex lyrics, repeating @subheading Simple repeats @@ -708,8 +1203,9 @@ Repeats in @emph{music} are fully described elsewhere; see @ref{Repeats}. This section explains how to add lyrics to repeated sections of music. -Lyrics to a volta repeat can be written exactly as if the music was -not repeated, if the words are unchanged. +Lyrics to a section of music that is repeated should be surrounded +by exactly the same repeat construct as the music, if the words are +unchanged. @lilypond[verbatim,quote] \score { @@ -725,40 +1221,41 @@ not repeated, if the words are unchanged. \new Lyrics { \lyricsto "melody" { Not re -- peat -- ed. - Re -- peat -- ed twice. + \repeat volta 2 { Re -- peat -- ed twice. } } } >> } @end lilypond -But if an unfold repeat is used, both the lyrics and the music must -be repeated (assuming the repeated words are the same), otherwise -the repeated section will have no lyrics. +The words will then be correctly expanded if the repeats are +unfolded. @lilypond[verbatim,quote] \score { - << - \new Staff { - \new Voice = "melody" { - \relative c'' { - a4 a a a - \repeat unfold 2 { b4 b b b } + \unfoldRepeats { + << + \new Staff { + \new Voice = "melody" { + \relative c'' { + a4 a a a + \repeat volta 2 { b4 b b b } + } } } - } - \new Lyrics { - \lyricsto "melody" { - Not re -- peat -- ed. - \repeat unfold 2 { Re -- peat -- ed twice. } + \new Lyrics { + \lyricsto "melody" { + Not re -- peat -- ed. + \repeat volta 2 { Re -- peat -- ed twice. } + } } - } - >> + >> + } } @end lilypond -If the repeated section has different words and is unfolded simply -enter all the words: +If the repeated section is to be unfolded and has different words, +simply enter all the words: @lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right] \score { @@ -782,16 +1279,9 @@ enter all the words: } @end lilypond -When the words to a repeated volta section are different the words -to each repeat must entered in separate @code{Lyrics} contexts. -Earlier unrepeated sections must be skipped in the second and -subsequent repeats. The easiest way to skip several notes is to -use @code{\repeat unfold} around the @code{\skip}. - -@warning{The @code{\skip} command must be followed by a number, -but this number is ignored in lyric mode. Each @code{\skip} skips -a single note of any value, irrespective of the value of the -following number.} +When the words to a repeated volta section are different, the words +to each repeat must be entered in separate @code{Lyrics} contexts, +correctly nested in parallel sections: @lilypond[verbatim,quote] \score { @@ -804,252 +1294,329 @@ following number.} } } } - \new Lyrics { - \lyricsto "melody" { - Not re -- peat -- ed. - The first time words. - } - } - \new Lyrics { - \lyricsto "melody" { - % skip 4 notes of any duration - \repeat unfold 4 { \skip 1 } - Sec -- ond time words. - } + \new Lyrics \lyricsto "melody" { + Not re -- peat -- ed. + << + { The first time words. } + \new Lyrics { + \set associatedVoice = "melody" + Sec -- ond time words. + } + >> } >> } @end lilypond -An alternative way, which avoids having to count notes, is to use a -temporary voice for the repeated section. This may be useful if -the earlier sections are still subject to change. A temporary voice -can be inserted anywhere in the main music stream in parallel with -it, as shown below, but it may be necessary to keep the main voice -alive in complex scores when using this technique; see -@ref{Keeping contexts alive}. +More verses may be added in a similar way: -@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right] +@lilypond[verbatim,quote] \score { << \new Staff { \new Voice = "singleVoice" { - \relative c'' { a4 a a a } - \new Voice = "repeatVoice" { - \relative c'' \repeat volta 3 { b4 b b b } - } - \relative c'' { c4 c c c } - } - } - \new Lyrics << - \lyricsto "singleVoice" { - Not re -- peat -- ed. - The end sec -- tion. - } - \lyricsto "repeatVoice" { - The first time words. - } - >> - \new Lyrics { - \lyricsto "repeatVoice" { - Sec -- ond time words. + \relative c'' { + a4 a a a + \repeat volta 3 { b4 b b b } + c4 c c c + } } } - \new Lyrics { - \lyricsto "repeatVoice" { - The third time words. - } + \new Lyrics \lyricsto "singleVoice" { + Not re -- peat -- ed. + << + { The first time words. } + \new Lyrics { + \set associatedVoice = "singleVoice" + Sec -- ond time words. + } + \new Lyrics { + \set associatedVoice = "singleVoice" + The third time words. + } + >> + The end sec -- tion. } >> } @end lilypond -@c TODO lowering a common line of lyrics -@subheading Repeats with alternative endings - -TBC +@c TODO positioning a common line of lyrics +@subheading Repeats with alternative endings -@node Divisi lyrics -@unnumberedsubsubsec Divisi lyrics +@cindex lyrics, repeats with alternative endings +@cindex repeating lyrics with alternative endings +@cindex alternative endings and lyrics -You can display alternate (or divisi) lyrics by naming voice -contexts and attaching lyrics to those specific contexts. +If the words of the repeated section are the same, exactly the +same structure can be used for both the lyrics and music. -@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote] -\score{ << - \new Voice = "melody" { - \relative c' { - c4 - << - { \voiceOne c8 e } - \new Voice = "splitpart" { \voiceTwo c4 } - >> - \oneVoice c4 c | c +@lilypond[quote,verbatim] +\score { + << + \new Staff { + \time 2/4 + \new Voice = "melody" { + \relative c'' { + a4 a a a + \repeat volta 2 { b4 b } + \alternative { { b b } { b c } } + } + } } - } - \new Lyrics \lyricsto "melody" { we shall not o- ver- come } - \new Lyrics \lyricsto "splitpart" { will } ->> } -@end lilypond - - -You can use this trick to display different lyrics for a repeated -section. - -@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote] -\score{ << - \new Voice = "melody" \relative c' { - c2 e | g e | c1 | - \new Voice = "verse" \repeat volta 2 {c4 d e f | g1 | } - a2 b | c1} - \new Lyrics = "mainlyrics" \lyricsto melody \lyricmode { - do mi sol mi do - la si do } - \context Lyrics = "mainlyrics" \lyricsto verse \lyricmode { - do re mi fa sol } - \new Lyrics = "repeatlyrics" \lyricsto verse \lyricmode { - dodo rere mimi fafa solsol } ->> + \new Lyrics { + \lyricsto "melody" { + Not re -- peat -- ed. + \repeat volta 2 { Re -- peat -- } + \alternative { { ed twice. } { ed twice. } } + } + } + >> } @end lilypond +@funindex \skip +@cindex skipping notes in lyrics +@cindex lyrics, skipping notes +But when the repeated section has different words, a repeat +construct cannot be used around the words and @code{\skip} commands +have to be inserted manually to skip over the notes in the +alternative sections which do not apply. -@node Lyrics independent of notes -@unnumberedsubsubsec Lyrics independent of notes - -@cindex Devnull context +Note: do not use an underscore, @code{_}, to skip notes -- an +underscore indicates a melisma, causing the preceding syllable +to be left-aligned. -In some complex vocal music, it may be desirable to place -lyrics completely independently of notes. Music defined -inside @code{lyricrhythm} disappears into the -@code{Devnull} context, but the rhythms can still be used -to place the lyrics. +@warning{The @code{@bs{}skip} command must be followed by a number, +but this number is ignored in lyrics which derive their durations +from the notes in an associated melody through @code{\addlyrics} or +@code{\lyricsto}. Each @code{@bs{}skip} skips a single note of any +value, irrespective of the value of the following number.} -@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right] -voice = { - c''2 - \tag #'music { c''2 } - \tag #'lyricrhythm { c''4. c''8 } - d''1 +@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right] +\score { + << + \new Staff { + \time 2/4 + \new Voice = "melody" { + \relative c'' { + \repeat volta 2 { b4 b } + \alternative { { b b } { b c } } + c4 c + } + } + } + \new Lyrics { + \lyricsto "melody" { + The first time words. + \repeat unfold 2 { \skip 1 } + End here. + } + } + \new Lyrics { + \lyricsto "melody" { + Sec -- ond + \repeat unfold 2 { \skip 1 } + time words. + } + } + >> } - -lyr = \lyricmode { I like my cat! } - -<< - \new Staff \keepWithTag #'music \voice - \new Devnull="nowhere" \keepWithTag #'lyricrhythm \voice - \new Lyrics \lyricsto "nowhere" \lyr - \new Staff { c'8 c' c' c' c' c' c' c' - c' c' c' c' c' c' c' c' } ->> @end lilypond -This method is recommended only if the music in the @code{Devnull} -context does not contain melismata. Melismata are defined by the -@code{Voice} context. Connecting lyrics to a @code{Devnull} context -makes the voice/lyrics links to get lost, and so does the info on -melismata. Therefore, if you link lyrics to a @code{Devnull} context, -the implicit melismata get ignored. +@cindex lyrics and tied notes +@funindex \repeatTie -@c Conclusion: do not use devnull for lyrics -FV +When a note is tied over into two or more alternative endings a +tie is used to carry the note into the first alternative ending and +a @code{\repeatTie} is used in the second and subsequent endings. +This structure causes difficult alignment problems when lyrics are +involved and increasing the length of the alternative sections so +the tied notes are contained wholly within them may give a more +acceptable result. -@c this clarifies http://code.google.com/p/lilypond/issues/detail?id=248 +The tie creates a melisma into the first alternative, but not into +the second and subsequent alternatives, so to align the lyrics +correctly it is necessary to disable the automatic creation of +melismata over the volta section and insert manual skips. -@node Spacing out syllables -@unnumberedsubsubsec Spacing out syllables +@lilypond[quote,verbatim] +\score { + << + \new Staff { + \time 2/4 + \new Voice = "melody" { + \relative c'' { + \set melismaBusyProperties = #'() + \repeat volta 2 { b4 b ~} + \alternative { { b b } { b \repeatTie c } } + \unset melismaBusyProperties + c4 c + } + } + } + \new Lyrics { + \lyricsto "melody" { + \repeat volta 2 { Here's a __ } + \alternative { + { \skip 1 verse } + { \skip 1 sec } + } + ond one. + } + } + >> +} +@end lilypond -@cindex Spacing lyrics -@cindex Lyrics, increasing space between +Note that if @code{\unfoldRepeats} is used around a section +containing @code{\repeatTie}, the @code{\repeatTie} should be +removed to avoid both types of tie being printed. -To increase the spacing between lyrics, set the @code{minimum-distance} -property of @code{LyricSpace}. +When the repeated section has different words a @code{\repeat} +cannot be used around the lyrics and @code{\skip} commands need to +be inserted manually, as before. -@lilypond[relative,verbatim,fragment,quote,ragged-right] -{ - c c c c - \override Lyrics.LyricSpace #'minimum-distance = #1.0 - c c c c -} -\addlyrics { - longtext longtext longtext longtext - longtext longtext longtext longtext +@lilypond[quote,verbatim] +\score { + << + \new Staff { + \time 2/4 + \new Voice = "melody" { + \relative c'' { + \repeat volta 2 { b4 b ~} + \alternative { { b b } { b \repeatTie c } } + c4 c + } + } + } + \new Lyrics { + \lyricsto "melody" { + Here's a __ verse. + \repeat unfold 2 { \skip 1 } + } + } + \new Lyrics { + \lyricsto "melody" { + Here's one + \repeat unfold 2 { \skip 1 } + more to sing. + } + } + >> } @end lilypond -@noindent -To make this change for all lyrics in the score, set the property in the -layout. +If you wish to show extenders and hyphens into and out of +alternative sections these must be inserted manually. -@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right] +@lilypond[quote,verbatim] \score { - \relative c' { - c c c c - c c c c - } - \addlyrics { - longtext longtext longtext longtext - longtext longtext longtext longtext - } - \layout { - \context { - \Lyrics - \override LyricSpace #'minimum-distance = #1.0 + << + \new Staff { + \time 2/4 + \new Voice = "melody" { + \relative c'' { + \repeat volta 2 { b4 b ~} + \alternative { { b b } { b \repeatTie c } } + c4 c + } + } } - } + \new Lyrics { + \lyricsto "melody" { + Here's a __ verse. + \repeat unfold 2 { \skip 1 } + } + } + \new Lyrics { + \lyricsto "melody" { + Here's "a_" + \skip 1 + "_" sec -- ond one. + } + } + >> } @end lilypond -@c @snippets -@c This snippet has been renamed to "lyrics-alignment.ly" -@c update as soon as lsr/is updated -vv -@c @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle] -@c {lyrics-alignment.ly} - -@c TODO: move to LSR -vv -@snippets - -Checking to make sure that text scripts and lyrics are within the margins is -a relatively large computational task. To speed up processing, LilyPond does -not perform such calculations by default; to enable it, use +@seealso +Notation Reference: +@ref{Keeping contexts alive}, +@ref{Repeats}. -@example -\override Score.PaperColumn #'keep-inside-line = ##t -@end example -To make lyrics avoid bar lines as well, use +@node Divisi lyrics +@unnumberedsubsubsec Divisi lyrics -@example -\layout @{ - \context @{ - \Lyrics - \consists "Bar_engraver" - \consists "Separating_line_group_engraver" - \override BarLine #'transparent = ##t - @} -@} -@end example +@cindex divided lyrics +@cindex lyrics, divided -@c TODO Create and add lsr example of lyricMelismaAlignment -@c It's used like this to center-align all lyric syllables, -@c even when notes are tied. -td +When just the words and rhythms of the two parts differ with the +pitches remaining the same, temporarily turning off the automatic +detection of melismata and indicating the melisma in the lyrics +may be the appropriate method to use: -@ignore -\layout -{ - \context { \Score lyricMelismaAlignment = #0 } +@lilypond[quote,verbatim] +\score { + << + \new Voice = "melody" { + \relative c' { + \set melismaBusyProperties = #'() + \slurDown + \slurDashed + e4 e8 ( e ) c4 c | + \unset melismaBusyProperties + c + } + } + \new Lyrics \lyricsto "melody" { + They shall not o -- ver -- come + } + \new Lyrics \lyricsto "melody" { + We will _ + } + >> } -@end ignore +@end lilypond +When both music and words differ it may be better to display +the differing music and lyrics by naming voice contexts and +attaching lyrics to those specific contexts: -@node Placement of lyrics between staves -@unnumberedsubsubsec Placement of lyrics between staves +@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote] +\score { + << + \new Voice = "melody" { + \relative c' { + << + { + \voiceOne + e4 e8 e + } + \new Voice = "splitpart" { + \voiceTwo + c4 c + } + >> + \oneVoice + c4 c | + c + } + } + \new Lyrics \lyricsto "melody" { + They shall not o -- ver -- come + } + \new Lyrics \lyricsto "splitpart" { + We will + } + >> +} +@end lilypond -@c TODO Add text from -user -@c TODO Add new spacing properties, centering lyrics, etc -TBC @node Stanzas @subsection Stanzas @@ -1071,7 +1638,7 @@ TBC Stanza numbers can be added by setting @code{stanza}, e.g., -@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2,fragment] +@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2] \new Voice { \time 3/4 g2 e4 a2 f4 g2. } \addlyrics { @@ -1124,9 +1691,9 @@ stanzaOneThree = { Stanzas differing in loudness may be indicated by putting a dynamics mark before each stanza. In LilyPond, everything coming in -front of a stanza goes into the @code{StanzaNumber} object; dynamics marks -are no different. For technical reasons, you have to set the stanza -outside @code{\lyricmode}: +front of a stanza goes into the @code{StanzaNumber} object; dynamics +marks are no different. For technical reasons, you have to set the +stanza outside @code{\lyricmode}: @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim] text = { @@ -1153,9 +1720,10 @@ text = { Names of singers can also be added. They are printed at the start of the line, just like instrument names. They are created by setting -@code{vocalName}. A short version may be entered as @code{shortVocalName}. +@code{vocalName}. A short version may be entered as +@code{shortVocalName}. -@lilypond[fragment,ragged-right,quote,verbatim,relative=2] +@lilypond[ragged-right,quote,verbatim,relative=2] \new Voice { \time 3/4 g2 e4 a2 f4 g2. } \addlyrics { @@ -1177,7 +1745,7 @@ differing ways. Such variations can still be captured with @subsubheading Ignoring melismata One possibility is that the text has a melisma in one stanza, but -multiple syllables in another one. One solution is to make the faster +multiple syllables in another. One solution is to make the faster voice ignore the melisma. This is done by setting @code{ignoreMelismata} in the Lyrics context. @@ -1211,32 +1779,38 @@ are to be ignored. @subsubheading Adding syllables to grace notes +@cindex grace notes and lyrics +@cindex lyrics on grace notes + By default, grace notes (e.g. via @code{\grace}) do not get assigned syllables when using @code{\lyricsto}, but this behavior can be changed: @lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote] -\relative c' { - f4 \appoggiatura a32 b4 - \grace { f16[ a16] } b2 - \afterGrace b2 { f16[ a16] } - \appoggiatura a32 b4 - \acciaccatura a8 b4 -} -\addlyrics { - normal - \set includeGraceNotes = ##t - case, - gra -- ce case, - after -- grace case, - \set ignoreMelismata = ##t - app. case, - acc. case. -} +<< + \new Voice = melody \relative c' { + f4 \appoggiatura a32 b4 + \grace { f16[ a16] } b2 + \afterGrace b2 { f16[ a16] } + \appoggiatura a32 b4 + \acciaccatura a8 b4 + } + \new Lyrics + \lyricsto melody { + normal + \set includeGraceNotes = ##t + case, + gra -- ce case, + after -- grace case, + \set ignoreMelismata = ##t + app. case, + acc. case. + } +>> @end lilypond @knownissues -Like for @code{associatedVoice}, @code{includeGraceNotes} needs to be +Like @code{associatedVoice}, @code{includeGraceNotes} needs to be set at latest one syllable before the one which is to be put under a grace note. For the case of a grace note at the very beginning of a piece of music, consider using a @code{\with} or @code{\context} @@ -1257,11 +1831,14 @@ block: @subsubheading Switching to an alternative melody -More complex variations in text underlay are possible. It is possible -to switch the melody for a line of lyrics during the text. This is -done by setting the @code{associatedVoice} property. In the example +@cindex associatedVoice +@cindex alternative melody, switching to + +More complex variations in setting lyrics to music are possible. +The melody to which the lyrics are being set can be changed from +within the lyrics by setting the @code{associatedVoice} property: -@lilypond[ragged-right,quote] +@lilypond[verbatim,quote] << \relative c' \new Voice = "lahlah" { \set Staff.autoBeaming = ##f @@ -1288,56 +1865,43 @@ done by setting the @code{associatedVoice} property. In the example \new Lyrics \lyricsto "lahlah" { % Tricky: need to set associatedVoice % one syllable too soon! - \set associatedVoice = alternative % applies to "ran" + \set associatedVoice = "alternative" % applies to "ran" Ty -- ran -- no -- - \set associatedVoice = lahlah % applies to "rus" + \set associatedVoice = "lahlah" % applies to "rus" sau -- rus Rex } >> @end lilypond @noindent -the text for the first stanza is set to a melody called @q{lahlah}, - -@example -\new Lyrics \lyricsto "lahlah" @{ - Ju -- ras -- sic Park -@} -@end example - +The text for the first stanza is set to the melody called +@q{lahlah} in the usual way, but the second stanza is set initally +to the @code{lahlah} context and is then switched to the +@code{alternative} melody for the syllables @q{ran} to @q{sau} by +the lines: -The second stanza initially is set to the @code{lahlah} context, but -for the syllable @q{ran}, it switches to a different melody. -This is achieved with @example -\set associatedVoice = alternative +\set associatedVoice = "alternative" % applies to "ran" +Ty -- +ran -- +no -- +\set associatedVoice = "lahlah" % applies to "rus" +sau -- rus Rex @end example @noindent Here, @code{alternative} is the name of the @code{Voice} context containing the triplet. -@c TODO: make this easier to understand -vv -This command must be one syllable too early, before @q{Ty} in this -case. In other words, changing the associatedVoice happens one step -later than expected. This is for technical reasons, and it is not a -bug. - -@example -\new Lyrics \lyricsto "lahlah" @{ - \set associatedVoice = alternative % applies to "ran" - Ty -- - ran -- - no -- - \set associatedVoice = lahlah % applies to "rus" - sau -- rus Rex -@} -@end example +Note the placement of the @code{\set associatedVoice} command -- +it appears to be one syllable too early, but this is correct. -@noindent -The underlay is switched back to the starting situation by assigning -@code{lahlah} to @code{associatedVoice}. +@warning{The @code{\set associatedVoice} command must be placed +one syllable @emph{before} the one at which the switch to the new +voice is to occur. In other words, changing the associated Voice +happens one syllable later than expected. This is for technical +reasons, and it is not a bug.} @node Printing stanzas at the end @@ -1403,10 +1967,11 @@ text = \lyricmode { It has two lines. } -\score{ << +\score { + << \new Voice = "one" { \melody } \new Lyrics \lyricsto "one" \text - >> + >> \layout { } } @@ -1471,14 +2036,68 @@ Internals Reference: @node References for songs @unnumberedsubsubsec References for songs -@c TODO chords, setting simple songs (LM), stanzas -TBC +Songs are usually written on three staves with the melody for the +singer on the top staff and two staves of piano accompaniment at +the bottom. The lyrics of the first stanza are printed immediately +underneath the top staff. If there are just a small number of +further stanzas these can be printed immediately under the first +one, but if there are more stanzas than can be easily accommodated +there the second and subsequent stanzas are printed after the music +as stand-alone text. + +All the notational elements needed to write songs are fully described +elsewhere: + +@itemize + +@item +For constructing the staff layout, see @ref{Displaying staves}. + +@item +For writing piano music, see +@ref{Keyboard and other multi-staff instruments}. + +@item +For writing the lyrics to a melody line, see +@ref{Common notation for vocal music}. + +@item +For placing the lyrics, see @ref{Placing lyrics vertically}. + +@item +For entering stanzas, see @ref{Stanzas}. + +@item +Songs are frequently printed with the chording indicated by chord +names above the staves. This is described in @ref{Displaying chords}. + +@item +To print fret diagrams of the chords for guitar accompaniment or +accompaniment by other fretted instruments, see @qq{Fret diagram +markups} in @ref{Common notation for fretted strings}. + +@end itemize + +@seealso +Learning Manual: +@rlearning{Songs}. + +Notation Reference: +@ref{Common notation for vocal music}, +@ref{Displaying chords}, +@ref{Displaying staves}, +@ref{Keyboard and other multi-staff instruments}, +@ref{Placing lyrics vertically}, +@ref{Stanzas}. + +Snippets: +@rlsr{Vocal music}. @node Lead sheets @unnumberedsubsubsec Lead sheets -Lead sheets may be printed by combining vocal parts and @q{chord mode}; -this syntax is explained in @ref{Chord notation}. +Lead sheets may be printed by combining vocal parts and +@q{chord mode}; this syntax is explained in @ref{Chord notation}. @snippets @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle] @@ -1540,7 +2159,7 @@ For information about @code{ChoirStaff} and @code{PianoStaff} see @ref{Grouping staves}. @item -Shape noteheads, as used in Sacred Harp and similar notation, are +Shape note heads, as used in Sacred Harp and similar notation, are described in @ref{Shape note heads}. @item @@ -1567,6 +2186,9 @@ Notation Reference: @ref{Shape note heads}, @ref{Single-staff polyphony}. +Snippets: +@rlsr{Vocal music}. + Internals Reference: @rinternals{ChoirStaff}, @rinternals{Lyrics}, @@ -1604,7 +2226,7 @@ the two systems. See @ref{Separating systems}. @item For details of other page formatting properties, see -@ref{Page formatting}. +@ref{Page layout}. @end itemize @@ -1650,9 +2272,9 @@ Notation Reference: @ref{Changing spacing}, @ref{Displaying spacing}, @ref{Fitting music onto fewer pages}, -@ref{Page formatting}, +@ref{Page layout}, @ref{Score layout}, -See @ref{Separating systems}, +@ref{Separating systems}, @ref{Setting the staff size}, @ref{Using an extra voice for breaks}, @ref{Vertical spacing}. @@ -1720,6 +2342,7 @@ typesetting opera and musical scores. @menu * References for opera and stage musicals:: * Character names:: +* Musical cues:: * Spoken music:: * Dialogue over music:: @end menu @@ -1752,11 +2375,7 @@ See @ref{Separating systems}. @item For details of other page formatting properties, see -@ref{Page formatting}. - -@item -Musical cues can be inserted with the @code{\cueDuring} predefined -command. For details of its use see @ref{Formatting cue notes}. +@ref{Page layout}. @item Dialogue cues and stage directions can be inserted with markup. @@ -1766,31 +2385,26 @@ See @ref{Separate text}. @end itemize -@predefined -@code{\cueDuring}, -@code{\quoteDuring}. - @seealso Musical Glossary: -@rglos{cue-notes}, @rglos{Frenched score}, @rglos{Frenched staves}, @rglos{transposing instrument}. -Notation Manual: +Notation Reference: @ref{Grouping staves}, @ref{Hiding staves}, -@ref{Instrument names}, @ref{Instrument transpositions}, @ref{Nested staff groups}, -@ref{Page formatting}, -@ref{Selecting font and font size}, +@ref{Page layout}, @ref{Separating systems}, -@ref{Text}, @ref{Transpose}, @ref{Writing parts}, @ref{Writing text}. +Snippets: +@rlsr{Vocal music}. + @node Character names @unnumberedsubsubsec Character names @@ -1799,15 +2413,14 @@ Notation Manual: @cindex names, character Character names are usually shown to the left of the staff when the -staff is dedicated to that character alone. The instrument name can -be used for this purpose. +staff is dedicated to that character alone: @lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right] \score { << \new Staff { - \set Staff.instrumentName = #"Kaspar" - \set Staff.shortInstrumentName = #"Kas" + \set Staff.vocalName = \markup \smallCaps Kaspar + \set Staff.shortVocalName = \markup \smallCaps Kas. \relative c' { \clef "G_8" c4 c c c @@ -1816,8 +2429,8 @@ be used for this purpose. } } \new Staff { - \set Staff.instrumentName = #"Melchior" - \set Staff.shortInstrumentName = #"Mel" + \set Staff.vocalName = \markup \smallCaps Melchior + \set Staff.shortVocalName = \markup \smallCaps Mel \clef "bass" \relative c' { a4 a a a @@ -1834,21 +2447,191 @@ applying to that character. This can be done with markup. Often a specific font is used for this purpose. @lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=1] -\override TextScript #'font-family = #'typewriter -\override TextScript #'font-size = #2 \clef "G_8" -c4^\markup Kaspar +c4^\markup \fontsize #1 \smallCaps Kaspar c c c \clef "bass" -a4^\markup Melchior +a4^\markup \fontsize #1 \smallCaps Melchior a a a +\clef "G_8" +c4^\markup \fontsize #1 \smallCaps Kaspar +c c c +@end lilypond + +Alternatively, if there are many character changes, it may be +easier to set up @qq{instrument} definitions for each character at +the top level so that @code{\instrumentSwitch} can be used to +indicate each change. + +@lilypond[quote,verbatim] +\addInstrumentDefinition #"kaspar" + #`((instrumentTransposition . ,(ly:make-pitch -1 0 0)) + (shortInstrumentName . "Kas.") + (clefGlyph . "clefs.G") + (clefOctavation . -7) + (middleCPosition . 1) + (clefPosition . -2) + (instrumentCueName . ,(markup #:fontsize 1 #:smallCaps "Kaspar")) + (midiInstrument . "voice oohs")) + +\addInstrumentDefinition #"melchior" + #`((instrumentTransposition . ,(ly:make-pitch 0 0 0)) + (shortInstrumentName . "Mel.") + (clefGlyph . "clefs.F") + (clefOctavation . 0) + (middleCPosition . 6) + (clefPosition . 2) + (instrumentCueName . ,(markup #:fontsize 1 #:smallCaps "Melchior")) + (midiInstrument . "voice aahs")) + +\relative c' { + \instrumentSwitch "kaspar" + c4 c c c + \instrumentSwitch "melchior" + a4 a a a + \instrumentSwitch "kaspar" + c4 c c c +} @end lilypond @seealso Notation Reference: @ref{Instrument names}, -@ref{Selecting font and font size}, -@ref{Text}. +@ref{Scheme functions}, +@ref{Text}, +@ref{Text markup commands}. + +Extending LilyPond: +@rextend{Markup construction in Scheme}. + +@node Musical cues +@unnumberedsubsubsec Musical cues + +@cindex musical cues +@cindex cues, musical + +Musical cues can be inserted in Vocal Scores, Vocal Books and +Orchestral Parts to indicate what music in another part +immediately precedes an entry. Also, cues are often inserted in the +piano reduction in Vocal Scores to indicate what each orchestral +instrument is playing. This aids the conductor when a full +Conductors' Score is not available. + +The basic mechanism for inserting cues is fully explained in the +main text, see @ref{Quoting other voices} and +@ref{Formatting cue notes}. But when many cues have to be +inserted, for example, as an aid to a conductor in a vocal score, +the instrument name must be positioned carefully just before and +close to the start of the cue notes. The following example shows +how this is done. + +@lilypond[quote,verbatim] +flute = \relative c'' { + s4 s4 e g +} +\addQuote "flute" { \flute } + +pianoRH = \relative c'' { + c4. g8 + % position name of cue-ing instrument just before the cue notes, + % and above the staff + s1*0^\markup { \right-align { \tiny "Flute" } } + \cueDuring "flute" #UP { g4 bes4 } +} +pianoLH = \relative c { c4 e, } + +\score { + \new PianoStaff << + \new Staff { + \pianoRH + } + \new Staff { + \clef "bass" + \pianoLH + } + >> +} +@end lilypond + +If a transposing instrument is being quoted the instrument part should +specify its key so the conversion of its cue notes will be done +automatically. The example below shows this transposition for a +B-flat clarinet. The notes in this example are low on the staff so +@code{#DOWN} is specified in @code{\cueDuring} (so the stems are +down) and the instrument name is positioned below the staff. Note +also that the piano right-hand voice is explicitly declared. This +is because the cue notes in this example begin at the start of the +first bar and this would otherwise cause the entire piano right-hand +notes to be placed in a @code{CueVoice} context. + +@lilypond[quote,verbatim] +clarinet = \relative c' { + \transposition bes + fis4 d d c +} +\addQuote "clarinet" { \clarinet } + +pianoRH = \relative c'' { + \transposition c' + % position name of cue-ing instrument below the staff + s1*0_\markup { \right-align { \tiny "Clar." } } + \cueDuring "clarinet" #DOWN { c4. g8 } + g4 bes4 +} +pianoLH = \relative c { c4 e, } + +\score { + << + \new PianoStaff << + \new Staff { + \new Voice { + \pianoRH + } + } + \new Staff { + \clef "bass" + \pianoLH + } + >> + >> +} +@end lilypond + +From these two examples it is clear that inserting many cues in a +Vocal Score would be tedious, and the notes of the piano part would +become obscured. However, as the following snippet shows, it is +possible to define a music function to reduce the amount of typing +and to make the piano notes clearer. + +@snippets +@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle] +{adding-orchestral-cues-to-a-vocal-score.ly} + +@seealso +Musical Glossary: +@rglos{cue-notes}. + +Notation Reference: +@ref{Aligning objects}, +@ref{Direction and placement}, +@ref{Formatting cue notes}, +@ref{Quoting other voices}, +@ref{Using music functions}. + +Snippets: +@rlsr{Vocal music}. + +Internals Reference: +@rinternals{InstrumentSwitch}, +@rinternals{CueVoice}. + +@knownissues +@code{\cueDuring} automatically inserts a @code{CueVoice} context +and all cue notes are placed in that context. This means it is not +possible to have two overlapping sequences of cue notes by this +technique. Overlapping sequences could be entered by explicitly +declaring separate @code{CueVoice} contexts and using +@code{\quoteDuring} to extract and insert the cue notes. @node Spoken music @@ -1856,8 +2639,8 @@ Notation Reference: @cindex parlato @cindex Sprechgesang -Such effects as @q{parlato} or @q{Sprechgesang} require performers to speak -without pitch but still with rhythm; these are notated by cross +Such effects as @q{parlato} or @q{Sprechgesang} require performers to +speak without pitch but still with rhythm; these are notated by cross note heads, as demonstrated in @ref{Special note heads}. @c TODO add "marking-notes-on-spoken-parts" snippet -vv @@ -1869,7 +2652,80 @@ note heads, as demonstrated in @ref{Special note heads}. @node Dialogue over music @unnumberedsubsubsec Dialogue over music -TBC +Dialogue over music is usually printed over the staves in an italic +font, with the start of each phrase keyed in to a particular music +moment. + +For short interjections a simple markup suffices. + +@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2] +a4^\markup { \smallCaps { Alex - } \italic { He's gone } } a a a +a4 a a^\markup { \smallCaps { Bethan - } \italic Where? } a +a4 a a a +@end lilypond + +For longer phrases it may be necessary to expand the music to make +the words fit neatly. There is no provision in LilyPond to do this +fully automatically, and some manual intervention to layout the +page will be necessary. + +For long phrases or for passages with a lot of closely packed +dialogue, using a Lyrics context will give better results. The +Lyrics context should not be associated with a music Voice; instead +each section of dialogue should be given an explicit duration. If +there is a gap in the dialogue, the final word should be separated +from the rest and the duration split between them so that the +underlying music spaces out smoothly. + +If the dialogue extends for more than one line it will be necessary +to manually insert @code{\break}s and adjust the placing of the +dialogue to avoid running into the right margin. The final word of +the last measure on a line should also be separated out, as above. + +Here is an example illustrating how this might be done. + +@c This should be a snippet, but it can't be as it needs to be +@c manually adjusted to suit the imposed line length. -td + +@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right] +music = \relative c'' { + \repeat unfold 3 { a4 a a a } +} + +dialogue = \lyricmode { + \markup { + \fontsize #1 \upright \smallCaps Abe: + "Say this over measures one and" + }4*7 + "two"4 | + \break + "and this over measure"4*3 + "three"4 | +} + +\score { + << + \new Lyrics \with { + \override LyricText #'font-shape = #'italic + \override LyricText #'self-alignment-X = #LEFT + } + { \dialogue } + \new Staff { + \new Voice { \music } + } + >> +} +@end lilypond + +@c TODO show use of \column to produce dialogue on two lines + +@seealso +Notation Reference: +@ref{Manual syllable durations}, +@ref{Text}. + +Internal Reference: +@rinternals{LyricText}. @node Chants psalms and hymns @@ -1902,6 +2758,9 @@ is described in @ref{Ancient notation}. Notation reference: @ref{Ancient notation}. +Snippets: +@rlsr{Vocal music}. + @node Setting a chant @unnumberedsubsubsec Setting a chant @@ -1980,7 +2839,7 @@ Bar lines can also be removed on a staff-by-staff basis: To remove bar lines from just a section of music treat it as a cadenza. If the section is long you may need to insert dummy -barlines with @code{\bar ""} to show where the line should break. +bar lines with @code{\bar ""} to show where the line should break. @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2] a4 b c2 | @@ -2367,7 +3226,8 @@ commands at the end of each line. @node Ancient vocal music @subsection Ancient vocal music -Ancient vocal music is supported, as explained in @ref{Ancient notation}. +Ancient vocal music is supported, as explained in +@ref{Ancient notation}. @c TODO