X-Git-Url: https://git.donarmstrong.com/?a=blobdiff_plain;f=Documentation%2Fnotation%2Fpitches.itely;h=f253d35a0df28c057dc07fd5e81635a829fcdaa9;hb=2055f35c47a045a50a01ff4dba8524322cfc3b48;hp=fd9c04fdc2f285d378d2dbb50a38dbb7e406ef46;hpb=f818ffe1795cbd337a143cd133b7c6ded700e5f5;p=lilypond.git diff --git a/Documentation/notation/pitches.itely b/Documentation/notation/pitches.itely index fd9c04fdc2..f253d35a0d 100644 --- a/Documentation/notation/pitches.itely +++ b/Documentation/notation/pitches.itely @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Guide, node Updating translation committishes.. @end ignore -@c \version "2.13.36" +@c \version "2.14.0" @node Pitches @@ -38,7 +38,6 @@ mode. In most cases, relative mode will be more convenient. * Relative octave entry:: * Accidentals:: * Note names in other languages:: -* Non-Western note names and accidentals:: @end menu @@ -58,11 +57,13 @@ through@tie{}@code{g}. The note names @code{c} to @code{b} are engraved in the octave below middle C. @c don't use c' here. -@lilypond[verbatim,quote,fragment] -\clef bass -c d e f -g a b c -d e f g +@lilypond[verbatim,quote] +{ + \clef bass + c4 d e f + g4 a b c + d4 e f g +} @end lilypond @cindex octave changing mark @@ -75,13 +76,15 @@ or comma@tie{}(@code{,}) character. Each@tie{}@code{'} raises the pitch by one octave; each@tie{}@code{,} lowers the pitch by an octave. -@lilypond[verbatim,quote,fragment] -\clef treble -c' c'' e' g -d'' d' d c -\clef bass -c, c,, e, g -d,, d, d c +@lilypond[verbatim,quote] +{ + \clef treble + c'4 c'' e' g + d''4 d' d c + \clef bass + c,4 c,, e, g + d,,4 d, d c +} @end lilypond @@ -439,76 +442,79 @@ any standard. @cindex language, pitch names in other There are predefined sets of note and accidental names for various -other languages. To use them, include the language-specific init -file listed below. For example, to use English note names, add -@code{@w{@bs{}include "english.ly"}} to the input file. +other languages. Selecting the note name language is usually done +at the beginning of the file; the following example is written +using Italian note names: + +@lilypond[quote,verbatim] +\language "italiano" -@warning{Because some other include files (such as @code{@w{predefined-fretboards.ly}}) -use default (Nederlands) note names, the @code{@bs{}include} -command for the language file should be placed after all other -LilyPond distribution files.} +\relative do' { + do re mi sib +} +@end lilypond -The available language files and the note names they define are: +The available languages and the note names they define are: @quotation -@multitable {@file{nederlands.ly}} {do re mi fa sol la sib si} -@headitem Language File +@multitable {@code{nederlands}} {do re mi fa sol la sib si} +@headitem Language @tab Note Names -@item @file{nederlands.ly} +@item @code{nederlands} @tab c d e f g a bes b -@item @file{catalan.ly} +@item @code{catalan} @tab do re mi fa sol la sib si -@item @file{deutsch.ly} +@item @code{deutsch} @tab c d e f g a b h -@item @file{english.ly} +@item @code{english} @tab c d e f g a bf b -@item @file{espanol.ly} +@item @code{espanol} @tab do re mi fa sol la sib si -@item @file{italiano.ly} +@item @code{italiano} @tab do re mi fa sol la sib si -@item @file{norsk.ly} +@item @code{norsk} @tab c d e f g a b h -@item @file{portugues.ly} +@item @code{portugues} @tab do re mi fa sol la sib si -@item @file{suomi.ly} +@item @code{suomi} @tab c d e f g a b h -@item @file{svenska.ly} +@item @code{svenska} @tab c d e f g a b h -@item @file{vlaams.ly} +@item @code{vlaams} @tab do re mi fa sol la sib si @end multitable @end quotation -@noindent -and the accidental suffixes they define are: +In addition to note names, accidental suffixes may +also vary depending on the language: @quotation -@multitable {@file{nederlands.ly}} {-s/-sharp} {-ess/-es} {-ss/-x/-sharpsharp} {-essess/-eses} -@headitem Language File +@multitable {@code{nederlands}} {-s/-sharp} {-ess/-es} {-ss/-x/-sharpsharp} {-essess/-eses} +@headitem Language @tab sharp @tab flat @tab double sharp @tab double flat -@item @file{nederlands.ly} - @tab -d @tab -b @tab -dd @tab -bb -@item @file{catalan.ly} +@item @code{nederlands} + @tab -is @tab -es @tab -isis @tab -eses +@item @code{catalan} @tab -d/-s @tab -b @tab -dd/-ss @tab -bb -@item @file{deutsch.ly} +@item @code{deutsch} @tab -is @tab -es @tab -isis @tab -eses -@item @file{english.ly} +@item @code{english} @tab -s/-sharp @tab -f/-flat @tab -ss/-x/-sharpsharp @tab -ff/-flatflat -@item @file{espanol.ly} +@item @code{espanol} @tab -s @tab -b @tab -ss/-x @tab -bb -@item @file{italiano.ly} +@item @code{italiano} @tab -d @tab -b @tab -dd @tab -bb -@item @file{norsk.ly} +@item @code{norsk} @tab -iss/-is @tab -ess/-es @tab -ississ/-isis @tab -essess/-eses -@item @file{portugues.ly} +@item @code{portugues} @tab -s @tab -b @tab -ss @tab -bb -@item @file{suomi.ly} +@item @code{suomi} @tab -is @tab -es @tab -isis @tab -eses -@item @file{svenska.ly} +@item @code{svenska} @tab -iss @tab -ess @tab -ississ @tab -essess -@item @file{vlaams.ly} +@item @code{vlaams} @tab -k @tab -b @tab -kk @tab -bb @end multitable @end quotation @@ -532,132 +538,54 @@ a2 as e es a ases e eses @cindex sesqui-flat Some music uses microtones whose alterations are fractions of a -@q{normal} sharp or flat. The note names for quarter-tones -defined in the various language files are listed in the following -table. Here the prefixes @notation{semi-} and @notation{sesqui-} -mean @q{half} and @q{one and a half}, respectively. For the other -languages, no special names have been defined yet. +@q{normal} sharp or flat. The following table lists note names +for quarter-tone accidentals in various languages; here the prefixes +@notation{semi-} and @notation{sesqui-} respectively +mean @q{half} and @q{one and a half}. Languages that do not +appear in this table do not provide special note names yet. @quotation -@multitable {@file{nederlands.ly}} {@b{semi-sharp}} {@b{semi-flat}} {@b{sesqui-sharp}} {@b{sesqui-flat}} -@headitem Language File +@multitable {@code{nederlands}} {@b{semi-sharp}} {@b{semi-flat}} {@b{sesqui-sharp}} {@b{sesqui-flat}} +@headitem Language @tab semi-sharp @tab semi-flat @tab sesqui-sharp @tab sesqui-flat -@item @file{nederlands.ly} +@item @code{nederlands} @tab -ih @tab -eh @tab -isih @tab -eseh -@item @file{deutsch.ly} +@item @code{deutsch} @tab -ih @tab -eh @tab -isih @tab -eseh -@item @file{english.ly} +@item @code{english} @tab -qs @tab -qf @tab -tqs @tab -tqf -@item @file{espanol.ly} +@item @code{espanol} @tab -cs @tab -cb @tab -tcs @tab -tcb -@item @file{italiano.ly} +@item @code{italiano} @tab -sd @tab -sb @tab -dsd @tab -bsb -@item @file{portugues.ly} +@item @code{portugues} @tab -sqt @tab -bqt @tab -stqt @tab -btqt @end multitable @end quotation - -@cindex Arabic music - -Other languages and types of music may be supported by extending -these predefined sets of note names. For example, Arabic music -may be typeset using @code{@w{@bs{}include "arabic.ly"}} which -actually includes, in turn, the standard Italian note names as -defined in @file{italiano.ly}, and adds extra macros and definitions. -For details about non-Western music support, see -@ref{Non-Western note names and accidentals} and -@ref{World music}. +Most languages presented here are commonly associated with +Western classical music, also referred to as +@notation{Common Practice Period}. However, alternate +pitches and tuning systems are also supported: see +@ref{Common notation for non-Western music}. @seealso +Music Glossary: +@rglos{Pitch names}, +@rglos{Common Practice Period}. + Notation Reference: -@ref{Non-Western note names and accidentals}, -@ref{World music}. +@ref{Common notation for non-Western music}. -Music Glossary: -@rglos{Pitch names}. +Installed Files: +@file{scm/define-note-names.scm}. Snippets: @rlsr{Pitches}. -@node Non-Western note names and accidentals -@unnumberedsubsubsec Non-Western note names and accidentals - -Many non-Western musics (and some Western folk and -traditional musics) employ alternative or extended tuning -systems that do not fit readily into standard classical -notation. - -In some cases standard notation is still used, with the -pitch differences being implicit. For example, -@notation{Arabic music} is typically notated in -standard @q{Italian} notation, with standard semitone and quarter-tone -accidentals, with the precise pitch alterations being -determined by context. -Italian note names and Arabic-specific tweaks are explained in -@ref{Note names in other languages}; Arabic notation is discussed -more extensively in @ref{Arabic music}. - -Other types of music require extended or unique notations: -@notation{Turkish classical music}, or Ottoman music, -employs melodic forms known as @notation{makamlar}, whose -intervals are based on 1/9 divisions of the whole tone. -From a modern notational point of view, it is convenient -to use the standard Western staff notes (c, d, e, ...) -with special accidentals unique to Turkish music. These -accidentals are defined in @file{makam.ly} (to locate this -file on your system, see -@rlearning{Other sources of information}). The following -table gives their names, the accidental suffix that must -be added to notes, and their pitch alteration as a -fraction of one whole tone. - -@c TODO: can we include the actual accidentals in this table? -@quotation -@multitable {@b{büyük mücenneb (sharp)}} {@b{suffix}} {@b{pitch alteration}} -@headitem Accidental name - @tab suffix @tab pitch alteration - -@item büyük mücenneb (sharp) - @tab -bm @tab +8/9 -@item kücük mücenneb (sharp) - @tab -k @tab +5/9 -@item bakiye (sharp) - @tab -b @tab +4/9 -@item koma (sharp) - @tab -c @tab +1/9 - -@item koma (flat) - @tab -fc @tab -1/9 -@item bakiye (flat) - @tab -fb @tab -4/9 -@item kücük mücenneb (flat) - @tab -fk @tab -5/9 -@item büyük mücenneb (flat) - @tab -fbm @tab -8/9 -@end multitable -@end quotation - -For further information on Turkish classical music and -makamlar, see @ref{Turkish classical music}. - - -@snippets - -@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle] -{makam-example.ly} - -@seealso -Notation Reference: -@ref{Note names in other languages}, -@ref{World music}, -@ref{Arabic music}, -@ref{Turkish classical music}. - - @node Changing multiple pitches @subsection Changing multiple pitches @@ -666,6 +594,9 @@ This section discusses how to modify pitches. @menu * Octave checks:: * Transpose:: +* Inversion:: +* Retrograde:: +* Modal transformations:: @end menu @node Octave checks @@ -859,8 +790,11 @@ see @ref{Instrument transpositions}. @seealso Notation Reference: +@ref{Instrument transpositions}, +@ref{Inversion}, +@ref{Modal transformations}, @ref{Relative octave entry}, -@ref{Instrument transpositions}. +@ref{Retrograde}. Snippets: @rlsr{Pitches}. @@ -883,6 +817,213 @@ The relative conversion will not affect @code{\transpose}, To use relative mode within transposed music, an additional @code{\relative} must be placed inside @code{\transpose}. +@node Inversion +@unnumberedsubsubsec Inversion + +@cindex inversion +@cindex operation, inversion +@funindex \inversion + +A music expression can be inverted with: + +@example +\inversion @var{from-pitch} @var{to-pitch} @var{musicexpr} +@end example + +The @code{@var{musicexpr}} is inverted interval-by-interval, +and then transposed so that @code{@var{from-pitch}} is mapped +to @code{@var{to-pitch}}. + +@lilypond[verbatim,quote] +music = \relative c' { c d e f } +\new Staff { + \music + \inversion d' d' \music + \inversion d' ees' \music +} +@end lilypond + +@seealso +Notation Reference: +@ref{Modal transformations}, +@ref{Retrograde}, +@ref{Transpose}. + + +@node Retrograde +@unnumberedsubsubsec Retrograde + +@cindex retrograde transformation +@cindex transformation, retrograde +@cindex operation, retrograde +@funindex \retrograde +@funindex retrograde + +A music expression can be reversed to produce its retrograde: + +@lilypond[verbatim,quote] +music = \relative c' { c8. ees16( fis8. a16 b8.) gis16 f8. d16 } + +\new Staff { + \music + \retrograde \music +} +@end lilypond + +@knownissues +Manual ties inside @code{\retrograde} will be broken and +generate warnings. Some ties can be generated automatically +by enabling @ref{Automatic note splitting}. + +@seealso +Notation Reference: +@ref{Inversion}, +@ref{Modal transformations}, +@ref{Transpose}. + + +@node Modal transformations +@unnumberedsubsubsec Modal transformations + +@cindex modal transformations +@cindex transformations, modal +@cindex operations, modal + +In a musical composition that is based on a scale, a motif is +frequently transformed in various ways. It may be +@notation{transposed} to start at different places in the scale or +it may be @notation{inverted} around a pivot point in the scale. +It may also be reversed to produce its @notation{retrograde}, see +@ref{Retrograde}. + +@warning{Any note that does not lie within the given scale will be +left untransformed.} + +@subsubheading Modal transposition + +@cindex modal transposition +@cindex transposition, modal +@cindex operation, transposition +@funindex \modalTranspose +@funindex modalTranspose + +A motif can be transposed within a given scale with: + +@example +\modalTranspose @var{from-pitch} @var{to-pitch} @var{scale} @var{motif} +@end example + +The notes of @var{motif} are shifted within the @var{scale} by the +number of scale degrees given by the interval between @var{to-pitch} +and @var{from-pitch}: + +@lilypond[verbatim,quote] +diatonicScale = \relative c' { c d e f g a b } +motif = \relative c' { c8 d e f g a b c } + +\new Staff { + \motif + \modalTranspose c f \diatonicScale \motif + \modalTranspose c b, \diatonicScale \motif +} +@end lilypond + +An ascending scale of any length and with any intervals may be +specified: + +@lilypond[verbatim,quote] +pentatonicScale = \relative c' { ges aes bes des ees } +motif = \relative c' { ees8 des ges,4 } + +\new Staff { + \motif + \modalTranspose ges ees' \pentatonicScale \motif +} +@end lilypond + +When used with a chromatic scale @code{\modalTranspose} has a +similar effect to @code{\transpose}, but with the ability to +specify the names of the notes to be used: + +@lilypond[verbatim,quote] +chromaticScale = \relative c' { c cis d dis e f fis g gis a ais b } +motif = \relative c' { c8 d e f g a b c } + +\new Staff { + \motif + \transpose c f \motif + \modalTranspose c f \chromaticScale \motif +} +@end lilypond + +@subsubheading Modal inversion + +@cindex modal inversion +@cindex inversion, modal +@cindex operation, modal inversion +@funindex \modalInversion +@funindex modalInversion + +A motif can be inverted within a given scale around a given pivot +note and transposed in a single operation with: + +@example +\modalInversion @var{around-pitch} @var{to-pitch} @var{scale} @var{motif} +@end example + +The notes of @var{motif} are placed the same number of scale degrees +from the @var{around-pitch} note within the @var{scale}, but in the +opposite direction, and the result is then shifted within the +@var{scale} by the number of scale degrees given by the interval between +@var{to-pitch} and @var{around-pitch}. + +So to simply invert around a note in the scale use the same value for +@var{around-pitch} and @var{to-pitch}: + +@lilypond[verbatim,quote] +octatonicScale = \relative c' { ees f fis gis a b c d } +motif = \relative c' { c8. ees16 fis8. a16 b8. gis16 f8. d16 } + +\new Staff { + \motif + \modalInversion fis' fis' \octatonicScale \motif +} +@end lilypond + +To invert around a pivot between two notes in the scale, invert around +one of the notes and then transpose by one scale degree. The two notes +specified can be interpreted as bracketing the pivot point: + +@lilypond[verbatim,quote] +scale = \relative c' { c g' } +motive = \relative c' { c c g' c, } + +\new Staff { + \motive + \modalInversion c' g' \scale \motive +} +@end lilypond + +The combined operation of inversion and retrograde produce the +retrograde-inversion: + +@lilypond[verbatim,quote] +octatonicScale = \relative c' { ees f fis gis a b c d } +motif = \relative c' { c8. ees16 fis8. a16 b8. gis16 f8. d16 } + +\new Staff { + \motif + \retrograde \modalInversion c' c' \octatonicScale \motif +} +@end lilypond + +@seealso +Notation Reference: +@ref{Inversion}, +@ref{Retrograde}, +@ref{Transpose}. + + @node Displaying pitches @subsection Displaying pitches @@ -1326,7 +1467,7 @@ each style, we use the following example: musicA = { << \relative c' { - cis'8 fis, d'4 8 f bis4 | + cis'8 fis, bes4 8 f bis4 | cis2. 4 | } \\ @@ -1409,7 +1550,7 @@ last@tie{}@code{c}: musicA = { << \relative c' { - cis'8 fis, d'4 8 f bis4 | + cis'8 fis, bes4 8 f bis4 | cis2. 4 | } \\ @@ -1482,7 +1623,7 @@ individual musicians. If the staff is to be used by one musician musicA = { << \relative c' { - cis'8 fis, d'4 8 f bis4 | + cis'8 fis, bes4 8 f bis4 | cis2. 4 | } \\ @@ -1533,7 +1674,10 @@ musicB = { @funindex modern This rule corresponds to the common practice in the twentieth -century. It prints the same accidentals as @code{default}, with +century. It omits some extra natural signs, which were +traditionally prefixed to accidentals that reduce or reverse +the direction of a previous alteration. The @code{modern} rule +prints the same accidentals as @code{default}, with two exceptions that serve to avoid ambiguity: after temporary accidentals, cancellation marks are printed also in the following measure (for notes in the same octave) and, in the same measure, @@ -1545,7 +1689,7 @@ the upper staff: musicA = { << \relative c' { - cis'8 fis, d'4 8 f bis4 | + cis'8 fis, bes4 8 f bis4 | cis2. 4 | } \\ @@ -1609,7 +1753,7 @@ defining the @code{cautionary-style} property of musicA = { << \relative c' { - cis'8 fis, d'4 8 f bis4 | + cis'8 fis, bes4 8 f bis4 | cis2. 4 | } \\ @@ -1676,7 +1820,7 @@ accidental in a different voice in the previous measure: musicA = { << \relative c' { - cis'8 fis, d'4 8 f bis4 | + cis'8 fis, bes4 8 f bis4 | cis2. 4 | } \\ @@ -1737,7 +1881,7 @@ typeset as cautionaries. musicA = { << \relative c' { - cis'8 fis, d'4 8 f bis4 | + cis'8 fis, bes4 8 f bis4 | cis2. 4 | } \\ @@ -1802,7 +1946,7 @@ This accidental style applies to the current @code{GrandStaff} or musicA = { << \relative c' { - cis'8 fis, d'4 8 f bis4 | + cis'8 fis, bes4 8 f bis4 | cis2. 4 | } \\ @@ -1862,7 +2006,7 @@ typeset as cautionaries. musicA = { << \relative c' { - cis'8 fis, d'4 8 f bis4 | + cis'8 fis, bes4 8 f bis4 | cis2. 4 | } \\ @@ -1921,7 +2065,7 @@ if the note is immediately repeated. musicA = { << \relative c' { - cis'8 fis, d'4 8 f bis4 | + cis'8 fis, bes4 8 f bis4 | cis2. 4 | } \\ @@ -1978,7 +2122,7 @@ accidentals are printed as cautionary accidentals. musicA = { << \relative c' { - cis'8 fis, d'4 8 f bis4 | + cis'8 fis, bes4 8 f bis4 | cis2. 4 | } \\ @@ -2038,7 +2182,7 @@ but they are canceled across voices in the same @code{Staff}. musicA = { << \relative c' { - cis'8 fis, d'4 8 f bis4 | + cis'8 fis, bes4 8 f bis4 | cis2. 4 | } \\ @@ -2095,7 +2239,7 @@ accidentals are printed as cautionary accidentals. musicA = { << \relative c' { - cis'8 fis, d'4 8 f bis4 | + cis'8 fis, bes4 8 f bis4 | cis2. 4 | } \\ @@ -2155,7 +2299,7 @@ including natural signs. musicA = { << \relative c' { - cis'8 fis, d'4 8 f bis4 | + cis'8 fis, bes4 8 f bis4 | cis2. 4 | } \\ @@ -2207,7 +2351,7 @@ musicB = { @funindex teaching This rule is intended for students, and makes it easy to create -scale sheets with automagically created cautionary accidentals. +scale sheets with automatically created cautionary accidentals. Accidentals are printed like with @code{modern}, but cautionary accidentals are added for all sharp or flat tones specified by the key signature, except if the note is immediately repeated. @@ -2216,7 +2360,7 @@ key signature, except if the note is immediately repeated. musicA = { << \relative c' { - cis'8 fis, d'4 8 f bis4 | + cis'8 fis, bes4 8 f bis4 | cis2. 4 | } \\ @@ -2277,7 +2421,7 @@ This is the same as @code{default} but with accidentals lasting musicA = { << \relative c' { - cis'8 fis, d'4 8 f bis4 | + cis'8 fis, bes4 8 f bis4 | cis2. 4 | } \\ @@ -2330,14 +2474,13 @@ musicB = { This is the opposite of @code{no-reset}: Accidentals are not remembered at all -- and hence all accidentals are typeset relative to the key signature, regardless of what came before in -the music. Unlike @code{dodecaphonic}, this rule never prints -any naturals. +the music. @lilypond[quote] musicA = { << \relative c' { - cis'8 fis, d'4 8 f bis4 | + cis'8 fis, bes4 8 f bis4 | cis2. 4 | } \\ @@ -2381,12 +2524,6 @@ musicB = { @end lilypond @end table -@snippets - -@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle] -{dodecaphonic-style-accidentals-for-each-note-including-naturals.ly} - - @seealso Snippets: @rlsr{Pitches}. @@ -2409,15 +2546,11 @@ Internals Reference: @knownissues -Simultaneous notes are considered to be entered in sequential -mode. This means that in a chord the accidentals are typeset as -if the notes in the chord happen one at a time, in the order in -which they appear in the input file. This is a problem when -accidentals in a chord depend on each other, which does not happen -for the default accidental style. The problem can be solved by -manually inserting@tie{}@code{!} and@tie{}@code{?} for the -problematic notes. - +Simultaneous notes are not considered in the automatic +determination of accidentals; only previous notes and the key +signature are considered. Forcing accidentals with@tie{}@code{!} +or@tie{}@code{?} may be required when the same note name occurs +simultaneously with different alterations, as in @samp{}. Cautionary cancellation of accidentals is done by looking at previous measure. However, in the @code{\alternative} block following a @code{\repeat volta N} @@ -2867,5 +3000,3 @@ Internals Reference: @rinternals{Pitch_squash_engraver}, @rinternals{Voice}, @rinternals{RhythmicStaff}. - -