X-Git-Url: https://git.donarmstrong.com/?a=blobdiff_plain;f=Documentation%2Fnotation%2Fpitches.itely;h=e91d5a8f3d3f99ef438cc1fab98381dc1aeffba5;hb=d8b02eb476e895b98fd59f1c5d975221806181b1;hp=ddeb8b27af8e8b99766bafef438d05ba6ca0dc64;hpb=92782fde87fb68e945b9eb60cacab6c01d0397df;p=lilypond.git diff --git a/Documentation/notation/pitches.itely b/Documentation/notation/pitches.itely index ddeb8b27af..e91d5a8f3d 100644 --- a/Documentation/notation/pitches.itely +++ b/Documentation/notation/pitches.itely @@ -3,7 +3,8 @@ Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the - version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details. + version that you are working on. For details, see the Contributors' + Guide, node Updating translation committishes.. @end ignore @c \version "2.12.0" @@ -37,6 +38,7 @@ mode. In most cases, relative mode will be more convenient. * Relative octave entry:: * Accidentals:: * Note names in other languages:: +* Non-Western note names and accidentals:: @end menu @@ -388,9 +390,6 @@ cis @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle] {preventing-extra-naturals-from-being-automatically-added.ly} -@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle] -{makam-example.ly} - @seealso Music Glossary: @@ -573,6 +572,70 @@ Snippets: @rlsr{Pitches}. +@node Non-Western note names and accidentals +@unnumberedsubsubsec Non-Western note names and accidentals + +Many non-Western musics (and some Western folk and +traditional musics) employ alternative or extended tuning +systems that do not fit readily into standard classical +notation. + +In some cases standard notation is still used, with the +pitch differences being implicit. For example, Arabic +music is notated with standard semitone and quarter-tone +accidentals, with the precise pitch alterations being +determined by context. Others require extended or unique +notations. + +@notation{Turkish classical music}, or Ottoman music, +employs melodic forms known as @notation{makamlar}, whose +intervals are based on 1/9 divisions of the whole tone. +From a modern notational point of view, it is convenient +to use the standard Western staff notes (c, d, e, ...) +with special accidentals unique to Turkish music. These +accidentals are defined in @file{makam.ly} (to locate this +file on your system, see +@rlearning{Other sources of information}). The following +table gives their names, the accidental suffix that must +be added to notes, and their pitch alteration as a +fraction of one whole tone. + +@c TODO: can we include the actual accidentals in this table? +@quotation +@multitable {@b{büyük mücenneb (sharp)}} {@b{suffix}} {@b{pitch alteration}} +@headitem Accidental name + @tab suffix @tab pitch alteration + +@item büyük mücenneb (sharp) + @tab -bm @tab +8/9 +@item kücük mücenneb (sharp) + @tab -k @tab +5/9 +@item bakiye (sharp) + @tab -b @tab +4/9 +@item koma (sharp) + @tab -c @tab +1/9 + +@item koma (flat) + @tab -fc @tab -1/9 +@item bakiye (flat) + @tab -fb @tab -4/9 +@item kücük mücenneb (flat) + @tab -fk @tab -5/9 +@item büyük mücenneb (flat) + @tab -fbm @tab -8/9 +@end multitable +@end quotation + +For further information on Turkish classical music and +makamlar, see @ref{Turkish classical music}. + + +@snippets + +@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle] +{makam-example.ly} + + @node Changing multiple pitches @subsection Changing multiple pitches @@ -829,6 +892,9 @@ This section discusses how to alter the output of pitches. @cindex baritone clef @cindex varbaritone clef @cindex subbass clef +@cindex tab clef +@cindex moderntab clef +@cindex percussion clef @cindex clef @cindex ancient clef @cindex clef, ancient @@ -845,12 +911,14 @@ This section discusses how to alter the output of pitches. @cindex clef, mezzosoprano @cindex clef, baritone @cindex clef, varbaritone -@cindex subbass clef, subbass +@cindex clef, subbass + @funindex \clef @funindex clef -The clef may be altered. Middle C is shown in every example. +The clef may be altered. Middle C is shown in every example. The +following clef names can (but do not need to) be enclosed in quotes. @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1] \clef treble @@ -888,19 +956,15 @@ c2 c \break -\clef G +\clef G % synonym for treble c2 c -\clef F +\clef F % synonym for bass c2 c -\clef C +\clef C % synonym for tenor c2 c - @end lilypond -Further supported clefs are described under @ref{Mensural clefs} -and @ref{Gregorian clefs}. - -@cindex transposing clefs +@cindex transposing clef @cindex clef, transposing @cindex octave transposition @cindex choral tenor clef @@ -909,18 +973,25 @@ and @ref{Gregorian clefs}. By adding@tie{}@code{_8} or@tie{}@code{^8} to the clef name, the clef is transposed one octave down or up, respectively, and@tie{}@code{_15} and@tie{}@code{^15} transpose by two octaves. -The clef name must be enclosed in quotes when it contains -underscores or digits. +Clef names containing non-alphabetic characters must be enclosed +in quotes. -@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2] +@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1] \clef treble c2 c \clef "treble_8" c2 c +\clef "G_8" +c2 c \clef "bass^15" c2 c +\clef "F^15" +c2 c @end lilypond +Further supported clefs are described under +@ref{Mensural clefs}, @ref{Gregorian clefs}, +and @ref{Custom tablatures}. @snippets @@ -931,7 +1002,8 @@ c2 c @seealso Notation Reference: @ref{Mensural clefs}, -@ref{Gregorian clefs}. +@ref{Gregorian clefs}, +@ref{Custom tablatures}. Snippets: @rlsr{Pitches}. @@ -1246,13 +1318,14 @@ musicB = { \clef bass \new Voice { \voiceTwo \relative c' { - 4 + 8 \change Staff = up - cis' + cis' cis \change Staff = down - + + \showStaffSwitch \change Staff = up - dis' | + dis'4 | \change Staff = down 4 gis 2 | } @@ -1328,13 +1401,14 @@ musicB = { \clef bass \new Voice { \voiceTwo \relative c' { - 4 + 8 \change Staff = up - cis' + cis' cis \change Staff = down - + + \showStaffSwitch \change Staff = up - dis' | + dis'4 | \change Staff = down 4 gis 2 | } @@ -1400,13 +1474,14 @@ musicB = { \clef bass \new Voice { \voiceTwo \relative c' { - 4 + 8 \change Staff = up - cis' + cis' cis \change Staff = down - + + \showStaffSwitch \change Staff = up - dis' | + dis'4 | \change Staff = down 4 gis 2 | } @@ -1462,13 +1537,14 @@ musicB = { \clef bass \new Voice { \voiceTwo \relative c' { - 4 + 8 \change Staff = up - cis' + cis' cis \change Staff = down - + + \showStaffSwitch \change Staff = up - dis' | + dis'4 | \change Staff = down 4 gis 2 | } @@ -1525,13 +1601,14 @@ musicB = { \clef bass \new Voice { \voiceTwo \relative c' { - 4 + 8 \change Staff = up - cis' + cis' cis \change Staff = down - + + \showStaffSwitch \change Staff = up - dis' | + dis'4 | \change Staff = down 4 gis 2 | } @@ -1591,13 +1668,14 @@ musicB = { \clef bass \new Voice { \voiceTwo \relative c' { - 4 + 8 \change Staff = up - cis' + cis' cis \change Staff = down - + + \showStaffSwitch \change Staff = up - dis' | + dis'4 | \change Staff = down 4 gis 2 | } @@ -1651,13 +1729,14 @@ musicB = { \clef bass \new Voice { \voiceTwo \relative c' { - 4 + 8 \change Staff = up - cis' + cis' cis \change Staff = down - + + \showStaffSwitch \change Staff = up - dis' | + dis'4 | \change Staff = down 4 gis 2 | } @@ -1715,13 +1794,14 @@ musicB = { \clef bass \new Voice { \voiceTwo \relative c' { - 4 + 8 \change Staff = up - cis' + cis' cis \change Staff = down - + + \showStaffSwitch \change Staff = up - dis' | + dis'4 | \change Staff = down 4 gis 2 | } @@ -1774,13 +1854,14 @@ musicB = { \clef bass \new Voice { \voiceTwo \relative c' { - 4 + 8 \change Staff = up - cis' + cis' cis \change Staff = down - + + \showStaffSwitch \change Staff = up - dis' | + dis'4 | \change Staff = down 4 gis 2 | } @@ -1832,13 +1913,14 @@ musicB = { \clef bass \new Voice { \voiceTwo \relative c' { - 4 + 8 \change Staff = up - cis' + cis' cis \change Staff = down - + + \showStaffSwitch \change Staff = up - dis' | + dis'4 | \change Staff = down 4 gis 2 | } @@ -1888,13 +1970,14 @@ musicB = { \clef bass \new Voice { \voiceTwo \relative c' { - 4 + 8 \change Staff = up - cis' + cis' cis \change Staff = down - + + \showStaffSwitch \change Staff = up - dis' | + dis'4 | \change Staff = down 4 gis 2 | } @@ -1916,6 +1999,122 @@ musicB = { @end lilypond +@item neo-modern-voice + +@cindex neo-modern-voice accidental style +@cindex accidental style, neo-modern-voice + +@funindex neo-modern-voice + +This rule is used for multivoice accidentals to be read both by +musicians playing one voice and musicians playing all voices. +Accidentals are typeset for each voice as with @code{neo-modern}, +but they are canceled across voices in the same @code{Staff}. + +@lilypond[quote] +musicA = { + << + \relative c' { + cis'8 fis, d'4 8 f bis4 | + cis2. 4 | + } + \\ + \relative c' { + ais'2 cis, | + fis8 b a4 cis2 | + } + >> +} + +musicB = { + \clef bass + \new Voice { + \voiceTwo \relative c' { + 8 + \change Staff = up + cis' cis + \change Staff = down + + \showStaffSwitch + \change Staff = up + dis'4 | + \change Staff = down + 4 gis 2 | + } + } +} + +\new PianoStaff { + << + \context Staff = "up" { + #(set-accidental-style 'neo-modern-voice) + \musicA + } + \context Staff = "down" { + #(set-accidental-style 'neo-modern-voice) + \musicB + } + >> +} +@end lilypond + +@item neo-modern-voice-cautionary + +@cindex neo-modern-voice-cautionary accidental style +@cindex accidental style, neo-modern-voice-cautionary + +@funindex neo-modern-voice-cautionary + +This rule is similar to @code{neo-modern-voice}, but the extra +accidentals are printed as cautionary accidentals. + +@lilypond[quote] +musicA = { + << + \relative c' { + cis'8 fis, d'4 8 f bis4 | + cis2. 4 | + } + \\ + \relative c' { + ais'2 cis, | + fis8 b a4 cis2 | + } + >> +} + +musicB = { + \clef bass + \new Voice { + \voiceTwo \relative c' { + 8 + \change Staff = up + cis' cis + \change Staff = down + + \showStaffSwitch + \change Staff = up + dis'4 | + \change Staff = down + 4 gis 2 | + } + } +} + +\new PianoStaff { + << + \context Staff = "up" { + #(set-accidental-style 'neo-modern-voice-cautionary) + \musicA + } + \context Staff = "down" { + #(set-accidental-style 'neo-modern-voice-cautionary) + \musicB + } + >> +} +@end lilypond + @item dodecaphonic @cindex dodecaphonic accidental style @@ -1948,13 +2147,14 @@ musicB = { \clef bass \new Voice { \voiceTwo \relative c' { - 4 + 8 \change Staff = up - cis' + cis' cis \change Staff = down - + + \showStaffSwitch \change Staff = up - dis' | + dis'4 | \change Staff = down 4 gis 2 | } @@ -2008,13 +2208,14 @@ musicB = { \clef bass \new Voice { \voiceTwo \relative c' { - 4 + 8 \change Staff = up - cis' + cis' cis \change Staff = down - + + \showStaffSwitch \change Staff = up - dis' | + dis'4 | \change Staff = down 4 gis 2 | } @@ -2068,13 +2269,14 @@ musicB = { \clef bass \new Voice { \voiceTwo \relative c' { - 4 + 8 \change Staff = up - cis' + cis' cis \change Staff = down - + + \showStaffSwitch \change Staff = up - dis' | + dis'4 | \change Staff = down 4 gis 2 | } @@ -2127,13 +2329,14 @@ musicB = { \clef bass \new Voice { \voiceTwo \relative c' { - 4 + 8 \change Staff = up - cis' + cis' cis \change Staff = down - + + \showStaffSwitch \change Staff = up - dis' | + dis'4 | \change Staff = down 4 gis 2 | } @@ -2193,6 +2396,49 @@ manually inserting@tie{}@code{!} and@tie{}@code{?} for the problematic notes. +Cautionary cancellation of accidentals is done by looking at previous measure. +However, in the @code{\alternative} block following a @code{\repeat volta N} +section, one would expect the cancellation being calculated using the previous +@emph{played} measure, not previous @emph{printed} measure. +In the following example, the natural @code{c} in the second alternative does +not need a natural sign: + +@lilypond[quote] +{ + #(set-accidental-style 'modern) + \time 2/4 + \repeat volta 2 { + c'2 + } + \alternative { + cis' + c' + } +} +@end lilypond + +The following work-around can be used: define a function that locally changes +the accidental style to @code{forget}: + +@lilypond[verbatim,quote] +forget = #(define-music-function (parser location music) (ly:music?) #{ + #(set-accidental-style 'forget) + $music + #(set-accidental-style 'modern) +#}) +{ + #(set-accidental-style 'modern) + \time 2/4 + \repeat volta 2 { + c'2 + } + \alternative { + cis' + \forget c' + } +} +@end lilypond + @node Ambitus @unnumberedsubsubsec Ambitus @@ -2291,25 +2537,58 @@ This section suggests ways of altering note heads. @funindex cross -Note heads may be altered: +The appearance of note heads may be altered: @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2] -c4 b a b +c4 b \override NoteHead #'style = #'cross -c4 b a b +c4 b +\revert NoteHead #'style +a b +\override NoteHead #'style = #'harmonic +a b \revert NoteHead #'style c4 d e f @end lilypond -There is a shorthand for diamond shapes which can only be used -inside chords: +To see all note head styles, see @ref{Note head styles}. + +The @code{cross} style is used to represent a variety of musical +intentions. The following generic predefined commands modify the +note head in both staff and tablature contexts and can be used to +represent any musical meaning: @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2] -2 4 +c4 b +\xNotesOn + a b c4 b +\xNotesOff +c4 d @end lilypond -To see all note head styles, see @ref{Note head styles}. +The music function form of this predefined command may be used +inside and outside chords to generate crossed note heads in both +staff and tablature contexts: + +@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2] +c4 b +\xNote { e f } +c b < g \xNote c f > b +@end lilypond + +There is also a shorthand for diamond shapes which can be used +only inside chords: + +@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2] +2 4 +@end lilypond +@predefined +@code{\harmonic}, +@code{\xNotesOn}, +@code{\xNotesOff}, +@code{\xNote}. +@endpredefined @seealso Snippets: @@ -2370,6 +2649,12 @@ font, see @ref{Setting the staff size}. @endpredefined +@snippets + +@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle] +{numbers-as-easy-note-heads.ly} + + @seealso Notation Reference: @ref{Setting the staff size}.