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+@c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
+@ignore
+    Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
+
+    When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
+    version that you are working on.  For details, see the Contributors'
+    Guide, node Updating translation committishes..
+@end ignore
+
+@c \version "2.14.0"
+
+@node Expressive marks
+@section Expressive marks
+
+@lilypondfile[quote]{expressive-headword.ly}
+
+This section lists various expressive marks that can be
+created in a score.
+
+@menu
+* Expressive marks attached to notes::
+* Expressive marks as curves::
+* Expressive marks as lines::
+@end menu
+
+
+@node Expressive marks attached to notes
+@subsection Expressive marks attached to notes
+
+This section explains how to create expressive marks that are
+attached to notes: articulations, ornamentations, and dynamics.
+Methods to create new dynamic markings are also discussed.
+
+@menu
+* Articulations and ornamentations::
+* Dynamics::
+* New dynamic marks::
+@end menu
+
+@node Articulations and ornamentations
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Articulations and ornamentations
+
+@cindex articulations
+@cindex ornamentation
+@cindex scripts
+@cindex ornaments
+@cindex espressivo
+@cindex fermata
+@cindex upbow
+@cindex downbow
+@cindex foot marks
+@cindex organ pedal marks
+@cindex pedal marks, organ
+@cindex turn
+@cindex open
+@cindex stopped
+@cindex flageolet
+@cindex reverseturn
+@cindex trill
+@cindex prall
+@cindex mordent
+@cindex prallprall
+@cindex prallmordent
+@cindex prall, up
+@cindex prall, down
+@cindex mordent, up
+@cindex mordent, down
+@cindex thumb marking
+@cindex segno
+@cindex coda
+@cindex varcoda
+
+@funindex \accent
+@funindex \marcato
+@funindex \staccatissimo
+@funindex \espressivo
+@funindex \staccato
+@funindex \tenuto
+@funindex \portato
+@funindex \upbow
+@funindex \downbow
+@funindex \flageolet
+@funindex \thumb
+@funindex \lheel
+@funindex \rheel
+@funindex \ltoe
+@funindex \rtoe
+@funindex \open
+@funindex \halfopen
+@funindex \stopped
+@funindex \snappizzicato
+@funindex \turn
+@funindex \reverseturn
+@funindex \trill
+@funindex \prall
+@funindex \mordent
+@funindex \prallprall
+@funindex \prallmordent
+@funindex \upprall
+@funindex \downprall
+@funindex \upmordent
+@funindex \downmordent
+@funindex \pralldown
+@funindex \prallup
+@funindex \lineprall
+@funindex \signumcongruentiae
+@funindex \shortfermata
+@funindex \fermata
+@funindex \longfermata
+@funindex \verylongfermata
+@funindex \fermataMarkup
+@funindex \segno
+@funindex \coda
+@funindex \varcoda
+
+
+@funindex -
+
+A variety of symbols that denote articulations, ornamentations,
+and other performance indications can be attached to a note using
+this syntax:
+
+@example
+@var{note}\@var{name}
+@end example
+
+The possible values for @code{@var{name}} are listed in
+@ref{List of articulations}.  For example:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+c4\staccato c\mordent b2\turn
+c1\fermata
+@end lilypond
+
+@cindex marcato
+@cindex tenuto
+@cindex staccatissimo
+@cindex accent
+@cindex staccato
+@cindex portato
+
+Some of these articulations have shorthands for easier entry.
+Shorthands are appended to the note name, and their syntax
+consists of a dash @code{-} followed by a symbol signifying the
+articulation.  Predefined shorthands exist for @notation{marcato},
+@notation{stopped}, @notation{tenuto}, @notation{staccatissimo},
+@notation{accent}, @notation{staccato}, and @notation{portato}.
+Their corresponding output appears as follows:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+c4-^ c-+ c-- c-|
+c4-> c-. c2-_
+@end lilypond
+
+The rules for the default placement of articulations are defined
+in @file{scm/script.scm}.  Articulations and ornamentations
+may be manually placed above or below the staff; see
+@ref{Direction and placement}.
+
+Articulations are @code{Script} objects.  Their properties are
+described more fully in @rinternals{Script}.
+
+Articulations can be attached to rests as well as notes but they
+cannot be attached to multi-measure rests.  A special predefined
+command, @code{\fermataMarkup}, is available for attaching a fermata
+to a multi-measure rest (and only a multi-measure rest).  This
+creates a @code{MultiMeasureRestText} object.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\override Script #'color = #red
+\override MultiMeasureRestText #'color = #blue
+a2\fermata r\fermata
+R1\fermataMarkup
+@end lilypond
+
+In addition to articulations, text and markups can be attached to
+notes.  See @ref{Text scripts}.
+
+For more information about the ordering of Scripts and TextScripts that
+are attached to the notes, see @rlearning{Placement of objects}.
+
+@snippets
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{modifying-default-values-for-articulation-shorthand-notation.ly}
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{controlling-the-vertical-ordering-of-scripts.ly}
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{creating-a-delayed-turn.ly}
+
+@seealso
+Music Glossary:
+@rglos{tenuto},
+@rglos{accent},
+@rglos{staccato},
+@rglos{portato}.
+
+Learning Manual:
+@rlearning{Placement of objects}.
+
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Text scripts},
+@ref{Direction and placement},
+@ref{List of articulations},
+@ref{Trills}.
+
+Installed Files:
+@file{scm/script.scm}.
+
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Expressive marks}.
+
+Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{Script},
+@rinternals{TextScript}.
+
+
+@node Dynamics
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Dynamics
+
+@cindex absolute dynamics
+@cindex dynamics
+@cindex dynamics, absolute
+
+@funindex \ppppp
+@funindex ppppp
+@funindex \pppp
+@funindex pppp
+@funindex \ppp
+@funindex ppp
+@funindex \pp
+@funindex pp
+@funindex \p
+@funindex p
+@funindex \mp
+@funindex mp
+@funindex \mf
+@funindex mf
+@funindex \f
+@funindex f
+@funindex \ff
+@funindex ff
+@funindex \fff
+@funindex fff
+@funindex \ffff
+@funindex ffff
+@funindex \fffff
+@funindex fffff
+@funindex \fp
+@funindex fp
+@funindex \sf
+@funindex sf
+@funindex \sff
+@funindex sff
+@funindex \sp
+@funindex sp
+@funindex \spp
+@funindex spp
+@funindex \sfz
+@funindex sfz
+@funindex \rfz
+@funindex rfz
+
+Absolute dynamic marks are specified using a command after a note,
+such as @code{c4\ff}.  The available dynamic marks are
+@code{\ppppp}, @code{\pppp}, @code{\ppp}, @code{\pp}, @code{\p},
+@code{\mp}, @code{\mf}, @code{\f}, @code{\ff}, @code{\fff},
+@code{\ffff}, @code{\fffff}, @code{\fp}, @code{\sf}, @code{\sff},
+@code{\sp}, @code{\spp}, @code{\sfz}, and @code{\rfz}.  Dynamic
+marks may be manually placed above or below the staff; see
+@ref{Direction and placement}.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+c2\ppp c\mp
+c2\rfz c^\mf
+c2_\spp c^\ff
+@end lilypond
+
+@cindex hairpin
+@cindex crescendo
+@cindex decrescendo
+@cindex diminuendo
+
+@funindex \<
+@funindex \>
+@funindex \!
+@funindex \cr
+@funindex cr
+@funindex \decr
+@funindex decr
+
+A @notation{crescendo} mark is started with @code{\<} and
+terminated with @code{\!}, an absolute dynamic, or an additional
+crescendo or decrescendo mark.  A @notation{decrescendo} mark is
+started with @code{\>} and is also terminated with @code{\!}, an
+absolute dynamic, or another crescendo or decrescendo mark.
+@code{\cr} and @code{\decr} may be used instead of @code{\<} and
+@code{\>}.  @notation{Hairpins} are engraved by default using this
+notation.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+c2\< c\!
+d2\< d\f
+e2\< e\>
+f2\> f\!
+e2\> e\mp
+d2\> d\>
+c1\!
+@end lilypond
+
+A hairpin that is terminated with @code{\!} will end at the
+right edge of the note that has the @code{\!} assigned to it.  In the
+case where it is terminated with the start of another @notation{crescendo}
+or @notation{decrescendo} mark, it will end at the centre of the note
+that has the next @code{\<} or @code{\>} assigned to it.  The next
+hairpin will then start at the right edge of the same note
+instead of the usual left edge had it been terminated with @code{\!}
+before.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+c1\< | c4 a c\< a | c4 a c\! a\< | c4 a c a\!
+@end lilypond
+
+Hairpins that are terminated with absolute dynamic marks instead of
+@code{\!} will also be engraved in a similar way.  However, the length
+of the absolute dynamic itself can alter where the preceding hairpin
+ends.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+c1\< | c4 a c\mf a | c1\< | c4 a c\ffff a
+@end lilypond
+
+@cindex multiple dynamic marks on one note
+@cindex dynamic marks, multiple on one note
+Spacer rests are needed to engrave multiple marks on one note.
+This is particularly useful when adding a @notation{crescendo} and
+@notation{decrescendo} to the same note:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+c4\< c\! d\> e\!
+<< f1 { s4 s4\< s4\> s4\! } >>
+@end lilypond
+
+@cindex espressivo articulation
+
+@funindex \espressivo
+@funindex espressivo
+
+The @code{\espressivo} command can be used to indicate a crescendo
+and decrescendo on the same note.  However, be warned that this is
+implemented as an articulation, not a dynamic.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+c2 b4 a
+g1\espressivo
+@end lilypond
+
+@funindex \cresc
+@funindex cresc
+@funindex \decresc
+@funindex decresc
+@funindex \dim
+@funindex dim
+Textual crescendo marks begin with @code{\cresc}.
+Textual decrescendos begin with @code{\decresc} or @code{\dim}.
+Extender lines are engraved as required.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+g8\cresc a b c b c d e\mf |
+f8\decresc e d c e\> d c b |
+a1\dim ~ |
+a2. r4\! |
+@end lilypond
+
+@funindex \crescTextCresc
+@funindex crescTextCresc
+@funindex \dimTextDecresc
+@funindex dimTextDecresc
+@funindex \dimTextDecr
+@funindex dimTextDecr
+@funindex \dimTextDim
+@funindex dimTextDim
+@funindex \crescHairpin
+@funindex crescHairpin
+@funindex \dimHairpin
+@funindex dimHairpin
+
+Textual marks for dynamic changes can also replace hairpins:
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\crescTextCresc
+c4\< d e f\! |
+\dimTextDecresc
+g4\> e d c\! |
+\dimTextDecr
+e4\> d c b\! |
+\dimTextDim
+d4\> c b a\! |
+\crescHairpin
+\dimHairpin
+c4\< d\! e\> d\! |
+@end lilypond
+
+
+To create new absolute dynamic marks or text that should be
+aligned with dynamics, see @ref{New dynamic marks}.
+
+@cindex dynamics, vertical positioning
+@cindex vertical positioning of dynamics
+
+@funindex DynamicLineSpanner
+
+
+Vertical positioning of dynamics is handled by
+@rinternals{DynamicLineSpanner}.
+@funindex \dynamicUp
+@funindex dynamicUp
+@funindex \dynamicDown
+@funindex dynamicDown
+@funindex \dynamicNeutral
+@funindex dynamicNeutral
+
+A @code{Dynamics} context is available to engrave dynamics on
+their own horizontal line.  Use spacer rests to indicate timing.
+(Notes in a @code{Dynamics} context will also take up
+musical time, but will not be engraved.)
+The @code{Dynamics} context can usefully contain some other
+items such as text scripts, text spanners, and piano pedal marks.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+<<
+  \new Staff \relative c' {
+    c2 d4 e |
+    c4 e e,2 |
+    g'4 a g a |
+    c1 |
+  }
+  \new Dynamics {
+    s1\< |
+    s1\f |
+    s2\dim s2-"rit." |
+    s1\p |
+  }
+>>
+@end lilypond
+
+@predefined
+@code{\dynamicUp},
+@code{\dynamicDown},
+@code{\dynamicNeutral},
+@code{\crescTextCresc},
+@code{\dimTextDim},
+@code{\dimTextDecr},
+@code{\dimTextDecresc},
+@code{\crescHairpin},
+@code{\dimHairpin}.
+@endpredefined
+
+
+@snippets
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{setting-hairpin-behavior-at-bar-lines.ly}
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{setting-the-minimum-length-of-hairpins.ly}
+
+@cindex al niente
+@cindex niente, al
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{printing-hairpins-using-al-niente-notation.ly}
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{vertically-aligned-dynamics-and-textscripts.ly}
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{hiding-the-extender-line-for-text-dynamics.ly}
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{changing-text-and-spanner-styles-for-text-dynamics.ly}
+
+
+@seealso
+Music Glossary:
+@rglos{al niente},
+@rglos{crescendo},
+@rglos{decrescendo},
+@rglos{hairpin}.
+
+Learning Manual:
+@rlearning{Articulation and dynamics}.
+
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Direction and placement},
+@ref{New dynamic marks},
+@ref{What goes into the MIDI output?},
+@ref{Controlling MIDI dynamics}.
+
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Expressive marks}.
+
+Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{DynamicText},
+@rinternals{Hairpin},
+@rinternals{DynamicLineSpanner},
+@rinternals{Dynamics}.
+
+
+@node New dynamic marks
+@unnumberedsubsubsec New dynamic marks
+
+@cindex new dynamic marks
+@cindex dynamic marks, new
+
+The easiest way to create dynamic indications is to use
+@code{\markup} objects.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+moltoF = \markup { molto \dynamic f }
+
+\relative c' {
+  <d e>16_\moltoF <d e>
+  <d e>2..
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+@cindex dynamics, editorial
+@cindex dynamics, parenthesis
+@cindex editorial dynamics
+@funindex \bracket
+@funindex bracket
+@funindex \dynamic
+@funindex dynamic
+
+In markup mode, editorial dynamics (within parentheses or square
+brackets) can be created.  The syntax for markup mode is described
+in @ref{Formatting text}.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+roundF = \markup {
+    \center-align \concat { \bold { \italic ( }
+           \dynamic f \bold { \italic ) } } }
+boxF = \markup { \bracket { \dynamic f } }
+\relative c' {
+  c1_\roundF
+  c1_\boxF
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+@cindex make-dynamic-script
+@funindex make-dynamic-script
+
+Simple, centered dynamic marks are easily created with the
+@code{make-dynamic-script} function.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+sfzp = #(make-dynamic-script "sfzp")
+\relative c' {
+  c4 c c\sfzp c
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+In general, @code{make-dynamic-script} takes any markup object as its
+argument.  The dynamic font only contains the characters
+@code{f,m,p,r,s} and @code{z}, so if a dynamic mark that includes
+plain text or punctuation symbols is desired, markup commands that
+reverts font family and font encoding to normal text should be used,
+for example @code{\normal-text}.  The interest of using
+@code{make-dynamic-script} instead of an ordinary markup is ensuring
+the vertical alignment of markup objects and hairpins that are
+attached to the same note head.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+roundF = \markup { \center-align \concat {
+           \normal-text { \bold { \italic ( } }
+           \dynamic f
+           \normal-text { \bold { \italic ) } } } }
+boxF = \markup { \bracket { \dynamic f } }
+mfEspress = \markup { \center-align \line {
+              \hspace #3.7 mf \normal-text \italic espress. } }
+roundFdynamic = #(make-dynamic-script roundF)
+boxFdynamic = #(make-dynamic-script boxF)
+mfEspressDynamic = #(make-dynamic-script mfEspress)
+\relative c' {
+  c4_\roundFdynamic\< d e f
+  g,1~_\boxFdynamic\>
+  g1
+  g'1~\mfEspressDynamic
+  g1
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+The Scheme form of markup mode may be used instead.  Its syntax is
+explained in @rextend{Markup construction in Scheme}.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+moltoF = #(make-dynamic-script
+            (markup #:normal-text "molto"
+                    #:dynamic "f"))
+\relative c' {
+  <d e>16 <d e>
+  <d e>2..\moltoF
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+Font settings in markup mode are described in
+@ref{Selecting font and font size}.
+
+
+@seealso
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Formatting text},
+@ref{Selecting font and font size},
+@ref{What goes into the MIDI output?},
+@ref{Controlling MIDI dynamics}.
+
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Expressive marks}.
+
+Extend:
+@rextend{Markup construction in Scheme}.
+
+
+
+@node Expressive marks as curves
+@subsection Expressive marks as curves
+
+This section explains how to create various expressive marks that
+are curved: normal slurs, phrasing slurs, breath marks, falls, and
+doits.
+
+@menu
+* Slurs::
+* Phrasing slurs::
+* Breath marks::
+* Falls and doits::
+@end menu
+
+@node Slurs
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Slurs
+
+@cindex slurs
+
+@notation{Slurs} are entered using parentheses:
+
+@warning{In polyphonic music, a slur must be terminated
+in the same voice it began.}
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+f4( g a) a8 b(
+a4 g2 f4)
+<c e>2( <b d>2)
+@end lilypond
+
+@cindex slurs, manual placement
+@cindex slurs, below notes
+@cindex slurs, above notes
+@funindex \slurDown
+@funindex slurDown
+@funindex \slurNeutral
+@funindex slurNeutral
+
+Slurs may be manually placed above or below the staff; see
+@ref{Direction and placement}.
+
+@cindex phrasing slur
+@cindex multiple slurs
+@cindex simultaneous slurs
+@cindex slur, phrasing
+@cindex slurs, multiple
+@cindex slurs, simultaneous
+
+Simultaneous or overlapping slurs are not permitted, but a phrasing
+slur can overlap a slur.  This permits two slurs to be printed at
+once.  For details, see @ref{Phrasing slurs}.
+
+@cindex slur style
+@cindex slur, solid
+@cindex slur, dotted
+@cindex slur, dashed
+@cindex solid slur
+@cindex dotted slur
+@cindex dashed slur
+@cindex style, slur
+@funindex \slurDashed
+@funindex slurDashed
+@funindex \slurDotted
+@funindex slurDotted
+@funindex \slurSolid
+@funindex slurSolid
+
+Slurs can be solid, dotted, or dashed.  Solid is the default slur
+style:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
+c4( e g2)
+\slurDashed
+g4( e c2)
+\slurDotted
+c4( e g2)
+\slurSolid
+g4( e c2)
+@end lilypond
+
+@funindex \slurHalfDashed
+@funindex slurHalfDashed
+@funindex \slurHalfSolid
+@funindex slurHalfSolid
+@cindex slur, half dashed and half solid
+
+Slurs can also be made half-dashed (the first half dashed, the
+second half solid) or half-solid (the first half solid, the second
+half dashed):
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
+c4( e g2)
+\slurHalfDashed
+g4( e c2)
+\slurHalfSolid
+c4( e g2)
+\slurSolid
+g4( e c2)
+@end lilypond
+
+@funindex \slurDashPattern
+@funindex slurDashPattern
+@cindex slur, defining dash patterns
+
+Custom dash patterns for slurs can be defined:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
+c4( e g2)
+\slurDashPattern #0.7 #0.75
+g4( e c2)
+\slurDashPattern #0.5 #2.0
+c4( e g2)
+\slurSolid
+g4( e c2)
+@end lilypond
+
+
+
+@funindex \slurUp
+@funindex slurUp
+
+
+@predefined
+@code{\slurUp},
+@code{\slurDown},
+@code{\slurNeutral},
+@code{\slurDashed},
+@code{\slurDotted},
+@code{\slurHalfDashed},
+@code{\slurHalfSolid},
+@code{\slurDashPattern},
+@code{\slurSolid}.
+@endpredefined
+
+
+@snippets
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{using-double-slurs-for-legato-chords.ly}
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{positioning-text-markups-inside-slurs.ly}
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{making-slurs-with-complex-dash-structure.ly}
+
+
+@seealso
+Music Glossary:
+@rglos{slur}.
+
+Learning Manual:
+@rlearning{On the un-nestedness of brackets and ties}.
+
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Direction and placement},
+@ref{Phrasing slurs}.
+
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Expressive marks}.
+
+Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{Slur}.
+
+
+@node Phrasing slurs
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Phrasing slurs
+
+@cindex phrasing slurs
+@cindex phrasing marks
+@cindex slur, phrasing
+@cindex mark, phrasing
+@funindex \(
+@funindex \)
+
+@notation{Phrasing slurs} (or phrasing marks) that indicate a
+musical sentence are written using the commands @code{\(} and
+@code{\)} respectively:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+c4\( d( e) f(
+e2) d\)
+@end lilypond
+
+@funindex \phrasingSlurUp
+@funindex phrasingSlurUp
+@funindex \phrasingSlurDown
+@funindex phrasingSlurDown
+@funindex \phrasingSlurNeutral
+@funindex phrasingSlurNeutral
+
+Typographically, a phrasing slur behaves almost exactly like a
+normal slur.  However, they are treated as different objects; a
+@code{\slurUp} will have no effect on a phrasing slur.  Phrasing
+may be manually placed above or below the staff; see
+@ref{Direction and placement}.
+
+@cindex simultaneous phrasing slurs
+@cindex multiple phrasing slurs
+@cindex slur, simultaneous phrasing
+@cindex slur, multiple phrasing
+@cindex phrasing slur, simultaneous
+@cindex phrasing slur, multiple
+
+Simultaneous or overlapping phrasing slurs are not permitted.
+
+@funindex phrasingSlurDashed
+@funindex \phrasingSlurDashed
+@funindex \phrasingSlurDotted
+@funindex phrasingSlurDotted
+@funindex \phrasingSlurSolid
+@funindex phrasingSlurSolid
+@cindex phrasing slur, dashed
+@cindex dashed phrasing slur
+@cindex phrasing slur, dotted
+@cindex dotted phrasing slurs
+@cindex slur, dashed phrasing
+@cindex slur, dotted phrasing
+
+Phrasing slurs can be solid, dotted, or dashed.  Solid is the default
+style for phrasing slurs:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
+c4\( e g2\)
+\phrasingSlurDashed
+g4\( e c2\)
+\phrasingSlurDotted
+c4\( e g2\)
+\phrasingSlurSolid
+g4\( e c2\)
+@end lilypond
+
+@funindex phrasingSlurHalfDashed
+@funindex \phrasingSlurHalfDashed
+@funindex \phrasingSlurHalfSolid
+@funindex phrasingSlurHalfSolid
+@cindex phrasing slur, half solid and half dashed
+@cindex slur, half solid and half dashed phrasing
+
+Phrasing slurs can also be made half-dashed (the first half dashed, the
+second half solid) or half-solid (the first half solid, the second
+half dashed):
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
+c4\( e g2\)
+\phrasingSlurHalfDashed
+g4\( e c2\)
+\phrasingSlurHalfSolid
+c4\( e g2\)
+\phrasingSlurSolid
+g4\( e c2\)
+@end lilypond
+
+@funindex \phrasingSlurDashPattern
+@funindex phrasingSlurDashPattern
+@cindex phrasing slur, defining dash patterns
+@cindex slur, phrasing, defining dash patterns
+@cindex slur, defining dash patterns for phrasing
+
+Custom dash patterns for phrasing slurs can be defined:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
+c4\( e g2\)
+\phrasingSlurDashPattern #0.7 #0.75
+g4\( e c2\)
+\phrasingSlurDashPattern #0.5 #2.0
+c4\( e g2\)
+\phrasingSlurSolid
+g4\( e c2\)
+@end lilypond
+
+Dash pattern definitions for phrasing slurs have the same structure
+as dash pattern definitions for slurs.  For more information about
+complex dash patterns, see the snippets under @ref{Slurs}.
+
+@predefined
+@code{\phrasingSlurUp},
+@code{\phrasingSlurDown},
+@code{\phrasingSlurNeutral},
+@code{\phrasingSlurDashed},
+@code{\phrasingSlurDotted},
+@code{\phrasingSlurHalfDashed},
+@code{\phrasingSlurHalfSolid},
+@code{\phrasingSlurDashPattern},
+@code{\phrasingSlurSolid}.
+@endpredefined
+
+
+@seealso
+Learning Manual:
+@rlearning{On the un-nestedness of brackets and ties}.
+
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Direction and placement},
+@ref{Slurs}.
+
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Expressive marks}.
+
+Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{PhrasingSlur}.
+
+
+@node Breath marks
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Breath marks
+
+@cindex breath marks
+@cindex pause mark
+@funindex \breathe
+@funindex breathe
+
+Breath marks are entered using @code{\breathe}:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+c2. \breathe d4
+@end lilypond
+
+A breath mark will end an automatic beam; to override this behavior, see
+@ref{Manual beams}.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+c8 \breathe d e f g2
+@end lilypond
+
+Musical indicators for breath marks in ancient notation,
+divisiones, are supported.  For details, see @ref{Divisiones}.
+
+
+@snippets
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{changing-the-breath-mark-symbol.ly}
+
+@cindex caesura
+@cindex railroad tracks
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{inserting-a-caesura.ly}
+
+
+@seealso
+Music Glossary:
+@rglos{caesura}.
+
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Divisiones}.
+
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Expressive marks}.
+
+Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{BreathingEvent},
+@rinternals{BreathingSign},
+@rinternals{Breathing_sign_engraver}.
+
+
+@node Falls and doits
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Falls and doits
+
+@cindex falls
+@cindex doits
+@funindex \bendAfter
+@funindex bendAfter
+
+@notation{Falls} and @notation{doits} can be added to notes using
+the @code{\bendAfter} command.  The direction of the fall or doit
+is indicated with a plus or minus (up or down).  The number
+indicates the pitch interval that the fall or doit will extend
+@emph{beyond} the main note.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+c2-\bendAfter #+4
+c2-\bendAfter #-4
+c2-\bendAfter #+6.5
+c2-\bendAfter #-6.5
+c2-\bendAfter #+8
+c2-\bendAfter #-8
+@end lilypond
+
+The dash @code{-} immediately preceding the @code{\bendAfter}
+command is @emph{required} when writing falls and doits.
+
+
+@snippets
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{adjusting-the-shape-of-falls-and-doits.ly}
+
+
+@seealso
+Music Glossary:
+@rglos{fall},
+@rglos{doit}.
+
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Expressive marks}.
+
+
+@node Expressive marks as lines
+@subsection Expressive marks as lines
+
+This section explains how to create various expressive marks that
+follow a linear path: glissandos, arpeggios, and trills.
+
+@menu
+* Glissando::
+* Arpeggio::
+* Trills::
+@end menu
+
+@node Glissando
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Glissando
+
+@cindex glissando
+@funindex \glissando
+@funindex glissando
+
+A @notation{glissando} is created by attaching @code{\glissando}
+to a note:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+g2\glissando g'
+c2\glissando c,
+@end lilypond
+
+Different styles of glissandi can be created.  For details, see
+@ref{Line styles}.
+
+@snippets
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{contemporary-glissando.ly}
+
+
+@seealso
+Music Glossary:
+@rglos{glissando}.
+
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Line styles}.
+
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Expressive marks}.
+
+Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{Glissando}.
+
+
+@knownissues
+
+Printing text over the line (such as @notation{gliss.}) is not
+supported.
+
+
+@node Arpeggio
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Arpeggio
+
+@cindex arpeggio
+@cindex broken chord
+@cindex chord, broken
+
+@funindex \arpeggio
+@funindex arpeggio
+@funindex \arpeggioArrowUp
+@funindex arpeggioArrowUp
+@funindex \arpeggioArrowDown
+@funindex arpeggioArrowDown
+@funindex \arpeggioNormal
+@funindex arpeggioNormal
+
+An @notation{arpeggio} on a chord (also known as a broken chord)
+is denoted by appending @code{\arpeggio} to the chord construct:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
+<c e g c>1\arpeggio
+@end lilypond
+
+Different types of arpeggios may be written.
+@code{\arpeggioNormal} reverts to a normal arpeggio:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
+<c e g c>2\arpeggio
+
+\arpeggioArrowUp
+<c e g c>2\arpeggio
+
+\arpeggioArrowDown
+<c e g c>2\arpeggio
+
+\arpeggioNormal
+<c e g c>2\arpeggio
+@end lilypond
+
+@cindex arpeggio symbols, special
+@cindex special arpeggio symbols
+
+@funindex \arpeggioBracket
+@funindex arpeggioBracket
+@funindex \arpeggioParenthesis
+@funindex arpeggioParenthesis
+@funindex \arpeggioParenthesisDashed
+@funindex arpeggioParenthesisDashed
+
+Special @emph{bracketed} arpeggio symbols can be created:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
+<c e g c>2
+
+\arpeggioBracket
+<c e g c>2\arpeggio
+
+\arpeggioParenthesis
+<c e g c>2\arpeggio
+
+\arpeggioParenthesisDashed
+<c e g c>2\arpeggio
+
+\arpeggioNormal
+<c e g c>2\arpeggio
+@end lilypond
+
+The dash properties of the parenthesis arpeggio are controlled
+with the @code{'dash-details} property, which is described at @ref{Slurs}.
+
+Arpeggios can be explicitly written out with ties.  For more
+information, see @ref{Ties}.
+
+
+@predefined
+@code{\arpeggio},
+@code{\arpeggioArrowUp},
+@code{\arpeggioArrowDown},
+@code{\arpeggioNormal},
+@code{\arpeggioBracket},
+@code{\arpeggioParenthesis}
+@code{\arpeggioParenthesisDashed}.
+@endpredefined
+
+
+@snippets
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{creating-cross-staff-arpeggios-in-a-piano-staff.ly}
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{creating-cross-staff-arpeggios-in-other-contexts.ly}
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{creating-arpeggios-across-notes-in-different-voices.ly}
+
+
+@seealso
+Music Glossary:
+@rglos{arpeggio}.
+
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Slurs},
+@ref{Ties}.
+
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Expressive marks}.
+
+Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{Arpeggio},
+@rinternals{Slur},
+@rinternals{PianoStaff}.
+
+
+@knownissues
+
+@cindex cross-staff parenthesis-style arpeggio
+@cindex arpeggio, parenthesis-style, cross-staff
+@cindex arpeggio, cross-staff parenthesis-style
+
+It is not possible to mix connected arpeggios and unconnected
+arpeggios in one @code{PianoStaff} at the same point in
+time.
+
+The parenthesis-style arpeggio brackets do not work for
+cross-staff arpeggios.
+
+
+@node Trills
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Trills
+
+@cindex trills
+
+@funindex \trill
+@funindex trill
+@funindex \startTrillSpan
+@funindex startTrillSpan
+@funindex \stopTrillSpan
+@funindex stopTrillSpan
+
+Short trills without an extender line are printed with
+@code{\trill}; see @ref{Articulations and ornamentations}.
+
+Longer trills with an extender line are made with
+@code{\startTrillSpan} and @code{\stopTrillSpan}:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+d1\startTrillSpan
+d1
+c2\stopTrillSpan
+r2
+@end lilypond
+
+A trill spanner crossing a line break will restart exactly above
+the first note on the new line.
+
+@lilypond[ragged-right,verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+d1\startTrillSpan
+\break
+d1
+c2\stopTrillSpan
+r2
+@end lilypond
+
+Consecutive trill spans will work without explicit
+@code{\stopTrillSpan} commands, since successive trill spanners will
+automatically become the right bound of the previous trill.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+d1\startTrillSpan
+d1
+b1\startTrillSpan
+d2\stopTrillSpan
+r2
+@end lilypond
+
+Trills can also be combined with grace notes.  The syntax of this
+construct and the method to precisely position the grace notes are
+described in @ref{Grace notes}.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+d1~\afterGrace
+d1\startTrillSpan { c32[ d]\stopTrillSpan }
+c2 r2
+@end lilypond
+
+@cindex pitched trills
+@cindex trills, pitched
+@funindex \pitchedTrill
+@funindex pitchedTrill
+
+Trills that require an auxiliary note with an explicit pitch can
+be typeset with the @code{\pitchedTrill} command.  The first
+argument is the main note, and the second is the @emph{trilled}
+note, printed as a stemless note head in parentheses.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\pitchedTrill
+d2\startTrillSpan fis
+d2
+c2\stopTrillSpan
+r2
+@end lilypond
+
+@cindex pitched trill with accidental
+@cindex trill with accidental
+
+Subsequent accidentals of the same note in the same measure will need
+to be added manually.  Only the accidental of the first pitched trill
+in a measure is printed.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\pitchedTrill
+eis4\startTrillSpan fis
+eis4\stopTrillSpan
+\pitchedTrill
+eis4\startTrillSpan cis
+eis4\stopTrillSpan
+\pitchedTrill
+eis4\startTrillSpan fis
+eis4\stopTrillSpan
+\pitchedTrill
+eis4\startTrillSpan fis!
+eis4\stopTrillSpan
+@end lilypond
+
+
+@predefined
+@code{\startTrillSpan},
+@code{\stopTrillSpan}.
+@endpredefined
+
+@seealso
+Music Glossary:
+@rglos{trill}.
+
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Articulations and ornamentations},
+@ref{Grace notes}.
+
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Expressive marks}.
+
+Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{TrillSpanner}.
+