X-Git-Url: https://git.donarmstrong.com/?a=blobdiff_plain;ds=sidebyside;f=Documentation%2Fuser%2Fexpressive.itely;h=d8d000c7280d67aec63a57e25277009a3c8e4faf;hb=c10e42d15b978acf35c75671b16c618215be8215;hp=78e83fc526cd33568e66726fab66a553c5d60761;hpb=6ca8c4c4e535b34f84ea33969ab09ff5c24731ea;p=lilypond.git diff --git a/Documentation/user/expressive.itely b/Documentation/user/expressive.itely index 78e83fc526..d8d000c728 100644 --- a/Documentation/user/expressive.itely +++ b/Documentation/user/expressive.itely @@ -6,13 +6,16 @@ version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details. @end ignore -@c \version "2.11.38" +@c \version "2.11.51" @node Expressive marks @section Expressive marks @lilypondfile[quote]{expressive-headword.ly} +This section lists various expressive marks that can be +created in a score. + @menu * Attached to notes:: * Curves:: @@ -23,6 +26,10 @@ @node Attached to notes @subsection Attached to notes +This section explains how to create expressive marks that are +attached to notes: articulations, ornamentations, and dynamics. +Methods to create new dynamic markings are also discussed. + @menu * Articulations and ornamentations:: * Dynamics:: @@ -30,7 +37,7 @@ @end menu @node Articulations and ornamentations -@subsubsection Articulations and ornamentations +@unnumberedsubsubsec Articulations and ornamentations @cindex articulations @cindex scripts @@ -93,7 +100,7 @@ follows: @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2] c4-^ c-+ c-- c-| -c-> c-. c-_ +c4-> c-. c-_ @end lilypond The rules for the default placement of articulations are defined @@ -120,7 +127,8 @@ Music Glossary: @rglos{portato}. Notation Reference: -@ref{Direction and placement}. +@ref{Direction and placement}, +@ref{List of articulations}. Installed Files: @file{scm/@/script@/.scm}. @@ -140,7 +148,7 @@ MIDI rendering of the music. @node Dynamics -@subsubsection Dynamics +@unnumberedsubsubsec Dynamics @cindex absolute dynamics @cindex dynamics @@ -175,8 +183,8 @@ be manually placed above or below the staff, see @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2] c2\ppp c\mp -c\rfz c^\mf -c_\spp c^\ff +c2\rfz c^\mf +c2_\spp c^\ff @end lilypond @cindex hairpin @@ -188,12 +196,12 @@ c_\spp c^\ff A @notation{crescendo} mark is started with @code{\<} and terminated with @code{\!}, an absolute dynamic, or an additional -@notation{crescendo} or @notation{decrescendo} mark. A -@notation{decrescendo} mark is started with @code{\>} and is also -terminated with @code{\!}, an absolute dynamic, or another -@notation{crescendo} or @notation{decrescendo} mark. @code{\cr} -and @code{\decr} may be used instead of @code{\<} and @code{\>}. -@notation{Hairpins} are engraved by default using this notation. +crescendo or decrescendo mark. A @notation{decrescendo} mark is +started with @code{\>} and is also terminated with @code{\!}, an +absolute dynamic, or another crescendo or decrescendo mark. +@code{\cr} and @code{\decr} may be used instead of @code{\<} and +@code{\>}. @notation{Hairpins} are engraved by default using this +notation. @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2] c2\< c\! @@ -205,7 +213,7 @@ d2\> d\> c1\! @end lilypond -Spacer notes are needed to engrave multiple marks on one note. +Spacer rests are needed to engrave multiple marks on one note. @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2] c4\< c\! d\> e\! @@ -215,8 +223,8 @@ c4\< c\! d\> e\! @cindex espressivo articulation In some situations the @code{\espressivo} articulation mark may be -the appropriate choice to indicate a @notation{crescendo} and -@notation{decrescendo} on one note: +the appropriate choice to indicate a crescendo and decrescendo on +one note: @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2] c2 b4 a @@ -226,31 +234,23 @@ g1\espressivo @cindex crescendo @cindex decrescendo @cindex diminuendo -@funindex \setTextCresc -@funindex \setTextDim -@funindex \setTextDecr -@funindex \setTextDecresc -@funindex \setHairpinCresc -@funindex \setHairpinDim -@funindex \setHairpinDecresc - -@notation{Crescendos} and @notation{decrescendos} can be engraved -as textual markings instead of hairpins. The built-in commands -that enable these text modes are @code{\setTextCresc}, -@code{\setTextDecresc}, @code{\setTextDecr}, and -@code{\setTextDim}. The corresponding @code{\setHairpinCresc}, -@code{\setHairpinDim}, and @code{\setHairpinDecresc} commands will -revert to hairpins again: + +Crescendos and decrescendos can be engraved as textual markings +instead of hairpins. The built-in commands that enable these text +modes are @code{\crescTextCresc}, @code{\dimTextDecresc}, +@code{\dimTextDecr}, and @code{\dimTextDim}. The corresponding +@code{\crescHairpin} and @code{\dimHairpin} commands will revert to +hairpins again: @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2] -c\< d e f\! -e\> d c b\! -\setTextCresc -c\< d e f\! -\setTextDecresc -e\> d c b\! -\setHairpinCresc -c\< d e f\! +c4\< d e f\! +e4\> d c b\! +\crescTextCresc +c4\< d e f\! +\dimTextDecresc +e4\> d c b\! +\crescHairpin +c4\< d e f\! @end lilypond To create new absolute dynamic marks or text that should be @@ -267,7 +267,19 @@ Vertical positioning of dynamics is handled by @funindex \dynamicDown @code{\dynamicDown}, @funindex \dynamicNeutral -@code{\dynamicNeutral}. +@code{\dynamicNeutral}, +@funindex \crescTextCresc +@code{\crescTextCresc}, +@funindex \dimTextDim +@code{\dimTextDim}, +@funindex \dimTextDecr +@code{\dimTextDecr}, +@funindex \dimTextDecresc +@code{\dimTextDecresc}, +@funindex \crescHairpin +@code{\crescHairpin}, +@funindex \dimHairpin +@code{\dimHairpin}. @snippets @@ -287,41 +299,11 @@ Vertical positioning of dynamics is handled by @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle] {vertically-aligning-dynamics-across-multiple-notes.ly} -@c I can't figure this one out. Consider removing this. -pm - -@notation{Crescendi} and @notation{decrescendi} that cross a line -break will be continued on the second line. If they end on the -first note of a new line, nothing will be printed on that line. -To change this behavior, use - -@example -\override Score.Hairpin #'after-line-breaking = ##t -@end example - @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle] {hiding-the-extender-line-for-text-dynamics.ly} -@c The following snippet goes in input/new/ -@c @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle] -@c {changing-text-and-spanner-styles-for-text-dynamics.ly} - -The text used for @notation{crescendos} and -@notation{decrescendos} can be changed by modifying the context -properties @code{crescendoText} and @code{decrescendoText}. The -style of the spanner line can be changed by modifying the -@code{'style} property of @code{DynamicTextSpanner}. The default -value is @code{'hairpin}, and other possible values include -@code{'line}, @code{'dashed-line}, and @code{'dotted-line}: - -@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2] -\set crescendoText = \markup { \italic "cresc. poco" } -\set crescendoSpanner = #'text -\override DynamicTextSpanner #'style = #'dotted-line -a2\< a -a2 a -a2 a -a2 a\mf -@end lilypond +@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle] +{changing-text-and-spanner-styles-for-text-dynamics.ly} @seealso @@ -336,7 +318,8 @@ Learning Manual: @rlearning{Articulation and dynamics}. Notation Reference: -@ref{Direction and placement}. +@ref{Direction and placement}, +@ref{New dynamic marks}. Snippets: @rlsr{Expressive marks}. @@ -348,50 +331,82 @@ Internals Reference: @node New dynamic marks -@subsubsection New dynamic marks +@unnumberedsubsubsec New dynamic marks @cindex new dynamic marks @cindex dynamic marks, new -It is possible to print new dynamic marks or text that should be -aligned with dynamics. Use @code{make-dynamic-script} to create -these marks. Note that the dynamic font only contains the -characters @code{f,m,p,r,s} and @code{z}. - -Some situations (such as dynamic marks) have preset font-related -properties. If you are creating text in such situations, it is -advisable to cancel those properties with @code{normal-text}. See -@ref{Text markup commands} for more details. - -@cindex make-dynamic-script +The easiest way to create dynamic indications is to use +@code{\markup} objects. @lilypond[verbatim,quote] -sfzp = #(make-dynamic-script "sfzp") +moltoF = \markup { molto \dynamic f } + \relative c' { - c4 c c\sfzp c + 16 + 2.._\moltoF } @end lilypond @cindex dynamics, editorial @cindex dynamics, parenthesis -It is also possible to print dynamics in round parenthesis or -square brackets. These are often used for adding editorial -dynamics. +In markup mode, editorial dynamics (within parentheses or square +brackets) can be created. The syntax for markup mode is described +in @ref{Formatting text}. @lilypond[verbatim,quote] -rndf = \markup { \center-align { \line { \bold { \italic ( } +roundf = \markup { \center-align { \line { \bold { \italic ( } \dynamic f \bold { \italic ) } } } } boxf = \markup { \bracket { \dynamic f } } \relative c' { - c1_\rndf + c1_\roundf c1_\boxf } @end lilypond +By default, markup objects are aligned to the left side of a note +head, but authentic dynamic marks are always centered on the note +head. New, centered dynamic marks can be created using the +following function: + +@cindex make-dynamic-script + +@lilypond[verbatim,quote] +sfzp = #(make-dynamic-script "sfzp") +\relative c' { + c4 c c\sfzp c +} +@end lilypond + +@noindent +The dynamic font only contains the characters @code{f,m,p,r,s} and +@code{z}. In order to use other font families, it is necessary to +use markup mode in its Scheme form, as explained in +@ref{Markup construction in Scheme}. + +@lilypond[verbatim,quote] +moltoF = #(make-dynamic-script (markup + #:normal-text "molto" + #:dynamic "f")) +\relative c' { + 16 + 2..\moltoF +} +@end lilypond + +@noindent +Font settings in markup mode are described in +@ref{Common markup commands}. + @seealso +Notation Reference: +@ref{Formatting text}, +@ref{Common markup commands}, +@ref{Markup construction in Scheme}. + Snippets: @rlsr{Expressive marks}. @@ -399,6 +414,10 @@ Snippets: @node Curves @subsection Curves +This section explains how to create various expressive marks that +are curved: normal slurs, phrasing slurs, breath marks, falls, and +doits. + @menu * Slurs:: * Phrasing slurs:: @@ -407,30 +426,44 @@ Snippets: @end menu @node Slurs -@subsubsection Slurs +@unnumberedsubsubsec Slurs @cindex slurs -A @notation{slur} indicates that notes are to be played bound or -@emph{legato}. They are entered using parentheses: +@notation{Slurs} are entered using parentheses: @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2] -f( g a) a8 b( a4 g2 f4) +f4( g a) a8 b( +a4 g2 f4) 2( 2) @end lilypond -Just as with ties, the direction of a slur can be specified with -@code{\slur@emph{DIR}}, where @code{@emph{DIR}} is either -@code{Up}, @code{Down}, or @code{Neutral} (@code{Neutral} is the -default). Slurs may be manually placed above or below the staff, -see @ref{Direction and placement}. +Slurs may be manually placed above or below the notes, see +@ref{Direction and placement}. @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2] -c4_( c) c^( c) +c2( d) +\slurDown +c2( d) +\slurNeutral +c2( d) @end lilypond -Using this method, only one slur can be printed at once. To print -a long slur over a few small slurs, see @ref{Phrasing slurs}. +Phrasing slurs must be used to print more than one slur at once. +For details, see @ref{Phrasing slurs}. + +Slurs can be solid, dotted, or dashed. Solid is the default slur +style: + +@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1] +c4( e g2) +\slurDashed +g4( e c2) +\slurDotted +c4( e g2) +\slurSolid +g4( e c2) +@end lilypond @predefined @@ -461,7 +494,8 @@ Music Glossary: @rglos{slur}. Notation Reference: -@ref{Direction and placement}. +@ref{Direction and placement}, +@ref{Phrasing slurs}. Snippets: @rlsr{Expressive marks}. @@ -471,30 +505,35 @@ Internals Reference: @node Phrasing slurs -@subsubsection Phrasing slurs +@unnumberedsubsubsec Phrasing slurs @cindex phrasing slurs @cindex phrasing marks @funindex \( @funindex \) -A phrasing slur (or phrasing mark) connects notes and is used to -indicate a musical sentence. It is written using @code{\(} and +@notation{Phrasing slurs} (or phrasing marks) that indicate a +musical sentence are written using the commands @code{\(} and @code{\)} respectively: @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2] -\time 6/4 c\( d( e) f( e) d\) +c4\( d( e) f( +e2) d\) @end lilypond -Typographically, the phrasing slur behaves almost exactly like a -normal slur. However, they are treated as different objects. A -@code{\slurUp} will have no effect on a phrasing slur; instead, -use @code{\phrasingSlurUp}, @code{\phrasingSlurDown}, and -@code{\phrasingSlurNeutral}. Phrasing slurs may be manually -placed above or below the staff, see @ref{Direction -and placement}. +Typographically, a phrasing slur behaves almost exactly like a +normal slur. However, they are treated as different objects; a +@code{\slurUp} will have no effect on a phrasing slur. Phrasing +slurs may be manually placed above or below the notes, see +@ref{Direction and placement}. -You cannot have simultaneous phrasing slurs. +@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1] +c4\( g' c,( b) | c1\) +\phrasingSlurUp +c4\( g' c,( b) | c1\) +@end lilypond + +Simultaneous phrasing slurs are not permitted. @predefined @@ -520,7 +559,7 @@ Internals Reference: @node Breath marks -@subsubsection Breath marks +@unnumberedsubsubsec Breath marks @cindex breath marks @funindex \breathe @@ -528,18 +567,30 @@ Internals Reference: Breath marks are entered using @code{\breathe}: @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2] -c4 \breathe d4 +c2. \breathe d4 @end lilypond +Musical indicators for breath marks in ancient notation, +divisiones, are supported. For details, see @ref{Divisiones}. + @snippets @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle] {changing-the-breath-mark-symbol.ly} +@cindex caesura +@cindex railroad tracks + +@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle] +{inserting-a-caesura.ly} + @seealso +Notation Reference: +@ref{Divisiones}. + Snippets: @rlsr{Expressive marks}. @c @lsr{expressive,breathing-sign.ly}. @@ -549,24 +600,27 @@ Internals Reference: @node Falls and doits -@subsubsection Falls and doits +@unnumberedsubsubsec Falls and doits @cindex falls @cindex doits @funindex \bendAfter @notation{Falls} and @notation{doits} can be added to notes using -the @code{\bendAfter} command: +the @code{\bendAfter} command. The direction of the fall or doit +is indicated with a plus or minus (up or down). The number +indicates the pitch interval that the fall or doit will extend +@emph{beyond} the main note. @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2] c2-\bendAfter #+4 -c-\bendAfter #-4 -c-\bendAfter #+8 -c-\bendAfter #-8 +c2-\bendAfter #-4 +c2-\bendAfter #+8 +c2-\bendAfter #-8 @end lilypond -The dash (@tie{-}) following the note name is @emph{required} when -writing @notation{falls} and @notation{doits}. +The dash (@tie{-}) immediately preceding the @code{\bendAfter} +command is @emph{required} when writing falls and doits. @snippets @@ -589,6 +643,9 @@ Snippets: @node Lines @subsection Lines +This section explains how to create various expressive marks that +follow a linear path: glissandos, arpeggios, and trills. + @menu * Glissando:: * Arpeggio:: @@ -596,37 +653,26 @@ Snippets: @end menu @node Glissando -@subsubsection Glissando +@unnumberedsubsubsec Glissando @cindex glissando @funindex \glissando -A @notation{glissando} is a smooth change in pitch. It is denoted -by a line or a wavy line between two notes. A -@notation{glissando} is created by attaching @code{\glissando} to -a note: +A @notation{glissando} is created by attaching @code{\glissando} +to a note: @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2] -c2\glissando c' -\override Glissando #'style = #'zigzag +g2\glissando g' c2\glissando c, @end lilypond +Different styles of glissandi can be created. For details, see +@ref{Line styles}. @snippets -@c Modify, add description, and put in input/new/ -@c @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle] -@c {suppressing-warnings-for-clashing-note-columns.ly} - -@lilypond[verbatim,quote] -I = \once \override NoteColumn #'ignore-collision = ##t - -\relative c' << - { \oneVoice \stemDown f2 \glissando \stemNeutral a } \\ - { \oneVoice \I c2 \glissando \I d, } ->> -@end lilypond +@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle] +{contemporary-glissando.ly} @seealso @@ -634,6 +680,9 @@ I = \once \override NoteColumn #'ignore-collision = ##t Music Glossary: @rglos{glissando}. +Notation Reference: +@ref{Line styles}. + Snippets: @rlsr{Expressive marks}. @@ -652,63 +701,74 @@ supported. @node Arpeggio -@subsubsection Arpeggio +@unnumberedsubsubsec Arpeggio @cindex arpeggio @cindex broken chord @cindex chord, broken -@c Add documentation for new 'parenthesis' style arpeggio. Maybe -@c create a new \arpeggioParen command, or something similar. -pm +An @notation{arpeggio} on a chord (also known as a broken chord) +is denoted by appending @code{\arpeggio} to the chord construct: + +@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1] +1\arpeggio +@end lilypond -You can specify an @notation{arpeggio} (also known as a -@notation{broken chord}) on a chord by attaching an -@code{\arpeggio} to the chord: +The direction of an arpeggio is indicated by adding an arrowhead +to the wiggly line. The commands @code{\arpeggioArrowUp} and +@code{\arpeggioArrowDown} are used for this task. +@code{\arpeggioNormal} reverts back to an arrow-less arpeggio: @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1] -\arpeggio +\arpeggioArrowUp +2\arpeggio +\arpeggioArrowDown +2\arpeggio +\arpeggioNormal +1\arpeggio @end lilypond -A square bracket on the left, denoted by @code{\arpeggioBracket}, -is used to indicate that the chord should @emph{not} be -arpeggiated: +The command @code{\arpeggioBracket} can be used to create a square +bracket on the left of a chord, indicating that the chord should +@emph{not} be arpeggiated. @code{\arpeggioNormal} reverts back +to a regular arpeggio: @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1] +2 \arpeggioBracket -\arpeggio +2\arpeggio +\arpeggioNormal +1\arpeggio @end lilypond -The direction of the arpeggio can be denoted by adding an -arrowhead to the wiggly line. This is done with the commands -@code{arpeggioUp} and @code{arpeggioDown}. @code{arpeggioNeutral} -reverts to the arrow-less version: +A @emph{parenthesis} style bracket may be attached to a chord +construct instead of a square bracket. @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1] -\new Voice { - \arpeggioUp - \arpeggio - \arpeggioDown - \arpeggio - \arpeggioNeutral - \arpeggio -} +2 +\arpeggioParenthesis +2\arpeggio +\arpeggioNormal +1\arpeggio @end lilypond -@notation{Arpeggios} can be explicitly written out using -@notation{ties}. For more information, see @ref{Ties}. +Arpeggios can be explicitly written out with ties. For more +information, see @ref{Ties}. @predefined @funindex \arpeggio @code{\arpeggio}, -@funindex \arpeggioUp -@code{\arpeggioUp}, -@funindex \arpeggioDown -@code{\arpeggioDown}, -@funindex \arpeggioNeutral -@code{\arpeggioNeutral}, +@funindex \arpeggioArrowUp +@code{\arpeggioArrowUp}, +@funindex \arpeggioArrowDown +@code{\arpeggioArrowDown}, +@funindex \arpeggioNormal +@code{\arpeggioNormal}, @funindex \arpeggioBracket -@code{\arpeggioBracket}. +@code{\arpeggioBracket}, +@funindex \arpeggioParenthesis +@code{\arpeggioParenthesis}. @snippets @@ -725,8 +785,6 @@ reverts to the arrow-less version: @seealso -@c TODO: Add 'broken chord' to glossary. - Music Glossary: @rglos{arpeggio}. @@ -747,21 +805,24 @@ It is not possible to mix connected arpeggios and unconnected arpeggios in one @code{PianoStaff} at the same point in time. +The parenthesis-style arpeggio brackets do not work for +cross-staff arpeggios. + @node Trills -@subsubsection Trills +@unnumberedsubsubsec Trills @cindex trills @funindex \trill -Short @notation{trills} are printed with @code{\trill} like normal -articulation; see @ref{Articulations and ornamentations}. +Short @notation{trills} without an extender line are printed with +@code{\trill}; see @ref{Articulations and ornamentations}. -Long running @notation{trills} are made with +Longer trills with an extender line are made with @code{\startTrillSpan} and @code{\stopTrillSpan}. In the -following example, a long running @notation{trill} is shown -combined with grace notes. To achieve precise control of the -placement of the grace notes, see @ref{Grace notes}. +following example, the trill is combined with grace notes. To +achieve precise control over the placement of the grace notes, see +@ref{Grace notes}. @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2] c1 \afterGrace @@ -772,31 +833,46 @@ c4 @cindex pitched trills @cindex trills, pitched -@notation{Trills} that should be executed on an explicitly -specified pitch can be typeset with the command -@code{\pitchedTrill} using the following syntax: +Trills that require an auxiliary note with an explicit pitch can +be typeset with the @code{\pitchedTrill} command. The first +argument is the main note, and the second is the @emph{trilled} +note, printed as a stemless note head in parentheses. -@example -@code{\pitchedTrill} @var{mainnote} @code{\startTrillSpan} -@var{trillnote} @var{endnote} @code{\stopTrillSpan} -@end example +@c This syntax example doesn't look nice. -pm + +@c @example +@c @code{\pitchedTrill} @var{mainnote} @code{\startTrillSpan} +@c @var{trillnote} @var{endnote} @code{\stopTrillSpan} +@c @end example @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1] -\pitchedTrill e2 \startTrillSpan fis +\pitchedTrill e2\startTrillSpan fis d\stopTrillSpan @end lilypond -@noindent -The first argument is the main note. The pitch of the second is -printed as a stemless note head in parentheses. +In the following example, the second pitched trill is ambiguous; +the accidental of the trilled note is not printed. As a +workaround, the accidentals of the trilled notes can be forced. +The second measure illustrates this method: + +@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2] +\pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis +g\stopTrillSpan +\pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis +g\stopTrillSpan +\pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis +g\stopTrillSpan +\pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis! +g\stopTrillSpan +@end lilypond @predefined -@code{\startTrillSpan}, @funindex \startTrillSpan -@code{\stopTrillSpan}. +@code{\startTrillSpan}, @funindex \stopTrillSpan +@code{\stopTrillSpan}. @seealso @@ -804,6 +880,10 @@ printed as a stemless note head in parentheses. Music Glossary: @rglos{trill}. +Notation Reference: +@ref{Articulations and ornamentations}, +@ref{Grace notes}. + Snippets: @rlsr{Expressive marks}.