@settitle Music Glossary
@setfilename music-glosssary.info
-@html
-<!--- @@WEB-TITLE@@=Music Glossary --->
-@end html
@ifhtml
This document is also available in @uref{music-glossary.ps.gz,gzipped
@titlepage
@title Music Glossary
@author Christian Mondrup
-@author spanish by David Gonz@'alez
@c License PD, BSD-ish, GNU GPL, GNU FDL?
-Copyright @copyright{} 1999--2002 by the authors
+Copyright @copyright{} 1999--2003 by the authors
+
+
+ Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
+ under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
+ or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation,
+ without Invariant Sections.
+
@end titlepage
+
+
+@ignore
+@omfcreator Christian Mondrup
+@omfdescription Glossary of musical terms with translations
+@omftype user's guide
+@omfcategory Applications|Publishing
+@omflanguage English
+@end ignore
+
@ifnottex
@node Top
@top
@ifnottex
Christian Mondrup
@*
-spanish by Davi Gonz@'alez
-@*
-Copyright 1999-2002 by the authors
+Copyright 1999--2003 by the authors
-@c License PD, BSD-ish, GNU GPL, GNU FDL?
+
+ Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
+ under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
+ or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation,
+ without Invariant Sections.
+
@*
@end macro
@ignore
-We don't use refs for Info:
+We do not use refs for Info:
@w{@ar{}\word\}@c vs:
@w{@ar{}@pxref{\word\}}@c
they look too intrusive (says Han-Wen).
@end ignore
+
@c arrowref
@macro aref{word}
@iftex
NL: a,
DK: a,
S: a,
-FI: a,
+FI: A, a,
N: a.
@aitem{accent}
flat lowers it by a whole tone. A natural cancels the effect of a previous
accidental.
-@lilypond[13pt,notime]
-\property Score.barNonAuto = ##t
-\property Voice.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
+@lilypond[notime]
+\property Score.automaticBars = ##f
+%\property Voice.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
\addlyrics
\context Staff \notes\relative c'' {
gis1 s s gisis s s ges s s geses s s g!
NL: accelerando,
DK: accelerando,
S: accelerando,
-FI: accelerando,
+FI: accelerando, kiihdytt@"aen,
N: ?.
Increase tempo.
C clef setting central C on the middle line of the staff
@aref{C clef}.
+@aitem{ambitus}
+ES: ambitus,
+I: ambitus,
+F: ambitus,
+D: ambitus,
+NL: ambitus,
+DK: ambitus,
+S: ambitus,
+FI: ambitus, @"a@"aniala, soitinala,
+N: ?.
+
+The term ambitus denotes a range of pitches for a given voice in a part of music. It also may denote the pitch range that a musical instrument is capable of playing.
+
@aitem{ancient minor scale}
I: scala minore naturale,
F: forme du mode mineur ancien, trois@`eme mode, mode hell@'enique
D: reines Moll,
-NL: ?,
+NL: authentieke mineurtoonladder,
DK: ren mol,
S: ren mollskala,
FI: luonnollinen molliasteikko,
N: ?.
-@lilypond[13pt,notime]
-\property Score.barNonAuto = ##t
+@lilypond[notime]
+\property Score.automaticBars = ##f
\notes\relative c'' {
a1 b c d e f g a }
@end lilypond
NL: andante,
DK: andante,
S: andante,
-FI: andante,
+FI: andante, k@"ayden,
N: andante.
Walking tempo/character.
NL: voorslag,
DK: forslag,
S: f@"orslag,
-FI: appoggiatura,
+FI: appoggiatura, etuhele,
N: ?.
Ornamental note, usually a second, that is melodically connected with the main
a. is performed as a short note regardless of the duration of the main note
the duration of the long a. is proportional to that of the main note.
-@lilypond[13pt]
+@lilypond
\context Voice \notes\relative c'' {
\key d \major
\time 4/4
-\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
+%\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
<<d a fis>>4_"notation" r
-{ \property Voice.Stem \override #'flag-style = #""
+{ \property Voice.Stem \override #'flag-style = #'()
\grace g16
\property Voice.Stem \revert #'flag-style
}
fis8 e16 fis
-{ \property Voice.Stem \override #'flag-style = #""
+{ \property Voice.Stem \override #'flag-style = #'()
\grace a16
\property Voice.Stem \revert #'flag-style
}
g8 fis16 g |
\cadenzaOn a4 \bar "||" \cadenzaOff }
\notes\relative c'' {
-<<d a fis>>4_"performance" r g16 () fis e fis a () g fis g |
+<<d a fis>>4_"performance" r g16 ( fis) e fis a ( g) fis g |
\cadenzaOn a4 \bar "||" \cadenzaOff }
@end lilypond
An appoggiatura may have more notes preceding the main note.
-@lilypond[13pt]
+@lilypond
\notes\relative c'' {
\key as \major
\time 2/4
- \property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
+% \property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
\grace { bes16 } as8_"notation" as16 bes as8 g |
- \grace { [as16-( bes] } << c as >>4-)
- \grace { [as16-( bes] } << c as >>4-) \bar "||"
+ \grace { as16[( bes] } << c as >>4-)
+ \grace { as16[( bes] } << c as >>4-) \bar "||"
\grace { bes16 } as8_"performance" as16 bes as8 g |
< \context Voice = va { \stemUp\tieUp as32 bes c8. as32 bes c8. }
\context Voice = vb { \stemDown\tieDown as16 ~ as8. as16 ~ as8. } >
NL: gebroken akoord,
DK: arpeggio, akkordbrydning,
S: arpeggio,
-FI: arpeggio, murtaen sointu,
+FI: arpeggio, murtosointu,
N: ?.
-@lilypond[13pt]
+@lilypond
\notes \context PianoStaff <
\context Staff = SA \relative c'' {
\time 4/4
\clef bass
< \context Voice = va {
\stemUp
- r16 e8. () e4 r16 e8. () e4 |
- r16 d8. () d4 r16 d8. () d4 }
+ r16 e8. ( e4) r16 e8. ( e4) |
+ r16 d8. ( d4) r16 d8. ( d4) }
\context Voice = vb {
\stemDown
c2 c | c c } >
NL: bariton,
DK: baryton,
S: baryton,
-FI: baritoni,
+FI: baritoni, keskikorkuinen mies@"a@"ani,
N: baryton.
The male voice intermediate between the @aref{bass} and the
Line connecting a series of notes (shorter than a quarter note).
The number of beams determine the note value of the connected notes.
-@lilypond[13pt,notime]
-\property Score.barNonAuto = ##t
-\property Voice.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
+@lilypond[notime]
+\property Score.automaticBars = ##f
+%\property Voice.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
\notes\relative c'' {
- [g8_"1/8" g g g] s16
- [g16_"1/16" g g g] s16
- [g32_"1/32" s32 g32 s32 g32 s32 g32] s16
- [g64_"1/64" s32 g64 s32 g64 s32 g64] s32 }
+ g8_"1/8"[ g g g] s16
+ g16_"1/16"[ g g g] s16
+ g32_"1/32"[ s32 g32 s32 g32 s32 g32] s16
+ g64_"1/64"[ s32 g64 s32 g64 s32 g64] s32 }
@end lilypond
@aitem{beat}
The base counting value and the number of them per measure is indicated at
the start of the music.
-@lilypond[13pt]
+@lilypond
\key g \major
\time 4/4
\notes\relative c'' { g4 c b a | g1 \bar "||"}
NL: accolade, teksthaak,
DK: klamme,
S: klammer,
-FI: ?,
+FI: yhdist@"av@"a sulkumerkki,
N: ?.
Symbol at the start of a system connecting staves. Curly braces are used
for connecting piano staves, angular brackets for connecting parts in an
orchestral or choral score.
-@lilypond[13pt]
+@lilypond
\notes\context GrandStaff <
\relative c''\context Staff = SA { \clef treble g4 e c2 }
\relative c \context Staff = SB { \clef bass c1 \bar "|." } >
@end lilypond
-@lilypond[13pt]
+@lilypond
\context StaffGroup <
% \property StaffGroup.minVerticalAlign = #12
\notes\relative c'' \context Staff = SA { \clef treble g4 e c2 }
NL: brevis,
DK: brevis,
S: brevis,
-FI: breve,
+FI: brevis,
N: ?.
@aref{note value} twice as long as a whole note. Mainly used
in pre-1650 music.
-@lilypond[13pt,notime]
-\property Score.barNonAuto = ##t
+@lilypond[notime]
+\property Score.automaticBars = ##f
\notes\relative c'' { g\breve }
@end lilypond
Clef symbol indicating the position of the central C. Used on all note
lines.
-@lilypond[13pt,notime]
-\property Score.barNonAuto = ##t
+@lilypond[notime]
+\property Score.automaticBars = ##f
\property Score.Clef \override #'full-size-change = ##t
-\property Score.LyricText \set #'font-style = #'large
+%\property Score.LyricText \set #'font-style = #'large
\addlyrics
\context Staff \notes\relative c' {
\clef soprano c1 s s
NL: cadens,
DK: kadence,
S: kadens,
-FI: kadenssi,
+FI: kadenssi, lopuke,
N: ?.
An extended, improvisatory style section inserted near the end of
NL: canon,
DK: kanon,
S: kanon,
-FI: kaanon,
+FI: kaanon, tarkka j@"aljittely,
N: ?.
@aref{counterpoint}.
NL: cent,
DK: cent,
S: cent,
-FI: sadasosa,
+FI: sentti, puolis@"avelaskeleen sadasosa tasavireisess@"a viritysj@"arjestelm@"ass@"a,
N: ?.
Logarithmic unit of measurement. 1 cent is 1/1200 of an octave (1/100 of an
third above the lower notes to define their quality as major or minor. Such
chords are denoted open chords
-@lilypond[13pt,notime]
-\property Score.barNonAuto = ##t
-\property Voice.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
+@lilypond[notime]
+\property Score.automaticBars = ##f
+%\property Voice.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
\addlyrics
\context Staff \notes\relative c'' {
<<g b d>>1 s s
A scale consisting of all 11 @aref{semitone}s.
-@lilypond[13pt,notime]
-\property Score.barNonAuto = ##t
+@lilypond[notime]
+\property Score.automaticBars = ##f
\notes\relative c' { c1 cis d dis e f fis g gis a ais b c }
@end lilypond
NL: komma,
DK: komma,
S: komma,
-FI: comma,
+FI: komma, korvinkuultava ero @"a@"anenkorkeudessa,
N: ?.
Difference in pitch between a note derived from pure tuning and the same note
NL: complementair interval,
DK: komplement@ae{}rinterval,
S: komplement@"arintervall (?),
-FI: ?,
+FI: t@"aydent@"av@"a intervalli,
N: ?.
@aref{inverted interval}.
I: moto congiunto,
F: mouvement conjoint,
D: schrittweise, stufenweise Bewegung,
-NL: ?,
+NL: stapsgewijze, trapsgewijze beweging,
DK: trinvis bev@ae{}gelse,
S: stegvis r@"orelse,
-FI: ?,
+FI: asteittainen liike,
N: ?.
Melody moving in the narrow steps of the scale.
-@lilypond[13pt]
+@lilypond
\key g \major \time 4/4
\notes\relative c'' { g4 g g a | b2 a | g4 b a a | g1 \bar "||" }
@end lilypond
Increasing volume. Indicated by a rightwards opening horizontal wedge or the
abbreviation ``cresc.''.
-@lilypond[13pt]
+@lilypond
\key g \major \time 4/4
-\notes\relative c'' { g4 \< a b c | \! d1 \bar "|." }
+\notes\relative c'' { g4 \< a b c | d1\! \bar "|." }
@end lilypond
@aitem{cue-notes}
notation such as via the editio vaticana dating back to the beginning
of the 20th century
-@lilypond[13pt]
+@lilypond
\score {
\notes {
\property Staff.Custos \set #'neutral-position = #4
\property Staff.Custos \set #'adjust-if-on-staffline = ##t
\property Staff.Custos \set #'style = #'hufnagel
- c'1^"Custos style = \#'hufnagel"
+ c'1
\break << d' a' f''>>1
}
\paper {
\StaffContext
\consists Custos_engraver
}
+raggedright = ##t
}
}
@end lilypond
Abbreviated ``d.s.''. Repetition, not from the beginning, but from
another place frequently near the beginning marked by a sign:
-@lilypond[13pt]
-\property Voice.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
+@lilypond
+%\property Voice.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
\property Voice.TextScript \set #'font-shape = #'italic
\key g \major \time 4/4
\notes\relative c'' { d1 | g,4^\segno a b c | b a g2_"d.s." \bar "|." }
Decreasing tone volume. Indicated by a leftwards opening horizontal wedge
or the abbreviation ``decresc.''.
-@lilypond[13pt]
+@lilypond
\notes\relative c'' {
\key g \major \time 4/4
- d4 \> c b a | \! g1 \bar "|."
+ d4 \> c b a | g1 \! \bar "|."
}
@end lilypond
The church modes are used in gregorial chant and pre baroque early music but
also to some extent in newer jazz music.
-@lilypond[13pt,notime,linewidth=110mm]
-\property Score.barNonAuto = ##t
-\property Score.LyricText \set #'font-style = #'large
-\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
+@lilypond[notime,linewidth=110mm]
+\property Score.automaticBars = ##f
+%\property Score.LyricText \set #'font-style = #'large
+%\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
\addlyrics
\context Staff \notes\relative c' {
c1 d
}
@end lilypond
-@lilypond[13pt,notime]
-\property Score.barNonAuto = ##t
-\property Score.LyricText \set #'font-style = #'large
-\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
+@lilypond[notime]
+\property Score.automaticBars = ##f
+%\property Score.LyricText \set #'font-style = #'large
+%\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
\addlyrics
\context Staff \notes\relative c' {
d1
}
@end lilypond
-@lilypond[13pt,notime]
-\property Score.barNonAuto = ##t
-\property Score.LyricText \set #'font-style = #'large
-\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
+@lilypond[notime]
+\property Score.automaticBars = ##f
+%\property Score.LyricText \set #'font-style = #'large
+%\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
\addlyrics
\notes\relative c' {
\property Voice.TextScript \set #'padding = #-4
}
@end lilypond
-@lilypond[13pt,notime]
-\property Score.barNonAuto = ##t
-\property Score.LyricText \set #'font-style = #'large
-\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
+@lilypond[notime]
+\property Score.automaticBars = ##f
+%\property Score.LyricText \set #'font-style = #'large
+%\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
\addlyrics
\notes\relative c' {
f1 g a
}
@end lilypond
-@lilypond[13pt,notime]
-\property Score.barNonAuto = ##t
-\property Score.LyricText \set #'font-style = #'large
-\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
+@lilypond[notime]
+\property Score.automaticBars = ##f
+%\property Score.LyricText \set #'font-style = #'large
+%\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
\addlyrics
\notes\relative c'' {
g1 a
}
@end lilypond
-@lilypond[13pt,notime]
-\property Score.barNonAuto = ##t
-\property Score.LyricText \set #'font-style = #'large
-\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
+@lilypond[notime]
+\property Score.automaticBars = ##f
+%\property Score.LyricText \set #'font-style = #'large
+%\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
\addlyrics
\notes\relative c'' {
a1
harmonic minor scale type an augmented second (A) occurs between the 6th and
7th tone.
-@lilypond[13pt,notime]
-\property Score.barNonAuto = ##t
-\property Score.LyricText \set #'font-style = #'large
-\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
+@lilypond[notime]
+\property Score.automaticBars = ##f
+%\property Score.LyricText \set #'font-style = #'large
+%\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
\addlyrics
\notes\relative c' {
c1 d
}
@end lilypond
-@lilypond[13pt,notime]
-\property Score.barNonAuto = ##t
-\property Score.LyricText \set #'font-style = #'large
-\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
+@lilypond[notime]
+\property Score.automaticBars = ##f
+%\property Score.LyricText \set #'font-style = #'large
+%\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
\addlyrics
\notes\relative c'' {
a1
}
@end lilypond
-@lilypond[13pt,notime]
-\property Score.barNonAuto = ##t
-\property Score.LyricText \set #'font-style = #'large
-\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
+@lilypond[notime]
+\property Score.automaticBars = ##f
+%\property Score.LyricText \set #'font-style = #'large
+%\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
\addlyrics
\notes\relative c'' {
a1
}
@end lilypond
-@lilypond[13pt,notime]
-\property Score.barNonAuto = ##t
-\property Score.LyricText \set #'font-style = #'large
-\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
+@lilypond[notime]
+\property Score.automaticBars = ##f
+%\property Score.LyricText \set #'font-style = #'large
+%\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
\addlyrics
\notes\relative c'' {
a1
I: moto disgiunto,
F: mouvement disjoint,
D: sprunghafte Bewegung,
-NL: ?,
+NL: sprongsgewijze beweging,
DK: springende bev@ae{}gelse,
S: hoppande r@"orelse,
-FI: hyppiv@"a melodian liike,
+FI: melodian hyppiv@"a liike,
N: ?.
Melody moving in steps greater than those of the
scale. Opposite of @aref{conjunct movement}.
-@lilypond[13pt]
+@lilypond
\key a \major
\time 4/4
\notes\relative c' {
NL: dorische toonladder,
DK: dorisk skala,
S: dorisk tonart,
-FI: doorinen asteikko,
+FI: doorinen moodi,
N: ?.
@aref{diatonic scale}.
NL: dubbele voorslag,
DK: dobbelt forslag,
S: dubbelslag,
-FI: kaksoisappogiatura,
+FI: kaksoisappogiatura, kaksoisetuhele,
N: ?.
@aref{appoggiatura}.
NL: steken,
DK: nodestik,
S: nottryck,
-FI: nuotinnus,
+FI: painatus,
N: ?.
Engraving means incising or etching a metal plate for
Two notes, intervals, or scales are enharmonic if they have different names
but equal pitch.
-@lilypond[13pt,notime]
-\property Score.barNonAuto = ##t
-\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
+@lilypond[notime]
+\property Score.automaticBars = ##f
+%\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
\addlyrics
\context Staff \notes\relative c'' {
gis1 s s as s s <<des g,!>> s s <<cis g!>> s s
NL: voordrachtsteken,
DK: foredragsbetegnelse,
S: f@"oredragsbeteckning,
-FI: nyanssimerkki, esitysmerkki,
+FI: nyanssiosoitus, esitysmerkki,
N: ?.
Performance indications concerning 1. volume, dynamics (for example
symbol indicates playing an octave lower (for example on double bass
@aref{strings}).
-@lilypond[13pt,notime]
-\property Score.barNonAuto = ##t
+@lilypond[notime]
+\property Score.automaticBars = ##f
\property Staff.Clef \override #'full-size-change = ##t
-\property Score.LyricText \set #'font-style = #'large
+%\property Score.LyricText \set #'font-style = #'large
\addlyrics
\notes\relative c {
\clef varbaritone
Prolonged note or rest of indefinite duration.
-@lilypond[13pt]
+@lilypond
\time 4/4
\notes\relative c'' {
a4 b c2^\fermata \bar "|."
less than a quarter note. The number of flags determines the
@aref{note value}.
-@lilypond[13pt,notime]
-\property Score.barNonAuto = ##t
-\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
+@lilypond[notime]
+\property Score.automaticBars = ##f
+%\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
\notes\relative c'' {
g8_"1/8" s8
g16_"1/16" s8
I: armonia funzionale,
F: @'etude des functions,
D: Funktionslehre,
-NL: ?,
+NL: functionele harmonie,
DK: funktionsanalyse, funktionsharmonik,
S: funktionsl@"ara,
FI: harmoniaj@"arjestelm@"a,
dominant (D, the chord on the fifth note). Other are considered to be
variants of the base chords.
-@lilypond[13pt,notime]
-\property Score.barNonAuto = ##t
-\property Score.LyricText \set #'font-style = #'large
-\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
+@lilypond[notime]
+\property Score.automaticBars = ##f
+%\property Score.LyricText \set #'font-style = #'large
+%\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
\addlyrics
\context Voice \notes\relative c'' {
<<g e c >>1 << a f d >> << b g e >>
indicates playing or singing an octave lower (most tenor parts in choral
scores are notated like that).
-@lilypond[13pt,notime]
-\property Score.barNonAuto = ##t
+@lilypond[notime]
+\property Score.automaticBars = ##f
\property Staff.Clef \set #'full-size-change = ##t
-\property Score.LyricText \set #'font-style = #'large
+%\property Score.LyricText \set #'font-style = #'large
\addlyrics
\notes\relative c'' {
\clef french
Sequence of chords that terminate a musical phrase or
section. @aref{functional harmony}.
-@lilypond[13pt]
+@lilypond
\notes\context PianoStaff <
\context Staff = SA \relative c'' {
\time 4/4
\partial 4 << c g e >>4 |
<< c a f >> << b g d >> << c g e >>2
}
- \property Score.LyricText \set #'font-style = #'large
+% %\property Score.LyricText \set #'font-style = #'large
\addlyrics
\context Staff = SB \relative c {
\clef bass
Consonances:
-@lilypond[13pt,notime]
-\property Score.barNonAuto = ##t
-\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
+@lilypond[notime]
+\property Score.automaticBars = ##f
+%\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
\context Voice \notes\relative c'' {
<<g g>>1_"unisone " s
<<g b>>_"third " s
Dissonances:
-@lilypond[13pt,notime]
-\property Score.barNonAuto = ##t
-\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
+@lilypond[notime]
+\property Score.automaticBars = ##f
+%\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
\context Voice \notes\relative c'' {
<<g a>>1_"second " s s
<<g f'>>_"seventh " s s
NL: homofonie,
DK: homofoni,
S: homofoni,
-FI: homofonia,
+FI: homofonia, yksi@"a@"anisyys,
N: ?.
Music in which one voice leads melodically followed by the other voices more
NL: interval,
DK: interval,
S: intervall,
-FI: intervalli, s@"avelien korkeusero,
+FI: intervalli, kahden s@"avelen korkeusero,
N: ?.
Difference in pitch between two notes. Intervals may be perfect, minor, major,
because they consist of three @aref{whole tone}s. The addition
of such two forms an octave.
-@lilypond[13pt,notime]
-\property Score.barNonAuto = ##t
-\property Score.LyricText \set #'font-style = #'large
-\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
+@lilypond[notime]
+\property Score.automaticBars = ##f
+%\property Score.LyricText \set #'font-style = #'large
+%\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
\addlyrics
\context Voice \notes\relative c'' {
<< g g >>1 s
}
@end lilypond
-@lilypond[13pt,notime]
-\property Score.barNonAuto = ##t
-\property Score.LyricText \set #'font-style = #'large
-\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
+@lilypond[notime]
+\property Score.automaticBars = ##f
+%\property Score.LyricText \set #'font-style = #'large
+%\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
\addlyrics
\context Staff \notes\relative c'' {
<< g c >>^"perfect" s
}
@end lilypond
-@lilypond[13pt,notime]
-\property Score.barNonAuto = ##t
-\property Score.LyricText \set #'font-style = #'large
-\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
+@lilypond[notime]
+\property Score.automaticBars = ##f
+%\property Score.LyricText \set #'font-style = #'large
+%\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
\addlyrics
\context Staff \notes\relative c'' {
<< gis f'! >>1^"dimin" s
The difference between an interval and an octave.
-@lilypond[13pt,notime]
-\property Score.barNonAuto = ##t
-\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
+@lilypond[notime]
+\property Score.automaticBars = ##f
+%\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
\context Staff \notes\relative c'' {
<< g a >>1_"second " s s << g' a, >>_"seventh " s s \bar "||"
<< g, b >>_"third " s s << g' b, >>_"sixth " s s \bar "||"
A ledger line is an extension of the staff.
-@lilypond[13pt,notime]
-\property Score.barNonAuto = ##t
+@lilypond[notime]
+\property Score.automaticBars = ##f
\notes\relative c'' { a,1 s c'' }
@end lilypond
FI: legato, sitoen,
N: ?.
-To be performed without any perceptible interruption between the notes (a)
-unlike @emph{leggiero} or @emph{non-legato} (b), @emph{portato} (c) and
-@aref{staccato} (d).
+To be performed (a) without any perceptible interruption between the notes
+unlike (b) @emph{leggiero} or @emph{non-legato}, (c) @emph{portato} and
+(d) @aref{staccato}.
-@lilypond[13pt,notime]
-\property Score.barNonAuto = ##t
+@lilypond[notime]
+\property Score.automaticBars = ##f
\addlyrics
\context Staff \notes\relative c'' {
- c4( d )e \bar "||"
+ c4-( d e-) \bar "||"
c4-- d-- e-- \bar "||"
- c4-.( d-. )e-. \bar "||"
+ c4-.-( d-. e-.-) \bar "||"
c4-. d-. e-. \bar "||"
}
\context Lyrics \lyrics {
- \property Lyrics . LyricText \set #'font-style = #'large
+% \property Lyrics . LyricText \set #'font-style = #'large
a
b "" ""
c
NL: lijn,
DK: nodelinie,
S: notlinje,
-FI: nuottiviiva,
+FI: viiva, nuottiviiva,
N: ?.
@aref{staff}.
I: appoggiatura lunga,
F: appoggiature longue,
D: langer Vorschlag,
+NL: Lange voorslag,
DK: langt forslag,
S: l@aa{}ngt f@"orslag,
-FI: pitk@#@"a appoggiatura,
+FI: pitk@"a appoggiatura, pitk@"a etuhele,
N: ?.
@aref{appoggiatura}.
Note value: double length of @aref{breve}.
@aref{note value}.
-@lilypond[13pt,notime]
-\property Score.barNonAuto = ##t
+@lilypond[notime]
+\property Score.automaticBars = ##f
\notes\relative c'' {
\property Voice.NoteHead \set #'style = #'mensural
g\longa
I: accordatura mesotonica,
F: temp@'erament m@'esotonique,
D: mittelt@"onige Stimmung,
-NL: ?,
+NL: middenstemming, middentoonstemming,
DK: middeltonetemperatur,
S: medeltonstemperatur,
FI: keskis@"avelviritys,
D: Mediante,
DK: mediant,
S: mediant,
-FI: ?,
+FI: keskis@"avel,
N: ?.
1. The third @b{scale degree}.
replaced by its lower mediant (variant tonic). @aref{functional
harmony}, @aref{relative key}.
+@aitem{melisma}
+
+NL: melisma,
+FI: melisma, laulettavan tavun s@"avelkuvio,
+
+A melisma (plural: melismata) is a group of notes or tones sung on one
+syllable in plainsong
+
@aitem{melodic cadence}
@aref{cadenza}.
one speaks of @emph{duple} (2/2, 2/4, 2/8), @emph{triple} (3/2, 3/4, 3/8), or
@emph{quadruple} (4/2, 4/4, 4/8) meter. 4/4 is also called common meter.
-@lilypond[13pt]
+@lilypond
\notes\relative c'' {
\time 3/4
\key f \major
c es d | c bes8 a bes4 | c es d | c2 \bar "||"}
@end lilypond
-@lilypond[13pt]
+@lilypond
\notes\relative c' {
\time 6/8
\key f \major
c'8 c c c e16 d e c \bar "||"}
@end lilypond
-@lilypond[13pt]
+@lilypond
\notes\relative c'' {
\time 5/4
\key g \major
NL: metronoom aanduiding,
DK: metronomtal,
S: metronomangivelse,
-FI: metronomi osoitus,
+FI: metronomiosoitus,
N: ?.
Exact tempo indication (in beats per minute). Also denoted by
NL: centrale@w{ }c,
DK: enstreget@w{ }c,
S: ettstruket@w{ }c,
-FI: keski-c,
+FI: keski-C,
N: ?.
First C below the 440 Hz A.
-@lilypond[13pt,notime]
-\property Score.barNonAuto = ##t
+@lilypond[notime]
+\property Score.automaticBars = ##f
\property Staff.Clef \set #'full-size-change = ##t
\notes\relative c' {
\clef bass c1 s
NL: modus,
DK: skala,
S: modus, skala,
-FI: moodi, s@"avelasteikko,
+FI: moodi, kirkkos@"avelasteikko,
N: ?.
@aref{church mode}, @aref{diatonic scale}.
NL: mordent,
DK: mordent,
S: mordent,
-FI: mordent,
+FI: mordent, korukuvio,
N: ?.
@aref{ornament}.
The briefest intelligible and self-contained fragment of a musical theme or
subject.
-@lilypond[13pt]
+@lilypond
\property Score.TimeSignature \override #'style = #'()
-\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
+%\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
\notes\relative c'' {
\time 4/4
\key g \major
NL: deel,
DK: sats,
S: sats,
-FI: liike,
+FI: osa,
N: ?.
Greater musical works like @aref{symphony} and
D: mehrtaktige Pause,
DK: flertaktspause,
S: flertaktspaus,
-FI: monen tahdin pituinen tauko,
+FI: usean tahdin mittainen tauko,
N: ?.
-@lilypond[13pt]
+@lilypond
\notes\relative c'' {
a1
\property Score.skipBars=##t R1*3
but sometimes (mostly in pre baroque music) the double length note value
@emph{longa} is used.
-@lilypond[13pt,notime]
-\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
-\property Score.barNonAuto = ##t
+@lilypond[notime]
+%\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
+\property Score.automaticBars = ##f
\notes\relative c'' {
\property Voice.NoteHead \override #'style = #'mensural
g\longa_"longa" g\breve_"breve"
g16_"1/16" s16 g32_"1/32" s16 g64_"1/64" s32 }
@end lilypond
-@lilypond[13pt,notime]
-\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
-\property Score.barNonAuto = ##t
+@lilypond[notime]
+%\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
+\property Score.automaticBars = ##f
\notes\relative c'' {
r\longa_"longa" r\breve_"breve"
r1_"1/1" r2_"1/2" r4_"1/4" s16 r8_"1/8" s16
An augmentation dot after a note multiplies the duration by one and a
half. Another dot adds yet a fourth of the duration.
-@lilypond[13pt]
-\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
+@lilypond
+%\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
\notes\relative c'' {
\time 4/4
- g4._"pointed" g8 g2 | g4 () g8 g g2 \bar "||"
- g4.._"double pointed" g16 g2 | g4 () g8 () g16 g g2 \bar "||" }
+ g4._"pointed" g8 g2 | g4 ~ g8 g g2 \bar "||"
+ g4.._"double pointed" g16 g2 | g4 ~ g8 ~ g16 g g2 \bar "||" }
@end lilypond
Alternatively note values may be subdivided by other ratios. Most common is
Subdivisions by@w{ }2 (@emph{tuplets}) or@w{ }4 (@emph{quadruplets}) of
dotted notes are also frequently used.
-@lilypond[13pt]
-\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
+@lilypond
+%\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
\notes\relative c'' {
\time 4/4
\times 2/3 {g8_"triplets" g g} g4 g8 g g4 \bar "||"
}
@end lilypond
-@lilypond[13pt]
+@lilypond
\notes\relative c'' {
\time 3/4
\times 3/2 {g4_"duplets" g} |
note first while in the music from the preceding baroque and classic periods
the upper note is played first.
-@lilypond[13pt]
+@lilypond
<
\context Staff = sa {
- \property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
+% \property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
\notes\relative c'' {
c2._"pre-1850" b4\trill | c1 \bar "||"
c2._"post-1850" b4\trill | c1 \bar "||"
Other frequently used ornaments are the @emph{turn}, the @emph{mordent} and the
@emph{prall} (inverted mordent).
-@lilypond[13pt]
+@lilypond
<
\context Staff = sa {
- \property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
+% \property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
\notes\relative c'' {
a4_"turn" b\turn c2 \bar "||"
g4_"mordent" a b\mordent a \bar "||"
}
}
\notes\relative c'' {
- a4 [c16 b a b] c2
- g4 a [b16 a b8] a4
- e'4 [e32 d e d ~ d8] c2
+ a4 c16[ b a b] c2
+ g4 a b16-[ a b8] a4
+ e'4 e32[ d e d ~ d8] c2
}
>
@end lilypond
NL: partij,
DK: stemme,
S: st@"amma,
-FI: osa,
+FI: stemma, instrumenttiosuus,
N: ?.
1. In instrumental or choral music the music for the single instrument
NL: frase, zin,
DK: frase,
S: fras,
-FI: fraasi,
+FI: fraasi, lause,
N: ?.
A natural division of the melodic line, comparable to a sentence of speech.
NL: frasering,
DK: frasering,
S: fra@-se@-ring,
-FI: fraseeraus,
+FI: fraseeraus, j@"asent@"aminen,
N: ?.
The clear rendering in musical performance of the @aref{phrase}s of
NL: pizzicato, getokkeld,
DK: pizzicato,
S: pizzicato,
-FI: pizzicato,
+FI: pizzicato, n@"app@"aillen,
N: ?.
Play by plucking the strings.
NL: komma van Pythagoras,
DK: pythagor@ae{}isk komma,
S: pytagoreiskt komma,
-FI: pytagorinen pilkku,
+FI: pytagorinen komma,
N: ?.
A sequence of fifths starting on@w{ }C eventually circles back to@w{ }C,
I: tonalit@`a relativa,
F: tonalit@'e relative,
D: Paralleltonart,
+NL: paralleltoonsoort,
DK: paralleltoneart,
S: parallelltonart,
FI: rinnakkaiss@"avellaji,
@aref{major} and @aref{minor} @aref{key}
with the same @aref{key signature}.
-@lilypond[13pt,notime]
-\property Score.barNonAuto = ##t
-\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
+@lilypond[notime]
+\property Score.automaticBars = ##f
+%\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
\notes\relative c' {
\key es \major
es1_"e flat major" f g as bes c d es
}
@end lilypond
-@lilypond[13pt,notime]
-\property Score.barNonAuto = ##t
-\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
+@lilypond[notime]
+\property Score.automaticBars = ##f
+%\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
\notes\relative c' {
\key es \major
c1_"c minor" d es f g a! b! c \bar "||"
FI: toisto,
N: ?.
-@lilypond[13pt]
+@lilypond
\key g \major
\time 4/4
\notes\relative c'' {
NL: trap [van de toonladder],
DK: skalatrin,
S: skalsteg (?),
-FI: s@"avelaste,
+FI: s@"avelaste, asteikon s@"avel,
N: ?.
Names and symbols used in harmonic analysis to denote tones of the scale as
roots of chords. The most important are degrees I = tonic (T), IV =
sub@-do@-mi@-nant (S) and V = dominant (D).
-@lilypond[13pt,notime]
-\property Score.barNonAuto = ##t
-\property Score.LyricText \set #'font-style = #'large
+@lilypond[notime]
+\property Score.automaticBars = ##f
+%\property Score.LyricText \set #'font-style = #'large
%\property Lyrics.minVerticalAlign = #8
\addlyrics
\context Staff \notes\relative c' {
semitone. An octave may be divided into 12@w{ }semitones.
@aref{interval}, @aref{chromatic scale}.
-@lilypond[13pt,notime]
-\property Score.barNonAuto = ##t
+@lilypond[notime]
+\property Score.automaticBars = ##f
\notes\relative c'' { g1 gis s a bes s b! c }
@end lilypond
ES: ligadura,
I: legatura (di portamento or espressiva),
F: liaison, coul@'e,
-D: Bogen, Bindebogen, Legatobogen, Phrasierungsbogen,
-NL: binding, bindingsboog,
+D: Bogen, Legatobogen, Phrasierungsbogen,
+NL: fraseringsboog, legatoboog, streekboog,
DK: legatobue, fraseringsbue,
S: b@aa{}ge,
FI: kaari,
NL: solmizatie,
DK: solmisation,
S: solmisation,
-FI: ?,
+FI: suhteelliset laulunimet,
N: ?.
General term for systems of designating the degrees of the
NL: staccato,
DK: staccato,
S: staccato,
-FI: staccato,
+FI: staccato, lyhyesti, ter@"av@"asti,
N: ?.
Playing the note(s) short. Staccato is indicated by a dot above or below the
notehead.
-@lilypond[13pt]
+@lilypond
\key d \major
\time 4/4
\notes\relative c'' {
Vertical line above or below a @aref{note head} shorter than a
whole note. @aref{beam}.
-@lilypond[13pt,notime]
+@lilypond[notime]
\property Score.autoBeaming = ##f
-\property Score.barNonAuto = ##t
-\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
+\property Score.automaticBars = ##f
+%\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
\notes\relative c'' {
g2_"1/2" g' s16
g,4_"1/4" g' s16
NL: submediant,
DK: Submediant,
S: submediant,
-FI: ?,
+FI: alikeskis@"avel,
N: ?.
The sixth @aref{scale degree}.
NL: subtonica,
DK: Subtonika,
S: subtonika,
-FI: subtoonika,
+FI: subtoonika, alitoonika,
N: ?.
The seventh @aref{scale degree}.
deviation from this scheme is felt as a disturbance or contradiction between
the underlaying (normal) pulse and the actual (abnormal) rhythm.
-@lilypond[13pt]
+@lilypond
\time 4/4
\notes\relative c' {
\partial 4
d8 dis |
- e c'4 e,8 c'4 e,8 c' ( | ) c2
+ e c'4 e,8 c'4 e,8 c' ( | c2)
}
@end lilypond
NL: syntonische komma,
DK: syntonisk komma,
S: syntoniskt komma,
-FI: ?,
+FI: syntoninen komma, terssin taajuusero luonnollisessa ja Pytagorisessa viritysj@"arjestelm@"ass@"a,
N: ?.
Difference between the natural third and the third obtained by Pythagorean
I: temperamento,
F: temp@'erament,
D: Stimmung, Temperatur,
-NL: temperament,
+NL: stemming, temperatuur,
DK: temperatur,
S: temperatur,
FI: viritysj@"arjestelm@"a,
NL: tenor,
DK: tenor,
S: tenor,
-FI: tenori,
+FI: tenori, korkea mies@"a@"ani,
N: ?.
The highest voice of men (apart from @aref{counter tenor}).
I: basso continuo, basso numerato,
F: basse chiffr@'ee,
D: Generalbass, bezifferter Bass,
-NL: basso continuo,
+NL: basso continuo, becijferde bas
DK: generalbas,
S: generalbas,
-FI: kenraalibasso,
+FI: kenraalibasso, numeroitu basso,
N: ?.
A method of indicating an accompaniment part by the bass notes only, together
with figures designating the chief @aref{interval}s and
@aref{chord}s to be played above the bass notes.
-@lilypond[13pt]
+@lilypond
\context GrandStaff <
\context Staff = lh \notes\relative c'' {
\time 4/4
es8 c d bes c as bes16 as g f | es4
}
\context Lyrics \lyrics {
- \property Lyrics . LyricText \set #'font-style = #'Large
+% \property Lyrics . LyricText \set #'font-style = #'Large
\property Lyrics . VerticalAlign \override #'threshold = #'(6 . 12)
< { "" "6" "" "4" "" "6" "" "" "6" "4" }
{ "" "" "" "2" "" "" "" "" "" "2" } >
I: legatura (di valore),
F: liaison,
D: Haltebogen,
-NL: overbinding,
+NL: overbinding, bindingsboog,
DK: bindebue,
S: bindeb@aa{}ge, @"overbindning,
FI: sitominen,
connects two succesive notes of the same pitch, and which has the function of
uniting them into a single sound equal to the combined durations.
-@lilypond[13pt,notime]
-\property Score.barNonAuto = ##t
+@lilypond[notime]
+\property Score.automaticBars = ##f
\notes\relative c'' { g2 ~ g4. }
@end lilypond
Shifting a melody up or down in pitch, while keeping the same
relative pitches.
-@lilypond[13pt]
+@lilypond
\context Staff {
\time 3/4
\notes\relative c'' {
}
@end lilypond
-@lilypond[13pt]
+@lilypond
\context Staff {
\time 3/4
\transpose c bes \relative c'' {
a @aref{chord}, usually in the distance of a third
(@aref{interval}).
-@lilypond[13pt,notime]
-\property Score.barNonAuto = ##t
-\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
+@lilypond[notime]
+\property Score.automaticBars = ##f
+%\property Score.TextScript \set #'font-style = #'large
\notes\relative c' {
e2:32_"a"
f:32 [ e8:16 f:16 g:16 a:16 ] s4
NL: dubbelslag,
DK: dobbeltslag,
S: dubbelslag,
-FI: ?,
+FI: korukuvio,
N: ?.
???
NL: unisono,
DK: unison,
S: unison,
-FI: unisoni, yksi@"a@"anisesti,
+FI: unisono, yksi@"a@"anisesti,
N: ?.
Playing of the same notes or the same melody by various instruments (voices)
Initial note(s) of a melody occurring before the first bar
line. @aref{measure}, @aref{meter}.
-@lilypond[13pt]
+@lilypond
\key f \major
\time 4/4
\notes\relative c' {
\partial 4 f4 | bes4. a8 bes4 c |
- bes () a g f | bes4. a8 bes4 c | f,2. \bar "||" }
+ bes( a) g f | bes4. a8 bes4 c | f,2. \bar "||" }
@end lilypond
@aitem{voice}
NL: arsis,
DK: ubetonet taktslag,
S: obetonat taktslag,
-FI: tahdin heikko osa,
+FI: tahdin heikko isku,
N: ?.
@aref{beat}, @aref{measure}, @aref{rhythm}.
@item DURATION NAMES, NOTES AND RESTS
@end table
-@multitable @columnfractions .111 .111 .111 .111 .111 .111 .111 .111 .111
+@multitable @columnfractions .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1
@item @tab @strong{UK} @tab @strong{I} @tab @strong{F} @tab @strong{D} @tab
-@strong{NL} @tab @strong{DK} @tab @strong{S} @tab @strong{N}
+@strong{NL} @tab @strong{DK} @tab @strong{S} @tab @strong{FI} @tab @strong{N}
@item
@item @strong{longa} @tab longa @tab longa @tab longa @tab Longa @tab longa
-@tab longa @tab longa @tab longa
+@tab longa @tab longa @tab longa @tab longa
@item
@item @strong{breve} @tab breve @tab breve @tab br@`eve @tab Brevis @tab
-brevis @tab brevis @tab brevis @tab brevis
+brevis @tab brevis @tab brevis @tab brevis @tab brevis
@item
@item @strong{whole} @tab semi@-breve @tab semi@-breve @tab ronde @tab
-Ganze @tab hele @tab hel @tab hel @tab
+Ganze @tab hele @tab hel @tab hel @tab kokonuotti/-tauko @tab
@item
@item @strong{half} @tab minim @tab minima @tab blanche @tab Halbe @tab
-halve @tab halv @tab halv @tab
+halve @tab halv @tab halv @tab puoli- @tab
@item
@item @strong{quarter} @tab crotchet @tab semi@-minima @tab noire @tab
-Viertel @tab kwart @tab fjerde@-del @tab fj@"arde@-del @tab
+Viertel @tab kwart @tab fjerde@-del @tab fj@"arde@-del @tab nelj@"annes- @tab
@item
@item @strong{eighth} @tab quaver @tab croma @tab croche @tab Achtel @tab
-achtste @tab ottende@-del @tab @aa{}tton@-del @tab
+achtste @tab ottende@-del @tab @aa{}tton@-del @tab kahdeksasosa- @tab
@item
@item @strong{sixteenth} @tab semi@-quaver @tab semi@-croma @tab double croche
@tab Sech@-zehntel @tab zes@-ti@-ende @tab seks@-tende@-del @tab sexton@-del
-@tab
+@tab kuudestoistaosa- @tab
@item
@item @strong{thirty-second} @tab demi@-semi@-quaver @tab bis@-croma @tab
triple croche @tab Zwei@-und@-drei@-@ss{}ig@-stel @tab twee-en@-dertig@-ste
-@tab toog@-tredivte-del @tab trettio@-tv@aa{}on@-del @tab
+@tab toog@-tredivte-del @tab trettio@-tv@aa{}on@-del @tab kolmaskymmeneskahdesosa- @tab
@item
@item @strong{sixty-fourth} @tab hemi@-demi@-semi@-quaver @tab
semi@-bis@-croma @tab qua@-druple croche @tab Vier@-und@-sechzig@-stel @tab
vier@-en@-zestig@-ste @tab fireog@-tred@-sinds@-ty@-ven@-de@-del @tab
-sextio@-fj@"arde@-del @tab
+sextio@-fj@"arde@-del @tab kuudeskymmenesnelj@"asosa- @tab
@end multitable
-@c @item @tab @tab @tab @tab @tab @tab @tab @tab
+@c @item @tab @tab @tab @tab @tab @tab @tab @tab @tab
@page
@item PITCH NAMES
@end table
-@multitable @columnfractions .125 .125 .125 .125 .125 .125 .125 .125
+@multitable @columnfractions .111 .111 .111 .111 .111 .111 .111 .111 .111
@item @tab @strong{I} @tab @strong{F} @tab @strong{D} @tab
-@strong{NL} @tab @strong{DK} @tab @strong{S} @tab @strong{N}
+@strong{NL} @tab @strong{DK} @tab @strong{S} @tab @strong{FI}
+@tab @strong{N}
@item
-@item @strong{c} @tab do @tab ut @tab C @tab c @tab c @tab c @tab c
+@item @strong{c} @tab do @tab ut @tab C @tab c @tab c @tab c @tab C @tab c
@item
@item @strong{c-sharp} @tab do diesis @tab ut di@`ese @tab Cis @tab cis @tab
-cis @tab cis @tab cis
+cis @tab cis @tab Cis @tab cis
@item
@item @strong{d-flat} @tab re bemolle @tab r@'e b@'emol @tab Des @tab des @tab
-des @tab des @tab des
+des @tab des @tab Des @tab des
@item
-@item @strong{d} @tab re @tab r@'e @tab D @tab d @tab d @tab d @tab d
+@item @strong{d} @tab re @tab r@'e @tab D @tab d @tab d @tab d @tab D @tab d
@item
-@item @strong{e} @tab mi @tab mi @tab E @tab e @tab e @tab e @tab e
+@item @strong{e} @tab mi @tab mi @tab E @tab e @tab e @tab e @tab E @tab e
@item
-@item @strong{f} @tab fa @tab fa @tab F @tab f @tab f @tab f @tab f
+@item @strong{f} @tab fa @tab fa @tab F @tab f @tab f @tab f @tab F @tab f
@item
-@item @strong{g} @tab sol @tab sol @tab G @tab g @tab g @tab g @tab g
+@item @strong{g} @tab sol @tab sol @tab G @tab g @tab g @tab g @tab G @tab g
@item
@item @strong{a-flat} @tab la bemolle @tab la b@'emol @tab As @tab as @tab as
-@tab as @tab as
+@tab as @tab As @tab as
@item
-@item @strong{a} @tab la @tab la @tab A @tab a @tab a @tab a @tab a
+@item @strong{a} @tab la @tab la @tab A @tab a @tab a @tab a @tab A @tab a
@item
@item @strong{a-sharp} @tab la diesis @tab la di@`ese @tab Ais @tab ais @tab
-ais @tab ais @tab ais
+ais @tab ais @tab Ais @tab ais
@item
@item @strong{b-flat} @tab si bemolle @tab si b@'emol @tab B @tab bes @tab b
-@tab b @tab b
+@tab b @tab B @tab b
@item
-@item @strong{b} @tab si @tab si @tab H @tab b @tab h @tab h @tab h
+@item @strong{b} @tab si @tab si @tab H @tab b @tab h @tab h @tab H @tab h
@end multitable
The Harvard Dictionary of Music, London 1944. Many more or less literal
quotes from its articles have been included into the item explanation texts.
-Hugo Riemanns Musiklexicon, Berlin 1929
+Hugo Riemanns Musiklexicon, Berlin 1929.
Polyglottes W@"orterbuch der musikalischen Terminologie, Kassel 1980
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English, Third Edition 1974.
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