@c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*- @ignore Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details. @end ignore @c \version "2.11.51" @node Percussion @section Percussion @menu * Common notation for percussion:: @end menu @node Common notation for percussion @subsection Common notation for percussion Rhythmic music is primarily used for percussion and drum notation, but it can also be used to show the rhythms of melodies. @menu * References for percussion:: * Basic percussion notation:: * Percussion staves:: * Ghost notes:: @end menu @node References for percussion @subsubsection References for percussion @c TODO Add refs TBC @seealso Internals Reference: @rinternals{RhythmicStaff}. @node Basic percussion notation @subsubsection Basic percussion notation @cindex percussion @cindex drums Percussion notes may be entered in @code{\drummode} mode, which is similar to the standard mode for entering notes. Each piece of percussion has a full name and an abbreviated name, and both can be used in input files. The simplest way to enter percussion notes is to use the @code{\drums} command, which creates the correct context and entry mode for percussion: @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim] \drums { hihat hh bassdrum bd } @end lilypond This is shorthand for: @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim] \new DrumStaff { \drummode { hihat hh bassdrum bd } } @end lilypond Note, that percussion clefs are added automatically in a @code{DrumStaff} context. But it is possible to use other clefs if you want. The complete list of drum names is in the init file @file{ly/@/drumpitch@/-init@/.ly}. Here is the list of abbreviations You can use in a drum Staff: @example bda acousticbassdrum bd bassdrum ssh hisidestick ss sidestick ssl losidestick sna acousticsnare sn snare hc handclap sne electricsnare tomfl lowfloortom hhc closedhihat hh hihat tomfh highfloortom hhp pedalhihat toml lowtom hho openhihat hhho halfopenhihat tomml lowmidtom tommh himidtom cymca crashcymbala cymc crashcymbal tomh hightom cymra ridecymbala cymr ridecymbal cymch chinesecymbal rb ridebell tamb tambourine cyms splashcymbal cb cowbell cymcb crashcymbalb vibs vibraslap cymrb ridecymbalb bohm mutehibongo boh hibongo boho openhibongo bolm mutelobongo bol lobongo bolo openlobongo cghm mutehiconga cglm muteloconga cgho openhiconga cgh hiconga cglo openloconga cgl loconga timh hitimbale timl lotimbale agh hiagogo agl loagogo cab cabasa mar maracas whs shortwhistle whl longwhistle guis shortguiro guil longguiro gui guiro cl claves wbh hiwoodblock wbl lowoodblock cuim mutecuica cuio opencuica trim mutetriangle tri triangle trio opentriangle tt tamtam ua oneup ub twoup uc threeup ud fourup ue fiveup da onedown db twodown dc threedown dd fourdown de fivedown @end example Note that the normal notation of pitches in a @code{DrumStaff} will cause an error message. Drum rolls are indicated with three slashes across the stem. For quarter notes or longer the three slashes are shown explicitly, eighth notes are shown with two slashes (the beam being the third), and drum rolls shorter than eighths have one stem slash to supplement the beams. This is achieved with the tremolo notation, @code{:32}, see @ref{Tremolo repeats}. Here's an example of some snare rolls: @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim] \new DrumStaff \drummode { \time 2/4 sn16 sn8 sn16 sn8 sn8:32~ | sn8 sn8 sn4:32~ | sn4 sn8 sn16 sn16 | sn4 r4 | } @end lilypond Sticking can be indicated by placing @code{^"R"} or @code{^"L"} after the note. The @code{staff-padding} property may be overridden to achieve a pleasing baseline. @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim] \drums { \repeat "unfold" 2 { sn16 ^"L" sn^"R" sn^"L" sn^"L" sn^"R" sn^"L" sn^"R" sn^"R" } } @end lilypond @seealso Internals Reference: @rinternals{note-event}. @node Percussion staves @subsubsection Percussion staves @cindex percussion @cindex drums A percussion part for more than one instrument typically uses a multiline staff where each position in the staff refers to one piece of percussion. To typeset the music, the notes must be interpreted in a @rinternals{DrumStaff} and @rinternals{DrumVoice} contexts @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim] up = \drummode { crashcymbal4 hihat8 halfopenhihat hh hh hh openhihat } down = \drummode { bassdrum4 snare8 bd r bd sn4 } \new DrumStaff << \new DrumVoice { \voiceOne \up } \new DrumVoice { \voiceTwo \down } >> @end lilypond The above example shows verbose polyphonic notation. The short polyphonic notation, described in @rlearning{I'm hearing Voices}, can also be used if the @rinternals{DrumVoice}s are instantiated by hand first. For example, @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim] \new DrumStaff << \new DrumVoice = "1" { s1 *2 } \new DrumVoice = "2" { s1 *2 } \drummode { bd4 sn4 bd4 sn4 << { \repeat unfold 16 hh16 } \\ { bd4 sn4 bd4 sn4 } >> } >> @end lilypond There are also other layout possibilities. To use these, set the property @code{drumStyleTable} in context @rinternals{DrumVoice}. The following variables have been predefined @table @code @item drums-style This is the default. It typesets a typical drum kit on a five-line staff @lilypond[quote,line-width=10.0\cm] nam = \lyricmode { cymc cyms cymr hh hhc hho hhho hhp cb hc bd sn ss tomh tommh tomml toml tomfh tomfl } mus = \drummode { cymc cyms cymr hh hhc hho hhho hhp \break cb hc bd sn ss tomh tommh tomml toml tomfh tomfl s16 } \score { << \new DrumStaff \with { \remove Bar_engraver \remove Time_signature_engraver \override Stem #'transparent = ##t \override Stem #'Y-extent-callback = ##f \override VerticalAxisGroup #'minimum-Y-extent = #'(-4.0 . 5.0) } \mus \new Lyrics \nam >> \layout { \context { \Score \override LyricText #'font-family = #'typewriter \override BarNumber #'transparent =##T } } } @end lilypond The drum scheme supports six different toms. When there are fewer toms, simply select the toms that produce the desired result, i.e., to get toms on the three middle lines you use @code{tommh}, @code{tomml}, and @code{tomfh}. @item timbales-style This typesets timbales on a two line staff @lilypond[quote,ragged-right] nam = \lyricmode { timh ssh timl ssl cb } mus = \drummode { timh ssh timl ssl cb s16 } << \new DrumStaff \with { \remove Bar_engraver \remove Time_signature_engraver \override Stem #'transparent = ##t \override Stem #'Y-extent-callback = ##f \override StaffSymbol #'line-count = #2 \override StaffSymbol #'staff-space = #2 \override VerticalAxisGroup #'minimum-Y-extent = #'(-3.0 . 4.0) drumStyleTable = #timbales-style } \mus \new Lyrics { \override LyricText #'font-family = #'typewriter \nam } >> @end lilypond @item congas-style This typesets congas on a two line staff @lilypond[quote,ragged-right] nam = \lyricmode { cgh cgho cghm ssh cgl cglo cglm ssl } mus = \drummode { cgh cgho cghm ssh cgl cglo cglm ssl s16 } << \new DrumStaff \with { \remove Bar_engraver \remove Time_signature_engraver drumStyleTable = #congas-style \override StaffSymbol #'line-count = #2 %% this sucks; it will lengthen stems. \override StaffSymbol #'staff-space = #2 \override Stem #'transparent = ##t \override Stem #'Y-extent-callback = ##f } \mus \new Lyrics { \override LyricText #'font-family = #'typewriter \nam } >> @end lilypond @item bongos-style This typesets bongos on a two line staff @lilypond[quote,ragged-right] nam = \lyricmode { boh boho bohm ssh bol bolo bolm ssl } mus = \drummode { boh boho bohm ssh bol bolo bolm ssl s16 } << \new DrumStaff \with { \remove Bar_engraver \remove Time_signature_engraver \override StaffSymbol #'line-count = #2 drumStyleTable = #bongos-style %% this sucks; it will lengthen stems. \override StaffSymbol #'staff-space = #2 \override Stem #'transparent = ##t \override Stem #'Y-extent-callback = ##f } \mus \new Lyrics { \override LyricText #'font-family = #'typewriter \nam } >> @end lilypond @item percussion-style To typeset all kinds of simple percussion on one line staves. @lilypond[quote,ragged-right] nam = \lyricmode { tri trio trim gui guis guil cb cl tamb cab mar hc } mus = \drummode { tri trio trim gui guis guil cb cl tamb cab mar hc s16 } << \new DrumStaff \with{ \remove Bar_engraver drumStyleTable = #percussion-style \override StaffSymbol #'line-count = #1 \remove Time_signature_engraver \override Stem #'transparent = ##t \override Stem #'Y-extent-callback = ##f } \mus \new Lyrics { \override LyricText #'font-family = #'typewriter \nam } >> @end lilypond @end table If you do not like any of the predefined lists you can define your own list at the top of your file @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim] #(define mydrums '( (bassdrum default #f -1) (snare default #f 0) (hihat cross #f 1) (pedalhihat xcircle "stopped" 2) (lowtom diamond #f 3))) up = \drummode { hh8 hh hh hh hhp4 hhp } down = \drummode { bd4 sn bd toml8 toml } \new DrumStaff << \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums) \new DrumVoice { \voiceOne \up } \new DrumVoice { \voiceTwo \down } >> @end lilypond @seealso Init files: @file{ly/@/drumpitch@/-init@/.ly}. Internals Reference: @rinternals{DrumStaff}, @rinternals{DrumVoice}. @knownissues Because general MIDI does not contain rim shots, the sidestick is used for this purpose instead. @c TODO: check name -gp @node Ghost notes @subsubsection Ghost notes Ghost notes for drums and percussion may be created using the @code{\parenthesize} command detailed in @ref{Parentheses}. However, the default @code{\drummode} does not include the @code{Parenthesis_engraver} plugin which allows this. @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment] \new DrumStaff \with { \consists "Parenthesis_engraver" } << \context DrumVoice = "1" { s1 *2 } \context DrumVoice = "2" { s1 *2 } \drummode { << { hh8[ hh] hh16 < \parenthesize sn > hh < \parenthesize sn > hh8 hh } \\ { bd4 r4 bd8 bd r8 bd } >> } >> @end lilypond @noindent Also note that you must add chords (@code{< >} brackets) around each @code{\parenthesize} statement.