@c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
@ignore
    Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH

    When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
    version that you are working on.  See TRANSLATION for details.
@end ignore

@c \version "2.11.38"

@node Expressive marks
@section Expressive marks

@lilypondfile[quote]{expressive-headword.ly}

@menu
* Attached to notes::           
* Curves::                      
* Lines::                       
@end menu


@node Attached to notes
@subsection Attached to notes

@menu
* Articulations and ornamentations::  
* Dynamics::                    
* New dynamic marks::           
@end menu

@node Articulations and ornamentations
@subsubsection Articulations and ornamentations

@cindex articulations
@cindex scripts
@cindex ornaments
@cindex espressivo
@cindex fermata
@cindex upbow
@cindex downbow
@cindex foot marks
@cindex organ pedal marks
@cindex turn
@cindex open
@cindex stopped
@cindex flageolet
@cindex reverseturn
@cindex trill
@cindex prall
@cindex mordent
@cindex prallprall
@cindex prallmordent
@cindex prall, up
@cindex prall, down
@cindex thumb marking
@cindex segno
@cindex coda
@cindex varcoda

A variety of symbols that denote articulations, ornamentations,
and other performance indications can be attached to a note using
this syntax:

@example
@var{note}\@var{name}
@end example

The possible values for @var{name} are listed in @ref{List of
articulations}.  For example:

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
c4\staccato c\mordent b2\turn
c1\fermata
@end lilypond

@cindex marcato
@cindex stopped
@cindex tenuto
@cindex staccatissimo
@cindex accent
@cindex staccato
@cindex portato

Some of these articulations have shorthands for easier entry.
Shorthands are appended to the note name, and their syntax
consists of a dash (@tie{}@code{-}) followed by a symbol
signifying the articulation.  Predefined shorthands exist for
@notation{marcato}, @notation{stopped}, @notation{tenuto},
@notation{staccatissimo}, @notation{accent}, @notation{staccato},
and @notation{portato}.  Their corresponding output appears as
follows:

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
c4-^  c-+  c--  c-|
c->   c-.  c-_
@end lilypond

The rules for the default placement of articulations are defined
in @file{scm/@/script@/.scm}.  Articulations and ornamentations
may be manually placed above or below the staff, see
@ref{Controlling direction and placement}.


@snippets

@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
{modifying-default-values-for-articulation-shorthand-notation.ly}

@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
{controlling-the-vertical-ordering-of-scripts.ly}


@seealso

Music Glossary:
@rglos{tenuto},
@rglos{accent},
@rglos{staccato},
@rglos{portato}.

Notation Reference:
@ref{Controlling direction and placement}.

Installed Files:
@file{scm/@/script@/.scm}.

Snippets:
@rlsr{Expressive marks}.

Internals Reference:
@rinternals{Script},
@rinternals{TextScript}.


@knownissues

These signs appear in the printed output but have no effect on the
MIDI rendering of the music.


@node Dynamics
@subsubsection Dynamics

@cindex absolute dynamics
@cindex dynamics
@cindex dynamics, absolute
@funindex \ppppp
@funindex \pppp
@funindex \ppp
@funindex \pp
@funindex \p
@funindex \mp
@funindex \mf
@funindex \f
@funindex \ff
@funindex \fff
@funindex \ffff
@funindex \fp
@funindex \sf
@funindex \sff
@funindex \sp
@funindex \spp
@funindex \sfz
@funindex \rfz

Absolute dynamic marks are specified using a command after a note,
such as @code{c4\ff}.  The available dynamic marks are
@code{\ppppp}, @code{\pppp}, @code{\ppp}, @code{\pp}, @code{\p},
@code{\mp}, @code{\mf}, @code{\f}, @code{\ff}, @code{\fff},
@code{\ffff}, @code{\fp}, @code{\sf}, @code{\sff}, @code{\sp},
@code{\spp}, @code{\sfz}, and @code{\rfz}.  The dynamic marks may
be manually placed above or below the staff, see @ref{Controlling
direction and placement}.

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
c2\ppp c\mp
c\rfz c^\mf
c_\spp c^\ff
@end lilypond

@cindex hairpin
@funindex \<
@funindex \>
@funindex \!
@funindex \cr
@funindex \decr

A @notation{crescendo} mark is started with @code{\<} and
terminated with @code{\!}, an absolute dynamic, or an additional
@notation{crescendo} or @notation{decrescendo} mark.  A
@notation{decrescendo} mark is started with @code{\>} and is also
terminated with @code{\!}, an absolute dynamic, or another
@notation{crescendo} or @notation{decrescendo} mark.  @code{\cr}
and @code{\decr} may be used instead of @code{\<} and @code{\>}.
@notation{Hairpins} are engraved by default using this notation.

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
c2\< c\!
d2\< d\f
e2\< e\>
f2\> f\!
e2\> e\mp
d2\> d\>
c1\!
@end lilypond

Spacer notes are needed to engrave multiple marks on one note.

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
c4\< c\! d\> e\!
<< f1 { s4 s4\< s4\> s4\! } >>
@end lilypond

@cindex espressivo articulation

In some situations the @code{\espressivo} articulation mark may be
the appropriate choice to indicate a @notation{crescendo} and
@notation{decrescendo} on one note:

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
c2 b4 a
g1\espressivo
@end lilypond

@cindex crescendo
@cindex decrescendo
@cindex diminuendo
@funindex \setTextCresc
@funindex \setTextDim
@funindex \setTextDecr
@funindex \setTextDecresc
@funindex \setHairpinCresc
@funindex \setHairpinDim
@funindex \setHairpinDecresc

@notation{Crescendos} and @notation{decrescendos} can be engraved
as textual markings instead of hairpins.  The built-in commands
that enable these text modes are @code{\setTextCresc},
@code{\setTextDecresc}, @code{\setTextDecr}, and
@code{\setTextDim}.  The corresponding @code{\setHairpinCresc},
@code{\setHairpinDim}, and @code{\setHairpinDecresc} commands will
revert to hairpins again:

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
c\< d e f\!
e\> d c b\!
\setTextCresc
c\< d e f\!
\setTextDecresc
e\> d c b\!
\setHairpinCresc
c\< d e f\!
@end lilypond

To create new absolute dynamic marks or text that should be
aligned with dynamics, see @ref{New dynamic marks}.

Vertical positioning of dynamics is handled by
@rinternals{DynamicLineSpanner}.


@predefined

@funindex \dynamicUp
@code{\dynamicUp},
@funindex \dynamicDown
@code{\dynamicDown},
@funindex \dynamicNeutral
@code{\dynamicNeutral}.


@snippets

@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
{setting-hairpin-behavior-at-bar-lines.ly}

@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
{setting-the-minimum-length-of-hairpins.ly}

@cindex al niente
@cindex niente, al

@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
{printing-hairpins-using-al-niente-notation.ly}

@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
{vertically-aligning-dynamics-across-multiple-notes.ly}

@c I can't figure this one out.  Consider removing this.  -pm

@notation{Crescendi} and @notation{decrescendi} that cross a line
break will be continued on the second line.  If they end on the
first note of a new line, nothing will be printed on that line.
To change this behavior, use

@example
\override Score.Hairpin #'after-line-breaking = ##t
@end example

@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
{hiding-the-extender-line-for-text-dynamics.ly}

@c The following snippet goes in input/new/
@c @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
@c {changing-text-and-spanner-styles-for-text-dynamics.ly}

The text used for @notation{crescendos} and
@notation{decrescendos} can be changed by modifying the context
properties @code{crescendoText} and @code{decrescendoText}.  The
style of the spanner line can be changed by modifying the
@code{'style} property of @code{DynamicTextSpanner}.  The default
value is @code{'hairpin}, and other possible values include
@code{'line}, @code{'dashed-line}, and @code{'dotted-line}:

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
\set crescendoText = \markup { \italic "cresc. poco" }
\set crescendoSpanner = #'text
\override DynamicTextSpanner #'style = #'dotted-line
a2\< a
a2 a
a2 a
a2 a\mf
@end lilypond


@seealso

@c TODO: Add hairpin to glossary.

Music Glossary:
@rglos{crescendo},
@rglos{decrescendo}.

Learning Manual:
@rlearning{Articulation and dynamics}.

Notation Reference:
@ref{Controlling direction and placement}.

Snippets:
@rlsr{Expressive marks}.

Internals Reference:
@rinternals{DynamicText},
@rinternals{Hairpin},
@rinternals{DynamicLineSpanner}.


@node New dynamic marks
@subsubsection New dynamic marks

@cindex new dynamic marks
@cindex dynamic marks, new

It is possible to print new dynamic marks or text that should be
aligned with dynamics.  Use @code{make-dynamic-script} to create
these marks.  Note that the dynamic font only contains the
characters @code{f,m,p,r,s} and @code{z}.

Some situations (such as dynamic marks) have preset font-related
properties.  If you are creating text in such situations, it is
advisable to cancel those properties with @code{normal-text}.  See
@ref{Text markup commands} for more details.

@cindex make-dynamic-script

@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
sfzp = #(make-dynamic-script "sfzp")
\relative c' {
  c4 c c\sfzp c
}
@end lilypond

@cindex dynamics, editorial
@cindex dynamics, parenthesis

It is also possible to print dynamics in round parenthesis or
square brackets.  These are often used for adding editorial
dynamics.

@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
rndf = \markup { \center-align { \line { \bold { \italic ( }
         \dynamic f \bold { \italic ) } } } }
boxf = \markup { \bracket { \dynamic f } }
\relative c' {
  c1_\rndf
  c1_\boxf
}
@end lilypond


@seealso

Snippets:
@rlsr{Expressive marks}.


@node Curves
@subsection Curves

@menu
* Slurs::                       
* Phrasing slurs::              
* Breath marks::                
* Falls and doits::             
@end menu

@node Slurs
@subsubsection Slurs

@cindex slurs

A @notation{slur} indicates that notes are to be played bound or
@emph{legato}.  They are entered using parentheses:

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
f( g a) a8 b( a4 g2 f4)
<c e>2( <b d>2)
@end lilypond

Just as with ties, the direction of a slur can be specified with
@code{\slur@emph{DIR}}, where @code{@emph{DIR}} is either
@code{Up}, @code{Down}, or @code{Neutral} (@code{Neutral} is the
default).  Slurs may be manually placed above or below the staff,
see @ref{Controlling direction and placement}.

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
c4_( c) c^( c)
@end lilypond

Using this method, only one slur can be printed at once.  To print
a long slur over a few small slurs, see @ref{Phrasing slurs}.


@predefined

@funindex \slurUp
@code{\slurUp},
@funindex \slurDown
@code{\slurDown},
@funindex \slurNeutral
@code{\slurNeutral},
@funindex \slurDashed
@code{\slurDashed},
@funindex \slurDotted
@code{\slurDotted},
@funindex \slurSolid
@code{\slurSolid}.


@snippets

@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
{using-double-slurs-for-legato-chords.ly}


@seealso

Music Glossary:
@rglos{slur}.

Notation Reference:
@ref{Controlling direction and placement}.

Snippets:
@rlsr{Expressive marks}.

Internals Reference:
@rinternals{Slur}.


@node Phrasing slurs
@subsubsection Phrasing slurs

@cindex phrasing slurs
@cindex phrasing marks
@funindex \(
@funindex \)

A phrasing slur (or phrasing mark) connects notes and is used to
indicate a musical sentence.  It is written using @code{\(} and
@code{\)} respectively:

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
\time 6/4 c\( d( e) f( e) d\)
@end lilypond

Typographically, the phrasing slur behaves almost exactly like a
normal slur.  However, they are treated as different objects.  A
@code{\slurUp} will have no effect on a phrasing slur; instead,
use @code{\phrasingSlurUp}, @code{\phrasingSlurDown}, and
@code{\phrasingSlurNeutral}.  Phrasing slurs may be manually
placed above or below the staff, see @ref{Controlling direction
and placement}.

You cannot have simultaneous phrasing slurs.


@predefined

@funindex \phrasingSlurUp
@code{\phrasingSlurUp},
@funindex \phrasingSlurDown
@code{\phrasingSlurDown},
@funindex \phrasingSlurNeutral
@code{\phrasingSlurNeutral}.


@seealso

Notation Reference:
@ref{Controlling direction and placement}.

Snippets:
@rlsr{Expressive marks}.

Internals Reference:
@rinternals{PhrasingSlur}.


@node Breath marks
@subsubsection Breath marks

@cindex breath marks
@funindex \breathe

Breath marks are entered using @code{\breathe}:

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
c4 \breathe d4
@end lilypond


@snippets

@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
{changing-the-breath-mark-symbol.ly}


@seealso

Snippets:
@rlsr{Expressive marks}.
@c @lsr{expressive,breathing-sign.ly}.

Internals Reference:
@rinternals{BreathingSign}.


@node Falls and doits
@subsubsection Falls and doits

@cindex falls
@cindex doits
@funindex \bendAfter

@notation{Falls} and @notation{doits} can be added to notes using
the @code{\bendAfter} command:

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
c2-\bendAfter #+4
c-\bendAfter #-4
c-\bendAfter #+8
c-\bendAfter #-8
@end lilypond

The dash (@tie{-}) following the note name is @emph{required} when
writing @notation{falls} and @notation{doits}.


@snippets

@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
{adjusting-the-shape-of-falls-and-doits.ly}


@seealso

@c TODO: add falls and doits to glossary.
@c Music Glossary:
@c @rglos{falls},
@c @rglos{doits}.

Snippets:
@rlsr{Expressive marks}.


@node Lines
@subsection Lines

@menu
* Glissando::                   
* Arpeggio::                    
* Trills::                      
@end menu

@node Glissando
@subsubsection Glissando

@cindex glissando
@funindex \glissando

A @notation{glissando} is a smooth change in pitch.  It is denoted
by a line or a wavy line between two notes.  A
@notation{glissando} is created by attaching @code{\glissando} to
a note:

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
c2\glissando c'
\override Glissando #'style = #'zigzag
c2\glissando c,
@end lilypond


@snippets

@c Modify, add description, and put in input/new/
@c @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
@c {suppressing-warnings-for-clashing-note-columns.ly}

@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
I = \once \override NoteColumn #'ignore-collision = ##t

\relative c' <<
  { \oneVoice \stemDown f2 \glissando \stemNeutral a } \\
  { \oneVoice \I c2 \glissando \I d, }
>>
@end lilypond


@seealso

Music Glossary:
@rglos{glissando}.

Snippets:
@rlsr{Expressive marks}.

@c FIXME: I need to figure out what's up with these.  -gp
@c @lsr{expressive,glissando.ly},
@c @lsr{expressive,line-styles.ly}

Internals Reference:
@rinternals{Glissando}.


@knownissues

Printing text over the line (such as @emph{gliss.}) is not
supported.


@node Arpeggio
@subsubsection Arpeggio

@cindex arpeggio
@cindex broken chord
@cindex chord, broken

@c Add documentation for new 'parenthesis' style arpeggio.  Maybe
@c create a new \arpeggioParen command, or something similar. -pm

You can specify an @notation{arpeggio} (also known as a
@notation{broken chord}) on a chord by attaching an
@code{\arpeggio} to the chord:

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
<c e g c>\arpeggio
@end lilypond

A square bracket on the left, denoted by @code{\arpeggioBracket},
is used to indicate that the chord should @emph{not} be
arpeggiated:

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
\arpeggioBracket
<c e g c>\arpeggio
@end lilypond

The direction of the arpeggio can be denoted by adding an
arrowhead to the wiggly line.  This is done with the commands
@code{arpeggioUp} and @code{arpeggioDown}.  @code{arpeggioNeutral}
reverts to the arrow-less version:

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
\new Voice {
  \arpeggioUp
  <c e g c>\arpeggio
  \arpeggioDown
  <c e g c>\arpeggio
  \arpeggioNeutral
  <c e g c>\arpeggio
}
@end lilypond

@notation{Arpeggios} can be explicitly written out using
@notation{ties}.  For more information, see @ref{Ties}.

@predefined

@funindex \arpeggio
@code{\arpeggio},
@funindex \arpeggioUp
@code{\arpeggioUp},
@funindex \arpeggioDown
@code{\arpeggioDown},
@funindex \arpeggioNeutral
@code{\arpeggioNeutral},
@funindex \arpeggioBracket
@code{\arpeggioBracket}.


@snippets

@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
{creating-cross-staff-arpeggios-in-a-piano-staff.ly}

@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
{creating-cross-staff-arpeggios-in-other-contexts.ly}

@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
{creating-arpeggios-across-notes-in-different-voices.ly}


@seealso

@c TODO: Add 'broken chord' to glossary.

Music Glossary:
@rglos{arpeggio}.

Notation Reference:
@ref{Ties}.

Snippets:
@rlsr{Expressive marks}.

Internals Reference:
@rinternals{Arpeggio},
@rinternals{PianoStaff}.


@knownissues

It is not possible to mix connected arpeggios and unconnected
arpeggios in one @code{PianoStaff} at the same point in
time.


@node Trills
@subsubsection Trills

@cindex trills
@funindex \trill

Short @notation{trills} are printed with @code{\trill} like normal
articulation; see @ref{Articulations and ornamentations}.

Long running @notation{trills} are made with
@code{\startTrillSpan} and @code{\stopTrillSpan}.  In the
following example, a long running @notation{trill} is shown
combined with grace notes.  To achieve precise control of the
placement of the grace notes, see @ref{Grace notes}.

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
c1 \afterGrace
d1\startTrillSpan { c16[\stopTrillSpan d] }
c4
@end lilypond

@cindex pitched trills
@cindex trills, pitched

@notation{Trills} that should be executed on an explicitly
specified pitch can be typeset with the command
@code{\pitchedTrill} using the following syntax:

@example
@code{\pitchedTrill} @var{mainnote} @code{\startTrillSpan}
@var{trillnote} @var{endnote} @code{\stopTrillSpan}
@end example

@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
\pitchedTrill e2 \startTrillSpan fis
d\stopTrillSpan
@end lilypond

@noindent
The first argument is the main note.  The pitch of the second is
printed as a stemless note head in parentheses.


@predefined

@code{\startTrillSpan},
@funindex \startTrillSpan
@code{\stopTrillSpan}.
@funindex \stopTrillSpan


@seealso

Music Glossary:
@rglos{trill}.

Snippets:
@rlsr{Expressive marks}.

Internals Reference:
@rinternals{TrillSpanner}.