@c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
@ignore
    Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH

    When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
    version that you are working on.  For details, see the Contributors'
    Guide, node Updating translation committishes..
@end ignore

@c \version "2.19.21"

@node World music
@section World music

The purpose of this section is to highlight musical notation issues
that are relevant to traditions outside the Western tradition.

@menu
* Common notation for non-Western music::
* Arabic music::
* Turkish classical music::
@end menu


@node Common notation for non-Western music
@subsection Common notation for non-Western music

This section discusses how to enter and print music scores
that do not belong to the Western classical tradition,
also referred to as @notation{Common Practice Period}.

@menu
* Extending notation and tuning systems::
@end menu


@node Extending notation and tuning systems
@unnumberedsubsubsec Extending notation and tuning systems

Standard classical notation (also known as
@notation{Common Practice Period} notation) is commonly
used in all sorts of music, not limited to @q{classical}
Western music.  This notation is discussed in
@ref{Writing pitches}, and the various note names
that may be used are explained in
@ref{Note names in other languages}.

However, many types of non-Western music (and
some types of Western folk and traditional music) employ
alternative or extended tuning systems that do not fit
readily into standard classical notation.

In some cases standard notation is still used, with the
pitch differences being implicit.  For example,
@notation{Arabic music} is notated with standard
semitone and quarter-tone accidentals, with the precise
pitch alterations being determined by context.  Italian
note names are typically used, while the init file
@file{arabic.ly} provides a suitable set of macros
and definitions extending the standard
notation.  For more details, see
@ref{Arabic music}.

@cindex tuning, non-Western

Other types of music require extended or unique notations.
@notation{Turkish classical music} or Ottoman music, for
example, employs melodic forms known as @notation{makamlar},
whose intervals are based on 1/9 divisions of the whole tone.
Standard Western staff notes are still used, but with special
accidentals unique to Turkish music, that are defined in the file
@file{makam.ly}.  For further information on Turkish classical
music and makamlar, see
@ref{Turkish classical music}.

To locate init files such as @file{arabic.ly} or
@file{makam.ly} on your system, see
@rlearning{Other sources of information}.

@snippets

@lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
{makam-example.ly}

@seealso
Music Glossary:
@rglos{Common Practice Period},
@rglos{makamlar}.

Learning Manual:
@rlearning{Other sources of information}.

Notation Reference:
@ref{Writing pitches},
@ref{Note names in other languages},
@ref{Arabic music},
@ref{Turkish classical music}.


@node Arabic music
@subsection Arabic music

This section highlights issues that are relevant to notating Arabic
music.

@menu
* References for Arabic music::
* Arabic note names::
* Arabic key signatures::
* Arabic time signatures::
* Arabic music example::
* Further reading for Arabic music::
@end menu


@node References for Arabic music
@unnumberedsubsubsec References for Arabic music

@cindex Arabic music
@cindex medium intervals
@cindex maqam
@cindex maqams

Arabic music so far has been mainly an oral tradition.  When music
is transcribed, it is usually in a sketch format, on which
performers are expected to improvise significantly.  Increasingly,
Western notation, with a few variations, is adopted in order to
communicate and preserve Arabic music.

Some elements of Western musical notation such as the
transcription of chords or independent parts, are not required to
typeset the more traditional Arabic pieces.  There are however
some different issues, such as the need to indicate medium
intervals that are somewhere between a semi-tone and a tone, in
addition to the minor and major intervals that are used in Western
music.  There is also the need to group and indicate a large
number of different maqams (modes) that are part of Arabic music.

In general, Arabic music notation does not attempt to precisely
indicate microtonal elements that are present in musical practice.

Several issues that are relevant to Arabic music are covered
elsewhere:

@itemize
@item Note names and accidentals (including quarter tones) can be
tailored as discussed in @ref{Common notation for non-Western music}.

@item Additional key signatures can also be tailored as described
in @ref{Key signature}.

@item Complex time signatures may require that notes be grouped
manually as described in @ref{Manual beams}.

@item @notation{Takasim} which are rhythmically free
improvisations may be written down omitting bar lines as
described in @ref{Unmetered music}.

@end itemize


@seealso
Notation Reference:
@ref{Common notation for non-Western music},
@ref{Key signature},
@ref{Manual beams}.

Snippets:
@rlsr{World music}.


@node Arabic note names
@unnumberedsubsubsec Arabic note names


@cindex Arabic note names

The more traditional Arabic note names can be quite long and are
not suitable for the purpose of music writing, so they are not
used.  English note names are not very familiar in Arabic music
education, so Italian or Solfege note names (@code{do, re, mi, fa,
sol, la, si}) are used instead; modifiers (accidentals) can also
be used.  Italian note names and accidentals are explained in
@ref{Note names in other languages}; the use of standard
Western notation to notate non-Western music is discussed in
@ref{Common notation for non-Western music}.

For example, this is how the Arabic @notation{rast} scale can be
notated:

@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
\include "arabic.ly"
\relative {
  do' re misb fa sol la sisb do sisb la sol fa misb re do
}
@end lilypond


@cindex Arabic semi-flat symbol
@cindex Semi-flat symbol appearance

The symbol for semi-flat does not match the symbol which is used
in Arabic notation.  The @code{\dwn} symbol defined in
@file{arabic.ly} may be used preceding a flat symbol as a work
around if it is important to use the specific Arabic semi-flat
symbol.  The appearance of the semi-flat symbol in the key
signature cannot be altered by using this method.


@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
\include "arabic.ly"
\relative {
  \set Staff.extraNatural = ##f
  dod' dob dosd \dwn dob dobsb dodsd do do
}
@end lilypond


@seealso
Notation Reference:
@ref{Note names in other languages},
@ref{Common notation for non-Western music}.

Snippets:
@rlsr{World music}.


@node Arabic key signatures
@unnumberedsubsubsec Arabic key signatures

@cindex Arabic key signatures

In addition to the minor and major key signatures, the following
key signatures are defined in @file{arabic.ly}: @notation{bayati},
@notation{rast}, @notation{sikah}, @notation{iraq}, and
@notation{kurd}.  These key signatures define a small number of
maqam groups rather than the large number of maqams that are in
common use.

In general, a maqam uses the key signature of its group, or a
neighbouring group, and varying accidentals are marked throughout
the music.

For example to indicate the key signature of a maqam muhayer piece:

@example
\key re \bayati
@end example

@noindent
Here @var{re} is the default pitch of the muhayer maqam, and
@var{bayati} is the name of the base maqam in the group.

While the key signature indicates the group, it is common for the
title to indicate the more specific maqam, so in this example, the
name of maqam muhayer should appear in the title.

Other maqams in the same bayati group, as shown in the table below:
(bayati, hussaini, saba, and ushaq) can be indicated in the same
way.  These are all variations of the base and most common maqam
in the group, which is bayati.  They usually differ from the base
maqam in their upper tetrachords, or certain flow details that
don't change their fundamental nature, as siblings.

The other maqam in the same group (Nawa) is related to bayati by
modulation which is indicated in the table in parenthesis for
those maqams that are modulations of their base maqam.  Arabic
maqams admit of only limited modulations, due to the nature of
Arabic musical instruments.  Nawa can be indicated as follows:

@example
\key sol \bayati
@end example

In Arabic music, the same term such as bayati that is used to
indicate a maqam group, is also a maqam which is usually the most
important in the group, and can also be thought of as a base
maqam.

Here is one suggested grouping that maps the more common maqams to
key signatures:

@multitable @columnfractions 0.15 0.1 0.1 0.6
@headitem maqam group
  @tab key
  @tab finalis
  @tab Other maqmas in group (finalis)
@item ajam
  @tab major
  @tab sib
  @tab jaharka (fa)
@item bayati
  @tab bayati
  @tab re
  @tab hussaini, muhayer, saba, ushaq, nawa (sol)
@item hijaz
  @tab kurd
  @tab re
  @tab shahnaz, shad arban (sol), hijazkar (do)
@item iraq
  @tab iraq
  @tab sisb
  @tab -
@item kurd
  @tab kurd
  @tab re
  @tab hijazkar kurd (do)
@item nahawand
  @tab minor
  @tab do
  @tab busalik (re), farah faza (sol)
@item nakriz
  @tab minor
  @tab do
  @tab nawa athar, hisar (re)
@item rast
  @tab rast
  @tab do
  @tab mahur, yakah (sol)
@item sikah
  @tab sikah
  @tab misb
  @tab huzam
@end multitable

@snippets

@lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
{non-traditional-key-signatures.ly}


@seealso
Music Glossary:
@rglos{maqam},
@rglos{bayati},
@rglos{rast},
@rglos{sikah},
@rglos{iraq},
@rglos{kurd}.

Notation Reference:
@ref{Key signature}.

Learning Manual:
@rlearning{Pitches and key signatures}.

Internals Reference:
@rinternals{KeySignature}.

Snippets:
@rlsr{World music},
@rlsr{Pitches}.


@node Arabic time signatures
@unnumberedsubsubsec Arabic time signatures

@cindex Arabic time signatures
@cindex Semai form
@cindex taqasim

Some Arabic and Turkish music classical forms such as
@notation{Semai} use unusual time signatures such as 10/8.  This
may lead to an automatic grouping of notes that is quite different
from existing typeset music, where notes may not be grouped on the
beat, but in a manner that is difficult to match by adjusting
automatic beaming.  The alternative is to switch off automatic
beaming and beam the notes manually.  Even if a match to existing
typeset music is not required, it may still be desirable to adjust
the automatic beaming behaviour and/or use compound time signatures.

@snippets

@lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
{arabic-improvisation.ly}


@seealso
Music Glossary:
@rglos{semai},
@rglos{taqasim}.

Notation Reference:
@ref{Manual beams},
@ref{Automatic beams},
@ref{Unmetered music},
@ref{Automatic accidentals},
@ref{Setting automatic beam behavior},
@ref{Time signature}.

Snippets:
@rlsr{World music}.


@node Arabic music example
@unnumberedsubsubsec Arabic music example

@cindex Arabic music example
@cindex Arabic music template
@cindex Template Arabic music

Here is a template that also uses the start of a Turkish @notation{Semai}
that is familiar in Arabic music education in order to illustrate
some of the peculiarities of Arabic music notation, such as medium
intervals and unusual modes that are discussed in this section.

@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
\include "arabic.ly"
\score {
  \relative {
    \set Staff.extraNatural = ##f
    \set Staff.autoBeaming = ##f
    \key re \bayati
    \time 10/8

    re'4 re'8 re16 [misb re do] sisb [la sisb do] re4 r8
    re16 [misb do re] sisb [do] la [sisb sol8] la [sisb] do [re] misb
    fa4 fa16 [misb] misb8. [re16] re8 [misb] re  [do] sisb
    do4 sisb8 misb16 [re do sisb] la [do sisb la] la4 r8
  }
  \header {
    title = "Semai Muhayer"
    composer = "Jamil Bek"
  }
}
@end lilypond


@seealso
Snippets:
@rlsr{World music}.


@node Further reading for Arabic music
@unnumberedsubsubsec Further reading for Arabic music

@enumerate

@item
@emph{The music of the Arabs} by Habib Hassan Touma [Amadeus Press, 1996],
contains a discussion of maqams and their method of groupings.

There are also various web sites that explain maqams and some
provide audio examples such as :

@itemize @bullet
@item
@uref{http://www.maqamworld.com/}
@item
@uref{http://www.turath.org/}
@end itemize

There are some variations in the details of how maqams are grouped,
despite agreement on the criteria of grouping maqams that are
related through common lower tetra chords, or through modulation.

@item
There is not a complete consistency, sometimes even in the same
text on how key signatures for particular maqams should be
specified.  It is common, however, to use a key signature per
group, rather than a different key signature for each different
maqam.

Method books by the following authors for the @dfn{Oud}, the Arabic lute,
contain examples of mainly Turkish and Arabic compositions.

@itemize @bullet
@item
Charbel Rouhana
@item
George Farah
@item
Ibrahim Ali Darwish Al-masri
@end itemize
@end enumerate


@node Turkish classical music
@subsection Turkish classical music

This section highlights issues that are relevant to notating Turkish
classical music.

@menu
* References for Turkish classical music::
* Turkish note names::
@end menu


@node References for Turkish classical music
@unnumberedsubsubsec References for Turkish classical music

@cindex Turkish music
@cindex Ottoman music
@cindex comma intervals
@cindex makam
@cindex makamlar

Turkish classical music developed in the Ottoman Empire in a
period roughly contemporaneous with classical music in Europe,
and has continued on into the 20th and 21st centuries as a
vibrant and distinct tradition with its own compositional
forms, theory and performance styles.  Among its striking
features is the use of microtonal intervals based on @q{commas}
of 1/9 of a tone, from which are constructed the melodic
forms known as @notation{makam} (plural @notation{makamlar}).

Some issues relevant to Turkish classical music are covered
elsewhere:

@itemize
@item Special note names and accidentals are explained in
@ref{Common notation for non-Western music}.

@end itemize


@node Turkish note names
@unnumberedsubsubsec Turkish note names

@cindex Turkish note names
@cindex makam
@cindex makamlar

Pitches in Turkish classical music traditionally have unique
names, and the basis of pitch on 1/9-tone divisions means
makamlar employ a completely different set of intervals from
Western scales and modes: @notation{koma} (1/9 of a tone),
@notation{eksik bakiye} (3/9), @notation{bakiye} (4/9),
@notation{kücük mücenneb} (5/9), @notation{büyük mücenneb}
(8/9), @notation{tanîni} (a whole tone) and
@notation{artık ikili} (12/9 or 13/9 of a tone).

From a modern notational point of view it is convenient to
use the standard Western staff notes (c, d, e, @dots{}) with
special accidentals that raise or lower notes by intervals
of 1/9, 4/9, 5/9 and 8/9 of a tone.  These accidentals are
defined in the file @file{makam.ly}.

The following table lists:
@itemize
@item
the name of these special accidentals,
@item
the accidental suffix that must be added to notes,
@item
and their pitch alteration as a
fraction of one whole tone.
@end itemize

@quotation
@multitable {@b{büyük mücenneb (sharp)}} {@b{suffix}} {@b{pitch alteration}}
@headitem Accidental name
  @tab suffix @tab pitch alteration

@item büyük mücenneb (sharp)
  @tab -bm @tab +8/9
@item kücük mücenneb (sharp)
  @tab -k @tab +5/9
@item bakiye (sharp)
  @tab -b @tab +4/9
@item koma (sharp)
  @tab -c @tab +1/9

@item koma (flat)
  @tab -fc @tab -1/9
@item bakiye (flat)
  @tab -fb @tab -4/9
@item kücük mücenneb (flat)
  @tab -fk @tab -5/9
@item büyük mücenneb (flat)
  @tab -fbm @tab -8/9
@end multitable
@end quotation

For a more general explanation of non-Western music notation, see
@ref{Common notation for non-Western music}.

@seealso
Music Glossary:
@rglos{makam},
@rglos{makamlar}.

Notation Reference:
@ref{Common notation for non-Western music}.