@c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; documentlanguage: es -*- @c This file is part of lilypond.tely @ignore Translation of GIT committish: eba03f4a3cec521a7099a3ec55f51d163803a8e4 When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details. @end ignore @c \version "2.11.38" @node Chord notation @section Chord notation Los acordes se pueden escribir en el modo de acordes, que reconoce ciertas convenciones europeas tradicionales de nomenclatura de acordes. También se pueden imprimir los nombres de los acordes. Además se puede imprimir notación de bajo cifrado. @menu * Chord mode:: * Displaying chords:: * Figured bass:: @end menu @node Chord mode @subsection Chord mode @cindex chord chords Chord mode is used to enter chords using an indicator of the chord structure, rather than the chord pitches. @menu * Chord mode overview:: * Common chords:: * Extended and altered chords:: @end menu @node Chord mode overview @unnumberedsubsubsec Chord mode overview @cindex chord names @cindex chord mode Los acordes se pueden escribir como música simultánea, como se explica en @ref{Chorded notes}. También se pueden escribir los acordes en el @qq{modo de acordes}, que es un modo de entrada que se centra en las estructuras de los acordes dentro de la música europea tradicional (donde se conoce como «cifrado americano») más que en las notas concretas. Esto es muy práctico para los que están familiarizados con la utilización de nombres para describir los acordes. Hay más información sobre los distintos modos de entrada en @ref{Input modes}. @lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,relative=1] \chordmode { c1 g a g c } @end lilypond Los acordes escritos con el modo de acordes son elementos musicales, y se pueden transportar igual que los acordes escritos mediante construcciones de música simultánea. Se pueden mezclar los modos de acorde y de nota en la música secuencial: @lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,relative=1] 2 < g b d > \chordmode { c2 f} < c e g > < g' b d > \chordmode { f g} @end lilypond @seealso Glossario musical: @rglos{chord}. Referencia de la notación: @ref{Chorded notes}, @ref{Input modes}. Fragmentos de código: @rlsr{Chords} @knownissues Cuando se mezclan los modos de acorde y de nota en música secuencial, y el modo de acordes aparece en primer lugar, el modo de notas crea un nuevo contexto de @code{Staff}. @lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,relative=1] \chordmode { c2 f} < c e g > < g' b d > @end lilypond Para evitar este comportamiento podemos crear explícitamente el contexto de @code{Staff}: @lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,relative=1] \new Staff { \chordmode { c2 f} < c e g > < g' b d > } @end lilypond @node Common chords @unnumberedsubsubsec Common chords @cindex tríadas @cindex séptima, acordes de @cindex fundamental de un acorde @cindex modificadores de acorde @cindex acordes, variantes de Las tríadas mayores se introducen escribiendo la fundamental y una duración opcional: @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1,ragged-right] \chordmode { c2 f4 g } @end lilypond Las tríadas menores, aumentadas y disminuidas se escriben poniendo @code{:} y una cadena modificadora de variante después de la duración: @lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,relative=1] \chordmode { c2:m f4:aug g:dim } @end lilypond Se pueden crear acordes de séptima: @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=1] \chordmode { c1:7 c:m7 c:maj7 c:dim7 c:aug7 } @end lilypond @funindex aug @funindex dim @funindex maj @funindex m La tabla que aparece más abajo muestra el efecto de los modificadores de variante sobre los acordes de tríada y de séptima. @table @code @item m Acorde menor. Este modificador baja la tercera y, si existe, la séptima. @item dim Acorde disminuido. Este modificador baja la tercera, la quinta y, si existe, la séptima. @item aug Acorde aumentado. Este modificador eleva la quinta. @item maj Acorde de séptima mayor. Este modificador añade una séptima elevada. El @code{7} que sigue a @code{maj} es opcional. NO utilice este modificador para crear una tríada mayor. @end table @c TODO -- perhaps add warning about c and c:maj being different, while @c c:maj and c:maj7 are the same @seealso Fragmentos de código: @rlsr{Chords} @node Extended and altered chords @unnumberedsubsubsec Extended and altered chords @cindex acordes extendidos @cindex acordes alterados Se pueden crear estructuras de acorde de complejidad arbitraria dentro del modo de acordes. Se puede usar la cadena modificadora para extender un acorde, añadir o quitar notas, elevar o bajar notas del acorde y añadir un bajo distinto o crear una inversión. El primer número que sigue al @code{:} se considera que es el ámbito del acorde. El acorde se construye secuencialmente añadiendo terceras a la fundamental hasta que se alcanza el número especificado. Si el ámbito no es una tercera (p.ej. 6), se añaden terceras hasta la tercera más alta inferior al ámbito, y después se añade la nota del ámbito. El mayor valor posible para el ámbito es 13. Cualquier valor mayor se interpreta como 13. @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=1] \chordmode { c:2 c:3 c:4 c:5 c:6 c:7 c:8 c:9 c:10 c:11 c:12 c:13 } @end lilypond @noindent Observe que @code{c:5} es idéntico a @code{c} (los dos producen una tríada de Do mayor). Puesto que una oncena sin alteración no suena bien cuando se combina con una trecena sin alteración, se elimina la oncena de los acordes de @code{:13} (a no ser que se añada explícitamente). @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=1] \chordmode { c1:13 c:13.11 c:m13 } @end lilypond @cindex adiciones en acordes Se pueden añadir notas individuales a un acorde. Las adiciones siguen el ámbito y van prefijadas por un punto (@code{.}). @lilypond[quote,verbatim,fragment,relative=1] \chordmode { c1:5.6 c:3.7.8 c:3.6.13 } @end lilypond Las notas añadidas pueden ser tan agudas como se desee. @lilypond[quote,verbatim,fragment,relative=1] \chordmode { c4:5.15 c:5.20 c:5.25 c:5.30 } @end lilypond @cindex acordes, alteración de notas Las notas añadidas a los acordes se pueden alterar mediante la adición de los sufijos @code{-} o @code{+} al número. Para alterar una nota que se ha incluido automáticamente como parte de la estructura básica del acorde, añádala como una nota alterada. @lilypond[quote,verbatim,fragment,relative=1] \chordmode { c1:7+ c:5+.3- c:3-.5-.7- } @end lilypond @cindex acordes, supresiones en @funindex ^ Una nota que se quiere suprimir de un acorde se indica dentro de la cadena modificadora prefijándola por un acento circunflejo @code{^}. Sólo se permite una supresión con @code{^} dentro de una cadena modificadora. @lilypond[quote,verbatim,fragment,relative=1] \chordmode { c1^3 c:7^5 c:9^3.5 } @end lilypond @funindex sus Se puede añadir el modificador @code{sus} a la cadena modificadora para crear acordes suspendidos. Esto elimina la tercera del acorde. Esciba bien @code{2} o bien @code{4} para añadir la seguna o la cuarta al acorde, respectivamente. @code{sus} equivale a @code{^3}; @code{sus4} equivale a @code{.4^3}. @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim] \chordmode { c1:sus c:sus2 c:sus4 c:5.4^3 } @end lilypond Es posible eliminar la tercera con @code{sus} y eliminar otra nota con @code{^} dentro de una cadena modificadora. @funindex / @cindex acordes, inversiones @cindex bajo de los acordes @cindex acordes, bajo de Se pueden especificar las inversiones (colocar en el bajo una nota distinta de la fundamental del acorde) y notas de bajo añadidas mediante la adición de @code{/}@var{nota} al acorde. @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim, relative=2] \chordmode { c1 c/g c/f } @end lilypond @funindex /+ Se puede añadir una nota del bajo que forma parte del acorde, en lugar de ser movida por efecto de una inversión, mediante el uso de @code{/+}@var{nota}. @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim] \chordmode { c1 c/g c/+g } @end lilypond @seealso Fragmentos de código: @rlsr{Chords} @knownissues Cada nota sólo puede estar presente en el acorde una sola vez. Lo que sigue produce simplemente el acorde aumentado, porque @code{5+} se interpreta en último lugar. @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment] \chordmode { c1:5.5-.5+ } @end lilypond Sólo se puede eliminar una nota de un acorde. Si se desa hacer un acorde con varias notas eliminadas, se debe construir a través de la adición de varias notas. Sólo se puede crear la primera inversión mediante la adición de un bajo. La segunda inversión requiere cambiar la fundamental del acorde. @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment] \chordmode { c'1: c':/g e:6-3-^5 e:m6-^5 } @end lilypond @node Displaying chords @subsection Displaying chords Los acordes se pueden imprimir por su nombre, además de la impresión estándar como notas sobre un pentagrama. @menu * Printing chord names:: * Customizing chord names:: @end menu @node Printing chord names @unnumberedsubsubsec Printing chord names @cindex impresión de los nombres de acorde @cindex acordes, nombres de @cindex acordes Chord names are printed in the @code{ChordNames} context: @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1,ragged-right] \new ChordNames { \chordmode { c2 f4. g8 } } @end lilypond Chords can be entered as simultaneous notes or through the use of chord mode. The displayed chord name will be the same, regardless of the mode of entry, unless there are inversions or added bass notes: @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1] << \new ChordNames { 2 1 \chordmode { c2 f:sus4 c1:/f } } { 2 1 \chordmode { c2 f:sus4 c1:/f } } >> @end lilypond @funindex{\chords} @code{\chords @{ ... @}} is a shortcut notation for @code{\new ChordNames @{\chordmode @{ ... @}@}}. @lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right, relative=1] \chords { c2 f4.:m g8:maj7 } @end lilypond @lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right, relative=1] \new ChordNames { \chordmode { c2 f4.:m g8:maj7 } } @end lilypond @snippets @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle] {showing-chords-at-changes.ly} @c @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle] @c {adding-bar-lines-to-chordnames-context.ly} @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle] {simple-lead-sheet.ly} @seealso Music Glossary: @rglos{chord}. Notation Reference: @ref{Writing music in parallel}. Snippets: @rlsr{Chords}. Internals Reference: @rinternals{ChordNames}, @rinternals{Volta_engraver}, @rinternals{Bar_engraver}. @knownissues Chords containing inversions or altered bass notes are not named properly if entered using simultaneous music. @node Customizing chord names @unnumberedsubsubsec Customizing chord names @cindex customizing chord names There is no unique system for naming chords. Different musical traditions use different names for the same set of chords. There are also different symbols displayed for a given chord name. The names and symbols displayed for chord names are customizable. @cindex Banter @cindex jazz chords @cindex chords, jazz The default chord name layout is a system for Jazz music, proposed by Klaus Ignatzek (see @ref{Literature list}). There are also two other chord name schemes implemented: an alternate Jazz chord notation, and a systematic scheme called Banter chords. The alternate Jazz notation is also shown on the chart in @ref{Chord name chart}. @c TODO -- Change this so we don't have a non-verbatim example. @c Make short example in docs, then move longer example to @c appendix, where the length of the snippet won't matter. In addition to the different naming systems, different note names are used for the root in different languages. The predefined variables @code{\germanChords}, @code{\semiGermanChords}, @code{\italianChords} and @code{\frenchChords} set these variables. The effect is demonstrated here: @lilypondfile[ragged-right]{chord-names-languages.ly} If none of the default settings give the desired output, the chord name display can be tuned through the following properties. @table @code @funindex chordRootNamer @item chordRootNamer The chord name is usually printed as a letter for the root with an optional alteration. The transformation from pitch to letter is done by this function. Special note names (for example, the German @q{H} for a B-chord) can be produced by storing a new function in this property. @funindex majorSevenSymbol @item majorSevenSymbol This property contains the markup object used to follow the output of @code{chordRootNamer} to dentify a major 7 chord. Predefined options are @code{whiteTriangleMarkup} and @code{blackTriangleMarkup}. @funindex chordNoteNamer @item chordNoteNamer When the chord name contains additional pitches other than the root (e.g., an added bass note), this function is used to print the additional pitch. By default the pitch is printed using @code{chordRootNamer}. The @code{chordNoteNamer} property can be set to a specialized function to change this behavior. For example, the bass note can be printed in lower case. @funindex chordNameSeparator @item chordNameSeparator Different parts of a chord name are normally separated by a slash. By setting @code{chordNameSeparator}, you can use any desired markup for a separator. @funindex chordNameExceptions @item chordNameExceptions This property is a list of pairs. The first item in each pair is a set of pitches used to identify the steps present in the chord. The second item is a markups that will follow the @code{chordRootNamer} output to create the chord name. @funindex chordPrefixSpacer @item chordPrefixSpacer The @q{m} for minor chords is usually printed immediately to the right of the root of the chord. By setting @code{chordPrefixSpacer}, you can fix a spacer between the root and @q{m}. The spacer is not used when the root is altered. @end table @predefined @funindex major seven symbols @code{\whiteTriangleMarkup}, @code{\blackTriangleMarkup}, @funindex \germanChords @code{\germanChords}, @funindex \semiGermanChords @code{\semiGermanChords}, @funindex \italianChords @code{\italianChords}, @funindex \frenchChords @code{\frenchChords}. @snippets @cindex exceptions, chord names. @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle] {chord-name-exceptions.ly} @c TODO - tweak snippet to use \blackTriangleMarkup as well @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle] {chord-name-major7.ly} @c @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle] @c {adding-bars-to-chordnames.ly) @c @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle] @c {volta-brackets-over-chord-names.ly} @c TODO convert to snippet @c @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle] @c {changing-chord-separator.ly} The separator between different parts of a chord name can be set to any markup. @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim] \chords { c:7sus4 \set chordNameSeparator = \markup { \typewriter "|" } c:7sus4 } @end lilypond @seealso Notation Reference: @ref{Chord name chart}. Installed Files: @file{scm/@/chords@/-ignatzek@/.scm}, @file{scm/@/chord@/-entry@/.scm}, @file{ly/@/chord@/-modifier@/-init@/.ly}. Snippets: @rlsr{Chords}. @c Internals Reference: @c @r internals{}. @knownissues Chord names are determined from both the pitches that are present in the chord and the information on the chord structure that may have been entered in @code{\chordmode}. If the simultaneous pitches method of entering chords is used, undesired names result from inversions or bass notes. @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim] myChords = \relative c' { \chordmode{ c1 c/g c/f } } << \new ChordNames { \myChords } \new Staff { \myChords } >> @end lilypond @node Figured bass @subsection Figured bass Figured bass notation can be displayed. @menu * Introduction to figured bass:: * Entering figured bass:: * Displaying figured bass:: @end menu @node Introduction to figured bass @unnumberedsubsubsec Introduction to figured bass @cindex Basso continuo @cindex Thorough bass @cindex Figured bass @cindex Bass, thorough @cindex Bass, figured @c TODO: musicological blurb about FB LilyPond has support for figured bass, also called thorough bass or basso continuo: @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment] << \new Voice { \clef bass dis4 c d ais g fis} \new FiguredBass { \figuremode { < 6 >4 < 7\+ >8 < 6+ [_!] > < 6 >4 <6 5 [3+] > < _ >4 < 6 5/>4 } } >> @end lilypond The support for figured bass consists of two parts: there is an input mode, introduced by @code{\figuremode}, that accepts entry of bass figures, and there is a context named @code{FiguredBass} that takes care of displaying @code{BassFigure} objects. Figured bass can also be displayed in @code{Staff} contexts. @code{\figures@{ ... @}} is a shortcut notation for @code{\new FiguredBass @{\figuremode @{ ... @}@}}. Although the support for figured bass may superficially resemble chord support, it is much simpler. @code{\figuremode} mode simply stores the figures and the @code{FiguredBass} context prints them as entered. There is no conversion to pitches. Figures are created as markup texts. Any of the standard markup properties can be used to modify the display of figures. For example, the vertical spacing of the figures may be set with @code{baseline-skip}. @node Entering figured bass @unnumberedsubsubsec Entering figured bass @code{\figuremode} is used to switch the input mode to figure mode. More information on different input modes can be found at @ref{Input modes}. In figure mode, a group of bass figures is delimited by @code{<} and @code{>}. The duration is entered after the @code{>}. @lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment] \new FiguredBass { \figuremode { <6 4>2 } } @end lilypond Accidentals (including naturals) can be added to figures: @lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment] \figures { <7! 6+ 4-> <5++> <3--> } @end lilypond Augmented and diminished steps can be indicated. @lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment] \figures { <6\+ 5/> <7/> } @end lilypond A backward slash through a figure (typically used for raised sixth steps) can be created. @lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment] \figures { <6> % FIXME: broken. %<6\\> } @end lilypond Vertical spaces and brackets can be be included in figures: @lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment] \figures { <[12 _!] 8 [6 4]> } @end lilypond Any text markup can be inserted as a figure: @lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment] \figures { < \markup{ \tiny \number 6 \super (1)} 5 > } @end lilypond @c TODO We need to include notes any time we use extenders to @c avoid extraneous staff creation due to Staff.use... in @c \bassFigureExtendersOn Continuation lines can be used to indicate repeated figures: @lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment] << { \clef bass e d c b, e d c b, } \figures { \bassFigureExtendersOn <6 4> <6 3> <7 3> <7 3> \bassFigureExtendersOff <6 4> <6 3> <7 3> <7 3> } >> @end lilypond @noindent In this case, the extender lines replace existing figures, unless the continuation lines have been explicitly terminated. @lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment] << \figures { \bassFigureExtendersOn <6 4> <6 4> <6\! 4\!> <6 4> } { \clef bass d d c c } >> @end lilypond @predefined @cindex figured bass extender lines @code{\bassFigureExtendersOn}, @code{\bassFigureExtendersOff}. @snippets @c TODO Fix this snippet -- Plus direction should be RIGHT. @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle] {changing-the-positions-of-figured-bass-alterations.ly} @seealso @c Music Glossary: @c @rglos{}. @c Learning Manual: @c @rlearning{}. @c Notation Reference: @c @ruser{}. @c Application Usage: @c @rprogram{}. @c Installed Files: @c @file{}. Snippets: @rlsr{Chords}. Internals Reference: @rinternals{NewBassFigure}, @rinternals{BassFigureAlignment}, @rinternals{BassFigureLine}, @rinternals{BassFigureBracket}, @rinternals{BassFigureContinuation}, @rinternals{FiguredBass}. @c @knownissues @node Displaying figured bass @unnumberedsubsubsec Displaying figured bass Figured bass can be displayed using the @code{FiguredBass} context, or in most staff contexts. When displayed in a @code{FiguredBass} context, the vertical location of the figures is independent of the notes on the staff. @lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,fragment,quote] << \relative c'' { c4 c'8 r8 c,4 c' } \new FiguredBass { \figuremode { <4>4 <10 6>8 s8 <6 4>4 <6 4> } } >> @end lilypond @noindent In the example above, the @code{FiguredBass} context must be explicitly instantiated to avoid creating a second (empty) staff. Figured bass can also be added to @code{Staff} contexts directly. In this case, the vertical position of the figures is adjusted automatically. @c TODO add a second paragraph to show direction change. First @c example should be UP (default), second should be DOWN. @c TODO change to use predefined command once it is added to @c property-init.ly -cds @lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,fragment,quote] << \new Staff = myStaff \figuremode { <4>4 <10 6>8 s8 <6 4>4 <6 4> } %% Put notes on same Staff as figures \context Staff = myStaff { \clef bass c4 c'8 r8 c4 c' } >> @end lilypond When added in a Staff context, figured bass can be displayed above or below the staff. @lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,fragment,quote] << \new Staff = myStaff \figuremode { <4>4 <10 6>8 s8 \bassFigureStaffAlignmentDown <6 4>4 <6 4> } %% Put notes on same Staff as figures \context Staff = myStaff { \clef bass c4 c'8 r8 c4 c' } >> @end lilypond @ignore @c I don't understand this -cs When using continuation lines, common figures are always put in the same vertical position. When this is unwanted, you can insert a rest. The rest will clear any previous alignment. For example, you can write @example <6 4>8 r8 @end example @noindent instead of @example <4 6>4 @end example @end ignore @predefined @cindex figured bass alignment @code{\bassFigureStaffAlignmentDown}, @code{\bassFigureStaffAlignmentUp}, @code{\bassFigureStaffAlignmentNeutral}. @snippets @seealso @c Music Glossary: @c @rglos{}. @c Learning Manual: @c @rlearning{}. @c Notation Reference: @c @ruser{}. @c Application Usage: @c @rprogram{}. @c Installed Files: @c @file{}. @c Snippets: @rlsr{Figured Bass}. Internals Reference: @rinternals{NewBassFigure}, @rinternals{BassFigureAlignment}, @rinternals{BassFigureLine}, @rinternals{BassFigureBracket}, @rinternals{BassFigureContinuation}, @rinternals{FiguredBass}. @knownissues To ensure that continuation lines work properly, it is safest to use the same rhythm in the figure line as in the bass line. @lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,fragment,quote] << { \clef bass \repeat unfold 4 {f16. g32} f8. es16 d8 es } \figures { \bassFigureExtendersOn % The extenders are correct here, with the same rhythm as the bass \repeat unfold 4 {<6 4->16. <6 4->32} <5>8. r16 <6>8 <6\! 5-> } >> << { \clef bass \repeat unfold 4 {f16. g32} f8. es16 d8 es } \figures { \bassFigureExtendersOn % The extenders are incorrect here, even though the timing is the same <6 4->4 <6 4->4 %\repeat unfold 4 {<6 4->16. <6 4->32} <5>8. r16 <6>8 <6\! 5-> } >> @end lilypond @c I have no idea what this means -cds @c A predefined command for changing this has been proposed -cds @c TODO -- put stacking direction snippet here -cds When using figured bass above the staff with extender lines and @code{implicitBassFigures} the lines may become swapped around. Maintaining order consistently will be impossible when multiple figures have overlapping extender lines. To avoid this problem, please use @code{stacking-dir} on @code{BassFigureAlignment}. @seealso