1 @c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
3 Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
5 When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
6 version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
14 @c TODO: inspirational headword
16 This section explains how to typeset vocal music, and make sure
17 that the lyrics will be aligned with the notes of their melody.
20 * Common notation for vocal music::
22 * Aligning lyrics to a melody::
23 * Specific uses of lyrics::
28 @node Common notation for vocal music
29 @subsection Common notation for vocal music
31 This section discusses issues related to vocal music in general, and
32 to some particular styles of vocal music.
35 * References for vocal music and lyrics::
40 * Ancient vocal music::
44 @node References for vocal music and lyrics
45 @unnumberedsubsubsec References for vocal music and lyrics
47 @c TODO: split this section in two parts? -vv
49 Various issues may arise when engraving vocal music. Some of these
50 are discussed in this section, while others are explained elsewhere:
54 Most styles of vocal music use written text as lyrics. An introduction
55 to this notation is to be found in @rlearning{Setting simple songs}.
58 Vocal music is likely to require the use of @code{markup} mode, either
59 for lyrics of for other text elements (character's names, etc.).
60 This syntax is described in @ref{Text markup introduction}.
63 Lead sheets may be printed by combining vocal parts and @q{chord mode};
64 this syntax is explained in @ref{Chord notation}.
67 @q{Ambitus} may be added at the beginning of vocal staves, as explained
71 Vocal parts may be printed using traditional clefs, as shown in @ref{Clef}.
74 Ancient vocal music is supported, as explained in @ref{Ancient notation}.
79 @unnumberedsubsubsec Opera
84 @c add characters names snippet -vv
87 @unnumberedsubsubsec Song books
93 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
94 {simple-lead-sheet.ly}
103 @unnumberedsubsubsec Spoken music
106 Such effects as @q{parlato} or @q{Sprechgesang} require perfomers to speak
107 without pitch but still with rhythm; these are notated by cross
108 note heads, as demonstrated in @ref{Special note heads}.
110 @c TODO add "marking-notes-on-spoken-parts" snippet -vv
111 @c add "showing the rhythm of a melody" snip
112 @c add "one staff-line notation"
113 @c add "improvisation" ref
114 @c add "lyrics independents of notes" ref
117 @unnumberedsubsubsec Chants
119 @c TODO Add text from lsr and -user
122 @node Ancient vocal music
123 @unnumberedsubsubsec Ancient vocal music
128 @c Add "Printing both the ancient and the modern clef in vocal music" snippet,
129 @c and "Transcription of Ancient music with incipit" snippet. -vv
134 @ref{Ancient notation}.
137 @node Entering lyrics
138 @subsection Entering lyrics
140 @c TODO add one sentence here. -vv
144 * Setting simple songs::
145 * Working with lyrics and variables::
149 @node Lyrics explained
150 @unnumberedsubsubsec Lyrics explained
155 @cindex spaces, in lyrics
156 @cindex quotes, in lyrics
158 @c FIXME: this section is to be rewritten.
159 Since LilyPond input files are text, there is at least one
160 issue to consider when working with vocal music:
161 song texts must be interpreted as text, not notes. For example, the
162 input@tie{}@code{d} should be interpreted as a one letter syllable,
164 Therefore, a special lyric mode has to be used, either explicitely
165 or using some abbreviated methods.
167 Lyrics are entered in a special input mode, which can be introduced
168 by the keyword @code{\lyricmode}, or by using @code{\addlyrics} or
169 @code{\lyricsto}. In this mode you can enter lyrics,
170 with punctuation and accents, and the input @code{d} is not parsed as
171 a pitch, but rather as a one letter syllable. Syllables are entered
172 like notes, but with pitches replaced by text. For example,
175 \lyricmode @{ Twin-4 kle4 twin- kle litt- le star2 @}
178 There are two main methods to specify the horizontal placement
179 of the syllables, either by specifying the duration of each syllable
180 explicitly, like in the example above, or by automatically aligning
181 the lyrics to a melody or other voice of music, using @code{\addlyrics}
184 @c For more details see @ref{The Lyrics context}.
186 A word or syllable of lyrics begins with an alphabetic character, and ends
188 any space or digit. The following characters can be any character
189 that is not a digit or white space.
191 Any character that is not a digit or white space will be regarded as
192 part of the syllable; one important consequence of this is that a word
193 can end with @code{@}}, which often leads to the following mistake:
196 \lyricmode @{ lah- lah@}
199 In this example, the @code{@}} is included in the final syllable, so the
200 opening brace is not balanced and the input file will probably not
204 @funindex \property in \lyricmode
207 Similarly, a period which follows an alphabetic sequence is included in
208 the resulting string. As a consequence, spaces must be inserted around
209 property commands: do @emph{not} write
212 \override Score.LyricText #'font-shape = #'italic
219 \override Score . LyricText #'font-shape = #'italic
223 @cindex spaces, in lyrics
224 @cindex quotes, in lyrics
225 @cindex ties, in lyrics
227 In order to assign more than one syllable to a single note, you can
228 surround them with quotes or use a @code{_} character, to get spaces
229 between syllables, or use tilde symbol (@code{~}) to get a lyric tie.
231 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim]
233 \relative c' { c2 e4 g2 e4 }
234 \addlyrics { gran- de_a- mi- go }
235 \addlyrics { pu- "ro y ho-" nes- to }
236 \addlyrics { pu- ro~y~ho- nes- to }
240 The lyric tie is implemented with the Unicode character
241 @code{U+203F}; therefore a font that includes this glyph
242 (such as DejaVuLGC) has to be used. More explanations about
243 text and non-text fonts can be found in @ref{Fonts}.
246 To enter lyrics with characters from non-English languages, or with
247 accented and special characters (such as the heart symbol or slanted quotes),
248 simply insert the characters directly into the input file and save
249 it with UTF-8 encoding. See @ref{Text encoding}, for more info.
251 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim]
252 \relative c' { e4 f e d e f e2 }
253 \addlyrics { He said: “Let my peo ple go”. }
256 To use normal quotes in lyrics, add a backslash before the
259 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim]
260 \relative c' { \time 3/4 e4 e4. e8 d4 e d c2. }
261 \addlyrics { "\"I" am so lone- "ly\"" said she }
264 The full definition of a word start in Lyrics mode is somewhat more
267 A word in Lyrics mode begins with: an alphabetic character, @code{_},
268 @code{?}, @code{!}, @code{:}, @code{'}, the control characters @code{^A}
269 through @code{^F}, @code{^Q} through @code{^W}, @code{^Y}, @code{^^},
270 any 8-bit character with ASCII code over 127, or a two-character
271 combination of a backslash followed by one of @code{`}, @code{'},
272 @code{"}, or @code{^}.
274 @c " to balance double quotes for not-so-bright context-sensitive editors
276 To define variables containing lyrics, the function @code{lyricmode}
280 verseOne = \lyricmode @{ Joy to the world the Lord is come @}
283 \new Voice = "one" \relative c'' @{
286 c4 b8. a16 g4. f8 e4 d c2
288 \addlyrics @{ \verseOne @}
299 @rinternals{LyricText},
300 @rinternals{LyricSpace}.
303 @c FIXME: this title has to be changed (possible confusion with LM) -vv
304 @node Setting simple songs
305 @unnumberedsubsubsec Setting simple songs
309 The easiest way to add lyrics to a melody is to append
312 \addlyrics @{ @var{the lyrics} @}
316 to a melody. Here is an example,
318 @lilypond[ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,quote]
320 \relative c' { c2 e4 g2. }
321 \addlyrics { play the game }
324 More stanzas can be added by adding more
325 @code{\addlyrics} sections
327 @lilypond[ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,quote]
329 \relative c' { c2 e4 g2. }
330 \addlyrics { play the game }
331 \addlyrics { speel het spel }
332 \addlyrics { joue le jeu }
335 The command @code{\addlyrics} cannot handle polyphony settings. For these
336 cases you should use @code{\lyricsto} and @code{\lyricmode}, as will be
337 introduced in @ref{Lyrics explained}.
339 @c TODO: one additional section may be needed here,
340 @c such as "advanced lyric syntax" or whatever -vv
342 @node Working with lyrics and variables
343 @unnumberedsubsubsec Working with lyrics and variables
345 @cindex lyrics, variables
347 To define variables containing lyrics, the function @code{\lyricmode}
348 must be used. You do not have to enter durations though, if you add
349 @code{\addlyrics} or @code{\lyricsto}
350 when invoking your variable.
353 verseOne = \lyricmode @{ Joy to the world the Lord is come @}
356 \new Voice = "one" \relative c'' @{
359 c4 b8. a16 g4. f8 e4 d c2
361 \addlyrics @{ \verseOne @}
366 For different or more complex orderings, the best way is to setup the
367 hierarchy of staves and lyrics first, e.g.,
370 \new Voice = "soprano" @{ @emph{music} @}
371 \new Lyrics = "sopranoLyrics" @{ s1 @}
372 \new Lyrics = "tenorLyrics" @{ s1 @}
373 \new Voice = "tenor" @{ @emph{music} @}
377 and then combine the appropriate melodies and lyric lines
380 \context Lyrics = sopranoLyrics \lyricsto "soprano"
386 The final input would resemble
389 <<\new ChoirStaff << @emph{setup the music} >>
390 \lyricsto "soprano" @emph{etc}
391 \lyricsto "alto" @emph{etc}
398 http://code.google.com/p/lilypond/issues/detail?id=329
399 The problem cannot be reproduced.
400 The following has no sense, because the issue seems to be fixed.
401 A comment is in tracker waiting for response ---FV
404 Be careful when defining a variable with lyrics that creates a new
405 context, for example, using the deprecated @code{\lyrics} command. See
406 the next erroneous example:
409 words = \lyrics{ %warning: this creates a new context
413 \new Voice = "sop" { c1 }
414 \new Lyrics \lyricsto "sop" { \words }
415 \new Voice = "alt" { c2 c }
416 \new Lyrics \lyricsto "alt" { \words }
420 the problem is that \lyricsto will try to connect the "sop" melody with the context
421 created by "\new Lyrics".
423 Then \lyrics in \words creates another context, and the original "\new Lyrics" one
430 @c TODO: document \new Staff << Voice \lyricsto >> bug
432 @rinternals{LyricCombineMusic},
436 @node Aligning lyrics to a melody
437 @subsection Aligning lyrics to a melody
443 @c FIXME: this stuff is to be rewritten. -vv
445 Aligning of text with melodies can be made automatically, but if you
446 specify the durations of the syllables it can also be made manually.
447 Lyrics aligning and typesetting are prepared with the help of skips,
448 hyphens and extender lines.
450 Lyrics are printed by interpreting them in the context called
454 \new Lyrics \lyricmode @dots{}
457 There are two main methods to specify the horizontal placement
462 by automatically aligning
463 the lyrics to a melody or other voice of music, using @code{\addlyrics}
467 or by specifying the duration of each syllable
468 explicitly, using @code{\lyricmode}
472 * Automatic syllable durations::
473 * Manual syllable durations::
474 * Multiple syllables to one note::
475 * Multiple notes to one syllable::
477 * Extenders and hyphens::
478 * Lyrics and repeats::
481 @node Automatic syllable durations
482 @unnumberedsubsubsec Automatic syllable durations
484 @cindex automatic syllable durations
485 @cindex lyrics and melodies
487 The lyrics can be aligned under a given melody
488 automatically. This is achieved by combining the
489 melody and the lyrics with the @code{\lyricsto} expression
492 \new Lyrics \lyricsto @var{name} @dots{}
495 This aligns the lyrics to the
496 notes of the @rinternals{Voice} context called @var{name}, which must
497 already exist. Therefore normally the @code{Voice} is specified first, and
498 then the lyrics are specified with @code{\lyricsto}. The command
499 @code{\lyricsto} switches to @code{\lyricmode} mode automatically, so the
500 @code{\lyricmode} keyword may be omitted.
502 The following example uses different commands for entering lyrics.
504 @lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim]
506 \new Voice = "one" \relative c'' {
509 c4 b8. a16 g4. f8 e4 d c2
512 % not recommended: left aligns syllables
513 \new Lyrics \lyricmode { Joy4 to8. the16 world!4. the8 Lord4 is come.2 }
515 % wrong: durations needed
516 \new Lyrics \lyricmode { Joy to the earth! the Sa -- viour reigns. }
519 \new Lyrics \lyricsto "one" { No more let sins and sor -- rows grow. }
523 The second stanza is not properly aligned because the durations
524 were not specified. A solution for that would be to use @code{\lyricsto}.
526 The @code{\addlyrics} command is actually just a convenient way
527 to write a more complicated LilyPond structure that sets up the
532 \addlyrics @{ LYRICS @}
539 \new Voice = "blah" @{ music @}
540 \new Lyrics \lyricsto "blah" @{ LYRICS @}
543 @node Manual syllable durations
544 @unnumberedsubsubsec Manual syllable durations
546 Lyrics can also be entered without @code{\addlyrics} or
547 @code{\lyricsto}. In this case,
548 syllables are entered like notes -- but with pitches replaced by text -- and the
549 duration of each syllable must be entered explicitly. For example:
556 The alignment to a melody can be specified with the
557 @code{associatedVoice} property,
560 \set associatedVoice = #"lala"
564 The value of the property (here: @code{"lala"}) should be the name of
565 a @rinternals{Voice} context. Without this setting, extender lines
566 will not be formatted properly.
568 Here is an example demonstrating manual lyric durations,
570 @lilypond[relative=1,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,quote]
571 << \new Voice = "melody" {
575 \new Lyrics \lyricmode {
576 \set associatedVoice = #"melody"
587 @node Multiple syllables to one note
588 @unnumberedsubsubsec Multiple syllables to one note
592 @cindex ties, in lyrics
594 In order to assign more than one syllable to a single note, you can
595 surround them with quotes or use a @code{_} character, to get spaces
596 between syllables, or use tilde symbol (@code{~}) to get a lyric
597 tie@footnote{The lyric ties is implemented with the Unicode character
599 sure to have a font (Like DejaVuLGC) installed that includes this
602 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim]
604 \relative c' { c2 e4 g2 e4 }
605 \addlyrics { gran- de_a- mi- go }
606 \addlyrics { pu- "ro y ho-" nes- to }
607 \addlyrics { pu- ro~y~ho- nes- to }
613 @rinternals{LyricCombineMusic}.
615 @c Here come the section which used to be "Melismata"
616 @c the new title might be more self-explanatory
619 @node Multiple notes to one syllable
620 @unnumberedsubsubsec Multiple notes to one syllable
624 @cindex phrasing, in lyrics
626 Sometimes, particularly in Medieval music, several notes are to be sung on one
627 single syllable; such vocalises are called melismas, or melismata.
629 @c this method seems to be the simplest; therefore
630 @c it might be better to present it first - vv
632 You can define melismata entirely in the lyrics, by entering @code{_}
633 for every extra note that has to be added to the melisma.
635 @c FIXME: clarify: __ is used to crate a lyric extender,
636 @c _ is used to add a note to a melisma, so both __ and _ are needed.
639 @c duplicated: TODO fix
640 Additionaly, you can make an extender line to be typeset to indicate
641 the melisma in the score, writing a double underscore next to the
642 first syllable of the melisma. This example shows the three elements
643 that are used for this purpose (all of them surrounded by spaces):
644 double hyphens to separate syllables in a word, underscores to add
645 notes to a melisma, and a double underscore to put an extender line.
647 @c wrong: extender line only on last syllable of a word. Change example
648 @lilypond[relative=1,verbatim,fragment,quote]
649 { \set melismaBusyProperties = #'()
650 c d( e) f f( e) e e }
652 { Ky -- _ _ ri __ _ _ _ e }
655 In this case, you can also have ties and slurs in the melody if you
656 set @code{melismaBusyProperties}, as is done in the example above.
658 However, the @code{\lyricsto} command can also
659 detect melismata automatically: it only puts one
660 syllable under a tied or slurred group of notes. If you want to force
661 an unslurred group of notes to be a melisma, insert @code{\melisma}
662 after the first note of the group, and @code{\melismaEnd} after the
665 @lilypond[quote,relative=2,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim]
667 \new Voice = "lala" {
675 \new Lyrics \lyricsto "lala" {
681 In addition, notes are considered a melisma if they are manually
682 beamed, and automatic beaming (see @ref{Setting automatic beam
683 behavior}) is switched off.
685 @c FIXME: this now links to LM -vv
690 A complete example of a SATB score setup is in section
691 @rlearning{Vocal ensembles}.
697 @funindex \melismaEnd
703 @c @lsr{vocal,lyric@/-combine.ly}.
708 Melismata are not detected automatically, and extender lines must be
712 @unnumberedsubsubsec Skipping notes
714 Making a lyric line run slower than the melody can be achieved by
715 inserting @code{\skip}s into the lyrics. For every @code{\skip},
716 the text will be delayed another note. The @code{\skip} command
717 must be followed by a valid duration, but this is ignored when
718 @code{\skip} is used in lyrics.
722 @lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
723 \relative c' { c c g' }
731 @node Extenders and hyphens
732 @unnumberedsubsubsec Extenders and hyphens
737 @c leave this as samp. -gp
738 In the last syllable of a word, melismata are sometimes indicated with
739 a long horizontal line starting in the melisma syllable, and ending in
740 the next one. Such a line is called an extender line, and it is
741 entered as @samp{ __ } (note the spaces before and after the two
742 underscore characters).
744 @warning{Melismata are indicated in the score with extender lines,
745 which are entered as one double underscore; but short melismata can
746 also be entered by skipping individual notes, which are entered as
747 single underscore characters; these do not make an extender line to be
752 @c leave this as samp. -gp
753 Centered hyphens are entered as @samp{ -- } between syllables of a same word
754 (note the spaces before and after the two hyphen characters). The hyphen
755 will be centered between the syllables, and its length will be adjusted
756 depending on the space between the syllables.
758 In tightly engraved music, hyphens can be removed. Whether this
759 happens can be controlled with the @code{minimum-distance} (minimum
760 distance between two syllables) and the @code{minimum-length}
761 (threshold below which hyphens are removed).
766 @rinternals{LyricExtender},
767 @rinternals{LyricHyphen}
770 @node Lyrics and repeats
771 @unnumberedsubsubsec Lyrics and repeats
773 @c TODO New section. Add text
777 @node Specific uses of lyrics
778 @subsection Specific uses of lyrics
780 @c FIXME This whole section is to be reorganized. -vv
782 Often, different stanzas of one song are put to one melody in slightly
783 differing ways. Such variations can still be captured with
788 * Lyrics independent of notes::
789 * Spacing out syllables::
790 * Centering lyrics between staves::
796 @unnumberedsubsubsec Divisi lyrics
798 You can display alternate (or divisi) lyrics by naming voice
799 contexts and attaching lyrics to those specific contexts.
801 @lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
803 \new Voice = "melody" {
808 \new Voice = "splitpart" { \voiceTwo c4 }
813 \new Lyrics \lyricsto "melody" { we shall not o- ver- come }
814 \new Lyrics \lyricsto "splitpart" { will }
819 You can use this trick to display different lyrics for a repeated
822 @lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
824 \new Voice = "melody" \relative c' {
826 \new Voice = "verse" \repeat volta 2 {c4 d e f | g1 | }
828 \new Lyrics = "mainlyrics" \lyricsto melody \lyricmode {
831 \context Lyrics = "mainlyrics" \lyricsto verse \lyricmode {
833 \new Lyrics = "repeatlyrics" \lyricsto verse \lyricmode {
834 dodo rere mimi fafa solsol }
841 @node Lyrics independent of notes
842 @unnumberedsubsubsec Lyrics independent of notes
844 @cindex Devnull context
846 In some complex vocal music, it may be desirable to place
847 lyrics completely independently of notes. Music defined
848 inside @code{lyricrhythm} disappears into the
849 @code{Devnull} context, but the rhythms can still be used
852 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
855 \tag #'music { c''2 }
856 \tag #'lyricrhythm { c''4. c''8 }
860 lyr = \lyricmode { I like my cat! }
863 \new Staff \keepWithTag #'music \voice
864 \new Devnull="nowhere" \keepWithTag #'lyricrhythm \voice
865 \new Lyrics \lyricsto "nowhere" \lyr
866 \new Staff { c'8 c' c' c' c' c' c' c'
867 c' c' c' c' c' c' c' c' }
871 This method is recommended only if the music in the @code{Devnull}
872 context does not contain melismata. Melismata are defined by the
873 @code{Voice} context. Connecting lyrics to a @code{Devnull} context
874 makes the voice/lyrics links to get lost, and so does the info on
875 melismata. Therefore, if you link lyrics to a @code{Devnull} context,
876 the implicit melismata get ignored.
878 @c Conclusion: do not use devnull for lyrics -FV
880 @c this clarifies http://code.google.com/p/lilypond/issues/detail?id=248
882 @node Spacing out syllables
883 @unnumberedsubsubsec Spacing out syllables
885 @cindex Spacing lyrics
886 @cindex Lyrics, increasing space between
888 To increase the spacing between lyrics, set the minimum-distance property of
891 @lilypond[relative,verbatim,fragment,quote,ragged-right]
894 \override Lyrics.LyricSpace #'minimum-distance = #1.0
898 longtext longtext longtext longtext
899 longtext longtext longtext longtext
903 To make this change for all lyrics in the score, set the property in the
906 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right]
913 longtext longtext longtext longtext
914 longtext longtext longtext longtext
919 \override LyricSpace #'minimum-distance = #1.0
926 @c This snippet has been renamed to "lyrics-alignment.ly"
927 @c update as soon as lsr/is updated -vv
928 @c @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
929 @c {lyrics-alignment.ly}
931 @c TODO: move to LSR -vv
934 Checking to make sure that text scripts and lyrics are within the margins is
935 a relatively large computational task. To speed up processing, LilyPond does
936 not perform such calculations by default; to enable it, use
939 \override Score.PaperColumn #'keep-inside-line = ##t
942 To make lyrics avoid bar lines as well, use
948 \consists "Bar_engraver"
949 \consists "Separating_line_group_engraver"
950 \override BarLine #'transparent = ##t
955 @c TODO Create and add lsr example of lyricMelismaAlignment
956 @c It's used like this to center-align all lyric syllables,
957 @c even when notes are tied. -td
962 \context { \Score lyricMelismaAlignment = #0 }
967 @node Centering lyrics between staves
968 @unnumberedsubsubsec Centering lyrics between staves
970 @c TODO Add text from -user
977 * Adding stanza numbers::
978 * Adding dynamics marks to stanzas::
979 * Adding singers' names to stanzas::
980 * Stanzas with different rhythms::
981 * Printing stanzas at the end::
982 * Printing stanzas at the end in multiple columns::
986 @node Adding stanza numbers
987 @unnumberedsubsubsec Adding stanza numbers
989 @cindex stanza number
991 Stanza numbers can be added by setting @code{stanza}, e.g.,
993 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2,fragment]
995 \time 3/4 g2 e4 a2 f4 g2.
1000 \set stanza = #"2. "
1001 Oh, ché -- ri, je t'aime
1007 These numbers are put just before the start of the first syllable.
1009 @c TODO Create and add snippet to show how two lines of a
1010 @c stanza can be grouped together, along these lines:
1011 @c (might need improving a bit) -td
1014 leftbrace = \markup { \override #'(font-encoding . fetaBraces) \lookup
1018 \set stanza = \markup { "1. " \leftbrace }
1019 \lyricmode { Child, you're mine and I love you.
1020 Lend thine ear to what I say.
1026 % \set stanza = \markup { " "}
1027 \lyricmode { Child, I have no great -- er joy
1028 Than to have you walk in truth.
1034 \repeat volta 2 { c'8 c' c' c' c' c' c'4
1035 c'8 c' c' c' c' c' c'4 }
1036 } \addlyrics { \stanzaOneOne }
1037 \addlyrics { \stanzaOneThree }
1041 @node Adding dynamics marks to stanzas
1042 @unnumberedsubsubsec Adding dynamics marks to stanzas
1044 Stanzas differing in loudness may be indicated by putting a
1045 dynamics mark before each stanza. In LilyPond, everything coming in
1046 front of a stanza goes into the @code{StanzaNumber} object; dynamics marks
1047 are no different. For technical reasons, you have to set the stanza
1048 outside @code{\lyricmode}:
1050 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
1052 \set stanza = \markup { \dynamic "ff" "1. " }
1059 \new Voice = "tune" {
1063 \new Lyrics \lyricsto "tune" \text
1067 @node Adding singers' names to stanzas
1068 @unnumberedsubsubsec Adding singers' names to stanzas
1071 @cindex name of singer
1073 Names of singers can also be added. They are printed at the start of
1074 the line, just like instrument names. They are created by setting
1075 @code{vocalName}. A short version may be entered as @code{shortVocalName}.
1077 @lilypond[fragment,ragged-right,quote,verbatim,relative=2]
1079 \time 3/4 g2 e4 a2 f4 g2.
1081 \set vocalName = #"Bert "
1082 Hi, my name is Bert.
1084 \set vocalName = #"Ernie "
1085 Oh, ché -- ri, je t'aime
1089 @node Stanzas with different rhythms
1090 @unnumberedsubsubsec Stanzas with different rhythms
1092 @subsubheading Ignoring melismata
1094 One possibility is that the text has a melisma in one stanza, but
1095 multiple syllables in another one. One solution is to make the faster
1096 voice ignore the melisma. This is done by setting
1097 @code{ignoreMelismata} in the Lyrics context.
1099 @lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
1101 \relative c' \new Voice = "lahlah" {
1102 \set Staff.autoBeaming = ##f
1108 \new Lyrics \lyricsto "lahlah" {
1111 \new Lyrics \lyricsto "lahlah" {
1113 \set ignoreMelismata = ##t
1115 \unset ignoreMelismata
1122 Unlike most @code{\set} commands, @code{\set ignoreMelismata} does
1123 not work if prefixed with @code{\once}. It is necessary to use
1124 @code{\set} and @code{\unset} to bracket the lyrics where melismata
1127 @subsubheading Switching to an alternative melody
1129 More complex variations in text underlay are possible. It is possible
1130 to switch the melody for a line of lyrics during the text. This is
1131 done by setting the @code{associatedVoice} property. In the example
1133 @lilypond[ragged-right,quote]
1135 \relative c' \new Voice = "lahlah" {
1136 \set Staff.autoBeaming = ##f
1139 \new Voice = "alternative" {
1142 % show associations clearly.
1143 \override NoteColumn #'force-hshift = #-3
1154 \new Lyrics \lyricsto "lahlah" {
1155 Ju -- ras -- sic Park
1157 \new Lyrics \lyricsto "lahlah" {
1158 % Tricky: need to set associatedVoice
1159 % one syllable too soon!
1160 \set associatedVoice = alternative % applies to "ran"
1164 \set associatedVoice = lahlah % applies to "rus"
1170 the text for the first stanza is set to a melody called @q{lahlah},
1173 \new Lyrics \lyricsto "lahlah" @{
1174 Ju -- ras -- sic Park
1179 The second stanza initially is set to the @code{lahlah} context, but
1180 for the syllable @q{ran}, it switches to a different melody.
1181 This is achieved with
1183 \set associatedVoice = alternative
1187 Here, @code{alternative} is the name of the @code{Voice} context
1188 containing the triplet.
1190 @c FIXME: make this easier to understand -vv
1191 This command must be one syllable too early, before @q{Ty} in this
1192 case. In other words, changing the associatedVoice happens one step
1193 later than expected. This is for technical reasons, and it is not a
1197 \new Lyrics \lyricsto "lahlah" @{
1198 \set associatedVoice = alternative % applies to "ran"
1202 \set associatedVoice = lahlah % applies to "rus"
1208 The underlay is switched back to the starting situation by assigning
1209 @code{lahlah} to @code{associatedVoice}.
1212 @node Printing stanzas at the end
1213 @unnumberedsubsubsec Printing stanzas at the end
1215 Sometimes it is appropriate to have one stanza set
1216 to the music, and the rest added in verse form at
1217 the end of the piece. This can be accomplished by adding
1218 the extra verses into a @code{\markup} section outside
1219 of the main score block. Notice that there are two
1220 different ways to force linebreaks when using
1223 @lilypond[ragged-right,verbatim,quote]
1224 melody = \relative c' {
1230 \set stanza = #"1." Ma- ry had a lit- tle lamb,
1231 its fleece was white as snow.
1235 \new Voice = "one" { \melody }
1236 \new Lyrics \lyricsto "one" \text
1242 \line{ All the children laughed and played }
1243 \line{ To see a lamb at school. }
1250 Mary took it home again,
1252 It was against the rule."
1257 @node Printing stanzas at the end in multiple columns
1258 @unnumberedsubsubsec Printing stanzas at the end in multiple columns
1260 When a piece of music has many verses, they are often printed in
1261 multiple columns across the page. An outdented verse number often
1262 introduces each verse. The following example shows how to produce such
1265 @lilypond[ragged-right,quote,verbatim]
1266 melody = \relative c' {
1271 \set stanza = #"1." This is verse one.
1276 \new Voice = "one" { \melody }
1277 \new Lyrics \lyricsto "one" \text
1284 \hspace #0.1 % moves the column off the left margin;
1285 % can be removed if space on the page is tight
1289 "This is verse two."
1293 \hspace #0.1 % adds vertical spacing between verses
1296 "This is verse three."
1301 \hspace #0.1 % adds horizontal spacing between columns;
1302 % if they are still too close, add more " " pairs
1303 % until the result looks good
1307 "This is verse four."
1311 \hspace #0.1 % adds vertical spacing between verses
1314 "This is verse five."
1319 \hspace #0.1 % gives some extra space on the right margin;
1320 % can be removed if page space is tight
1327 Internals Reference:
1328 @rinternals{LyricText},
1329 @rinternals{StanzaNumber}.