1 @c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
3 Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
5 When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
6 version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
12 @lilypondfile[ragged-right,line-width=16\cm,staffsize=16,quote]
15 This section discusses rhythms, durations, and bars.
20 * Displaying rhythms::
23 * Special rhythmic concerns::
28 @subsection Writing rhythms
38 @unnumberedsubsubsec Durations
41 @cindex beams, automatic
46 When entering notes, durations are designated by numbers and dots:
47 durations are entered as their reciprocal values. For example, a
48 quarter note is entered using a @code{4} (since it is a 1/4 note),
49 while a half note is entered using a @code{2} (since it is a 1/2
50 note). For notes longer than a whole you must use the
51 @code{\longa} (a double breve) and @code{\breve} commands. Note
52 durations as short as 64th notes may be specified. Shorter values
53 are possible, but only as beamed notes.
55 @c Two 64th notes are needed to obtain beams
56 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,relative=2]
63 and the same durations with automatic beaming turned off
64 see @ref{Automatic beams}:
66 @c not strictly "writing rhythms"; more of a "displaying" thing,
67 @c but it's ok here. -gp
68 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,relative=2]
75 If the duration is omitted then it is set to the previously
76 entered duration. The default for the first note is a quarter
79 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,relative=2]
86 To obtain dotted note lengths, simply add a dot (@code{.}) to the
87 number. Double-dotted notes are produced in a similar way.
89 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
90 a4 b c4. b8 a4. b4.. c8.
93 Some durations cannot be entered using only binary durations
94 and dots, and can only be represented by tying two or more
95 notes together. Tied notes are covered in @ref{Ties}.
99 Dots are normally moved up to avoid staff lines, except in
100 polyphonic situations. The following commands may be used to
101 force a particular direction manually:
107 @funindex \dotsNeutral
110 For ways of specifying durations for the syllables of lyrics and
111 ways of aligning lyrics to notes see @ref{Vocal music}.
113 A note with the duration of a quadruple breve may be entered with
114 @code{\maxima}, but this is supported only within ancient music
115 notation; see @ref{Ancient notation}.
117 Optionally, notes can be spaced proportionately to their duration.
118 For details of this and other settings which control proportional
119 notation see @ref{Proportional notation}.
124 Music Glossary: @rglos{breve}, @rglos{longa}.
126 Notation Reference:@ref{Automatic beams}, @ref{Ties}, @ref{Writing rests}, @ref{Vocal music},
127 @ref{Ancient notation}, @ref{Proportional notation}.
129 Snippets: @lsrdir{rhythms}
131 Internals Reference: @internalsref{Dots},
132 @internalsref{DotColumn}.
137 @c duplicated in Durations and Rests. -gp
138 There is no fundamental limit to rest durations (both in terms of
139 longest and shortest), but the number of glyphs is limited: there
140 are rests from 128th to maxima (8 x whole).
144 @unnumberedsubsubsec Tuplets
150 Tuplets are made out of a music expression by multiplying all
151 durations with a fraction:
154 \times @var{fraction} @var{musicexpr}
158 The duration of @var{musicexpr} will be multiplied by the
159 fraction. The fraction's denominator will be printed over or
160 under the notes, optionally with a bracket. The most common
161 tuplet is the triplet in which 3 notes have the length of 2, so
162 the notes are 2/3 of their written length.
164 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
165 g4 \times 2/3 {c4 c c} d4 d4
168 Tuplets may be nested; for example,
170 @lilypond[fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2]
173 \times 3/5 { a a a a a }
181 @funindex \tupletDown
183 @funindex \tupletNeutral
184 @code{\tupletNeutral}.
189 @funindex tupletNumberFormatFunction
190 @funindex tupletSpannerDuration
191 @cindex tuplet formatting
193 The property @code{tupletSpannerDuration} specifies how long each
194 bracket should last. With this, you can make lots of tuplets
195 while typing @code{\times} only once, thus saving lots of typing.
196 In the next example, there are two triplets shown, while
197 @code{\times} was only used once.
199 @lilypond[quote,fragment,relative=2,ragged-right,verbatim]
200 \set tupletSpannerDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1 4)
201 \times 2/3 { c8 c c c c c }
205 For more information about @code{make-moment}, see
206 @ref{Time administration}.
208 @funindex TupletNumber
210 The format of the number is determined by the property @code{text}
211 in @code{TupletNumber}. The default prints only the denominator,
212 but if the property is set with @code{\override
213 TupletNumber #'text = #tuplet-number::calc-fraction-text},
214 @var{num}:@var{den} will be printed instead.
216 To print tuplets without tuplet numbers, use
217 @code{\override TupletNumber #'transparent = ##t}:
219 @lilypond[quote,fragment,relative=2,ragged-right,verbatim]
220 \times 2/3 { c8 c c } \times 2/3 { c8 c c }
221 \override TupletNumber #'text = #tuplet-number::calc-fraction-text
222 \times 2/3 { c8 c c }
223 \override TupletNumber #'transparent = ##t
224 \times 2/3 { c8 c c }
227 To change the appearance of nested tuplets beginning at the same
228 music moment individually, the @code{\tweak} function must be used
229 (see @ref{Objects connected to the input}). In the following
230 example, @code{\tweak} specifies fraction text for the outer
231 @code{TupletNumber} and denominator text for the
232 @code{TupletNumber} of the first of the three inner tuplets.
234 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,relative=2]
235 \tweak #'text #tuplet-number::calc-fraction-text
237 \tweak #'text #tuplet-number::calc-denominator-text
238 \times 2/3 { c8[ c8 c8] }
239 \times 2/3 { c8[ c8 c8] }
240 \times 2/3 { c8[ c8 c8] }
244 @cindex bracket, tuplet
245 @funindex TupletBracket
247 @c TODO: after LM 6 Tweaks includes \tweak info, look at this.-gp
248 @c It *should* be explained why \tweak must be used here, and why
249 @c \override doesn't work. I've made an attempt, but I'm not sure
250 @c if it is factually correct to say that \tweak must be used.
251 In the next example, @code{\tweak} and @code{\override} work
252 together to specify @code{TupletBracket} direction. The first
253 @code{\tweak} positions the @code{TupletBracket} of the outer
254 tuplet above the staff. The second @code{\tweak} positions the
255 @code{TupletBracket} of the first of the three inner tuplets below
256 the staff. Note that the @code{\tweak} function affects only
257 events that begin at the same music moment: the outer tuplet and
258 the first of the three inner tuplets. To position the
259 @code{TupletBrackets} of the second and third of the inner tuplets
260 below the staff, we use @code{\override} in the usual way.
262 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,relative=2]
263 \tweak #'text #tuplet-number::calc-fraction-text
264 \tweak #'direction #up
266 \tweak #'direction #down
267 \times 2/3 { c8[ c8 c8] }
268 \override TupletBracket #'direction = #down
269 \times 2/3 { c8[ c8 c8] }
270 \times 2/3 { c8[ c8 c8] }
274 Tuplet brackets can be made to run to prefatory matter or the next
277 @lilypond[ragged-right,verbatim,quote]
279 \set tupletFullLength = ##t
280 \set tupletFullLengthNote = ##t
282 \times 2/3 { c4 c c }
283 \set tupletFullLengthNote = ##f
291 @funindex \compressMusic
294 @code{\compressMusic} works similarly to \times, but does not
295 create a tuplet bracket; see @ref{Polymetric notation}.
300 Tuplets which cross bar lines will prevent a line break at that
305 Music Glossary: @rglos{tuplet}.
307 Notation Reference: @ref{Time administration},
308 @ref{Objects connected to the input}, @ref{Polymetric notation}.
310 Snippets: @lsrdir{rhythms}.
312 Internals Reference: @internalsref{TupletBracket},
313 @internalsref{TupletNumber}, and @internalsref{TimeScaledMusic}.
317 @node Scaling durations
318 @unnumberedsubsubsec Scaling durations
320 You can alter the length of a duration by a fraction @var{N/M}
321 by appending @code{*@var{N/M}} (or @code{*@var{N}} if @var{M=1}).
322 This will not affect the appearance of the notes or rests
323 produced, but the altered duration will be used in calculating the
324 position within the measure and setting the duration in the MIDI
325 output. Multiplying factors may be combined
328 In the following example, the first three notes take up exactly
329 two beats, but no triplet bracket is printed.
331 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=2,verbatim]
333 a4*2/3 gis4*2/3 a4*2/3
338 The duration of skip or spacing notes may also be modified by
339 a multiplier. This is useful for skipping many measures, e.g.,
344 Notation Reference: @ref{Tuplets}, @ref{Skips}, @ref{Polymetric notation}.
346 Snippets: @lsrdir{rhythms}
349 @unnumberedsubsubsec Ties
354 A tie connects two adjacent note heads of the same pitch. The tie
355 in effect extends the length of a note.
357 @warning{Ties should not be confused with @emph{slurs}, which
358 indicate articulation, or @emph{phrasing slurs}, which indicate
359 musical phrasing. A tie is just a way of extending a note
360 duration, similar to the augmentation dot.}
362 A tie is entered using the tilde symbol @code{~}
364 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim]
370 Ties are used either when the note crosses a bar line, or when
371 dots cannot be used to denote the rhythm. Ties should also be
372 used when note values cross larger subdivisions of the measure:
374 @lilypond[fragment,quote,ragged-right]
376 r8 c8 ~ c2 r4 | r8^"not" c2 ~ c8 r4
380 If you need to tie a lot of notes across bar lines, it may be
381 easier to use automatic note splitting (see @ref{Automatic note
382 splitting}). This mechanism automatically splits long notes, and
383 ties them across bar lines.
386 @cindex repeating ties
387 @cindex volta brackets and ties
389 When a tie is applied to a chord, all note heads whose pitches
390 match are connected. When no note heads match, no ties will be
391 created. Chords may be partially tied by placing the tie inside
394 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=1]
396 <c~ e g~ b> <c e g b>
399 When a second alternative of a repeat starts with a tied note, you
400 have to repeat the tie. This can be achieved with
403 @lilypond[fragment,quote,ragged-right,relative=2,verbatim]
404 \repeat volta 2 { c g <c e>2 ~ }
405 \alternative {{ <c e>2. r4 } {<c e>2\repeatTie d4 c }}
408 @cindex laissez vibrer
409 @cindex ties, laissez vibrer
410 @funindex \laissezVibrer
413 @funindex \tieNeutral
415 @notation{L.v.} ties (@notation{laissez vibrer}) indicate that
416 notes must not be damped at the end. It is used in notation for
417 piano, harp and other string and percussion instruments. They can
418 be entered using @code{\laissezVibrer}:
420 @lilypond[fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=1]
421 <c f g>\laissezVibrer
424 The direction of a tie can be specified with @code{\tieUp} or
425 @code{\tieDown} (see example below). @code{\tieNeutral} reverts
426 to the default behaviour again.
428 However, as with other music elements of this kind, there is a
429 convenient shorthand for forcing tie directions. By adding
430 @code{_} or @code{^} before the tilde, the direction is also set:
432 @lilypond[relative=2,ragged-right,quote,verbatim,fragment]
439 Music Glossary: @rglos{tie},
440 @c [TODO]add @rglos{laissez vibrer}. when there is a glossary entry.
442 Snippets: @lsrdir{rhythms}
445 @internalsref{LaissezVibrerTie}
446 @internalsref{LaissezVibrerTieColumn}
449 @lsr{connecting,laissez-vibrer-ties.ly}
454 Ties are sometimes used to write out arpeggios. In this case, two
455 tied notes need not be consecutive. This can be achieved by
456 setting the @code{tieWaitForNote} property to true. The same
457 feature is also useful, for example, to tie a tremolo to a chord,
458 but in principle, it can also be used for ordinary, consecutive
461 @lilypond[fragment,verbatim,relative=1,ragged-right,quote]
462 \set tieWaitForNote = ##t
463 \grace { c16[~ e~ g]~ } <c, e g>2
464 \repeat tremolo 8 { c32~ c'~ } <c c,>1
465 e8~ c~ a~ f~ <e' c a f>2
466 \tieUp c8~ a \tieDown \tieDotted g~ c g2
469 Ties may be engraved manually by changing the
470 @code{tie-configuration} property of the @code{TieColumn} object.
471 The first number indicates the distance from the center of the
472 staff in staff-spaces, and the second number indicates the
473 direction (1=up, -1=down).
475 @lilypond[fragment,verbatim,relative=1,ragged-right,quote]
477 \override TieColumn #'tie-configuration =
478 #'((0.0 . 1) (-2.0 . 1) (-4.0 . 1))
490 @funindex \tieNeutral
504 Notation Reference: @ref{Automatic note splitting}.
506 Snippets: @lsrdir{rhythms}
508 Internals Reference: @internalsref{Tie}.
513 Switching staves when a tie is active will not produce a slanted
516 Changing clefs or octavations during a tie is not really
517 well-defined. In these cases, a slur may be preferable.
524 @subsection Writing rests
529 * Multi measure rests::
533 @unnumberedsubsubsec Rests
545 Rests are entered like notes with the note name @code{r}:
547 @c \time 16/1 is used to avoid spurious bar lines
548 @c and long tracts of empty measures
549 @lilypond[fragment,quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
552 \override Staff.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f
554 r\longa r\breve r1 r2
559 Whole measure rests, centered in middle of the measure, must be entered as
560 multi-measure rests. They can be used for a single measure as well as
561 many measures and are discussed in @ref{Multi measure rests}.
563 To explicitly specify a rest's vertical position, write a note
564 followed by @code{\rest}. A rest will be placed in the position
565 where the note would appear. This allows for precise manual
566 formatting of polyphonic music, since the automatic rest collision
567 formatter will leave these rests alone.
569 @lilypond[fragment,quote,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2]
576 Notation Reference: @ref{Multi measure rests}.
578 Snippets: @lsrdir{rhythms}.
580 Internals Reference: @internalsref{Rest}.
585 @c duplicated in Durations and Rests. -gp
586 There is no fundamental limit to rest durations (both in terms of
587 longest and shortest), but the number of glyphs is limited: there
588 are rests from 128th to maxima (8 x whole).
591 @unnumberedsubsubsec Skips
594 @cindex invisible rest
599 An invisible rest (also called a @q{skip}) can be entered like a
600 note with note name @code{s} or with @code{\skip @var{duration}}
602 @lilypond[fragment,quote,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2]
603 a4 a4 s4 a4 \skip 1 a4
608 The @code{s} syntax is only available in note mode and chord mode.
609 In other situations, for example, when entering lyrics, one must
610 use the @code{\skip} command:
612 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2]
615 \new Lyrics \lyricmode { \skip 2 bla2 }
619 The skip command is merely an empty musical placeholder. It does
620 not produce any output, not even transparent output.
622 The @code{s} skip command does create @internalsref{Staff} and
623 @internalsref{Voice} when necessary, similar to note and rest
624 commands. For example, the following results in an empty staff.
626 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
629 @c with ragged-right, the staff lines are cut BEFORE the time
630 @c signature, which makes for a VERY empty staff
632 @c The fragment @code{@{ \skip 4 @} } would produce an empty page.
633 @c Misleading -- it doesn't produce anything, not even an empty page.
634 @c Ppl who want to make empty sheets will see this and wonder what's
639 Snippets: @lsrdir{rhythms}
641 Internals Reference: @internalsref{SkipMusic}.
644 @node Multi measure rests
645 @unnumberedsubsubsec Multi measure rests
647 @cindex multi measure rests
648 @cindex full measure rests
649 @cindex rest, multi measure
650 @cindex rest, full measure
651 @cindex whole rest for a full measure
654 Rests for one or more full measures are entered using @code{R}
655 followed by a duration (see @ref{Durations}). The duration should
656 correspond to an integral number of measures, otherwise a barcheck
657 warning is printed. A @rglos{multi-measure rest} is used
658 principally to indicate that a part in a multi-part score should
661 @lilypond[quote,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
662 \set Score.skipBars = ##t
669 A multi-measure rest can be expanded in the printed score
670 to show all the rest measures explicitly, or, as above, it can be
671 condensed to a single measure
672 containing a multi-measure rest symbol, with the number of
673 measures of rest printed above the measure. This expansion
674 is controlled by the property @code{Score.skipBars}. If this is
675 set to true, empty measures will be condensed to a single measure.
677 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim]
678 \time 4/4 r1 | R1 | R1*2 |
681 \set Score.skipBars = ##t
685 The @code{1} in @code{R1} is similar to the duration notation
686 used for notes and is the length of a measure in 2/2 or 4/4 time.
687 The duration in a multi-measure rest must always be an integral
688 number of measure-lengths, so in other time signatures augmentation
689 dots or fractions must be used:
691 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim]
692 \set Score.skipBars = ##t
696 R1*13/8 | R1*13/8*12 |
701 An @code{R} spanning a single measure is printed as either a whole
702 or breve rest, centered in the measure, regardless of the time
707 @cindex kirchenpausen
709 If there are 10 or fewer measures of rest, LilyPond prints
710 a series of longa and breve rests (called in German
711 Kirchenpausen - @q{church rests}) within the staff and
712 prints a simple line otherwise. This default number of 10
713 may be changed by overriding
714 @code{MultiMeasureRest.expand-limit}.
716 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim]
717 \set Score.skipBars = ##t
719 \override MultiMeasureRest #'expand-limit = 3
723 Note that unlike ordinary rests, the vertical position on the
724 staff of the multi-measure rest symbol of either form cannot be
727 @cindex text on multi-measure rest
728 @cindex script on multi-measure rest
729 @cindex fermata on multi-measure rest
731 Text can be added to multi-measure rests by using the
732 @var{note}-@code{markup} syntax described in @ref{Text markup}.
733 The variable @code{\fermataMarkup} is provided for adding
736 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment]
737 \set Score.skipBars = ##t
739 R2.*10^\markup { \italic "ad lib." }
743 @warning{Text attached to a multi-measure rest is created
744 by @code{MultiMeasureRestText}, not
745 @code{TextScript}. Overrides must be directed to the correct
746 object, or they will be ignored. See the following example.}
748 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment]
749 \override TextScript #'padding = #5
751 \override MultiMeasureRestText #'padding = #5
755 Text attached to a multi-measure rest will be centered above or
756 below it. Long text attached in this way does not cause the
757 measure to expand, and may collide with text in adjacent measures.
758 Long text is better attached to a zero-length skip note preceding
759 the rest, preceded by @code{\fatText} (turn off again with
760 @code{\emptyText}), since this will cause the measure to expand to
761 accommodate the length of the text:
763 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,relative=2]
764 \set Score.skipBars = ##t
766 s1*0^\markup {[MAJOR GENERAL]}
768 s1*0^\markup {[MABEL] }
769 s1*0_\markup {\italic {Cue: ... it is yours}}
771 c4^\markup {CHORUS} d f c
777 Notation Reference: @ref{Durations}, @ref{Text},
778 @ref{Text markup}, @ref{Text scripts}.
780 Snippets: @lsrdir{rhythms}
782 Internals Reference: @internalsref{MultiMeasureRest}.
784 The layout object @internalsref{MultiMeasureRestNumber} is for the
785 default number, and @internalsref{MultiMeasureRestText} for user
791 If an attempt is made to use fingerings (e.g.,
792 @code{R1*10-4}) to put numbers over multi-measure rests, the
793 fingering numeral (4) may collide with the bar counter
796 @cindex condensing rests
798 There is no way to automatically condense multiple rests into a
799 single multi-measure rest. Multi-measure rests do not take part
802 Be careful when entering multi-measure rests followed by whole
803 notes. The following will enter two notes lasting four measures
811 @node Displaying rhythms
812 @subsection Displaying rhythms
818 * Polymetric notation::
819 * Automatic note splitting::
823 @unnumberedsubsubsec Time signature
825 @cindex time signature
829 The time signature is set with the @code{\time} command:
831 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
832 \time 2/4 c2 \time 3/4 c2.
837 The symbol that is printed can be customized with the @code{style}
838 property. Setting it to @code{#'()} uses fraction style for 4/4
841 @lilypond[fragment,quote,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2]
844 \override Staff.TimeSignature #'style = #'()
849 A time signature symbol is normally printed whenever the time
850 signature changes. If this takes place at the end of a line a
851 warning time signature sign is printed at the end of the line and
852 again at the start of a new line. This default behaviour can be
853 modified by setting the value of the @code{break-visibility}
854 property. This takes three values which may be set to @code{#t}
855 or @code{#f} to specify whether the corresponding time signature
856 is visible or not. The order of the three values is @code{end of
857 line visible}, @code{middle of line visible}, @code{beginning of
860 @lilypond[fragment,quote,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2]
861 % Do not print any time signatures at end of line
862 \override Staff.TimeSignature #'break-visibility = ##(#f #t #t)
865 % Do not print the following 9/8 time signature
866 \once \override Staff.TimeSignature #'break-visibility = ##(#t #f #t)
874 There are many more options for its layout. See @ref{Ancient time
875 signatures}, for more examples.
877 @code{\time} sets the properties @code{timeSignatureFraction},
878 @code{beatLength}, and @code{measureLength} in the @code{Timing}
879 context, which is normally aliased to @internalsref{Score}. The
880 property @code{measureLength} determines where bar lines should be
881 inserted, and how automatic beams should be generated. Changing
882 the value of @code{timeSignatureFraction} also causes the symbol
885 @cindex measure groupings
887 More options are available through the Scheme function
888 @code{set-time-signature}, which takes three arguments: the number
889 of beats, the beat length, and the internal grouping of beats in
890 the measure. If the @internalsref{Measure_grouping_engraver} is
891 included, the function will also create
892 @internalsref{MeasureGrouping} signs. Such signs ease reading
893 rhythmically complex modern music. In the following example, the
894 9/8 measure is subdivided in 2, 2, 2 and 3. This is passed to
895 @code{set-time-signature} as the third argument @code{(2 2 2 3)}:
897 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
900 #(set-time-signature 9 8 '(2 2 2 3))
901 g8[ g] d[ d] g[ g] a8[( bes g]) |
902 #(set-time-signature 5 8 '(3 2))
908 \consists "Measure_grouping_engraver"
917 Snippets: @lsrdir{rhythms}
919 Internals Reference: @internalsref{TimeSignature}, and
920 @internalsref{Timing_translator}.
922 Examples: @lsr{contemporary,compound-time-signature.ly}.
927 Automatic beaming does not use the measure grouping specified with
928 @code{set-time-signature}.
932 @unnumberedsubsubsec Upbeats
936 @cindex partial measure
937 @cindex measure, partial
938 @cindex pickup measure
939 @cindex shorten measures
942 Partial or pickup measures, such as an anacrusis or upbeat, are
943 entered using the @code{\partial} command, with the syntax
946 \partial @var{duration}
949 where @code{duration} is the rhythmic length to be added before
952 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
953 \partial 16*5 c16 cis d dis e | a2. c,4 | b2
956 Internally, this is translated into
959 \set Timing.measurePosition = -@var{length of duration}
962 The property @code{measurePosition} contains a rational number
963 indicating how much of the measure has passed at this point. Note
964 that this is a negative number; @code{\partial 4} is internally
965 translated to mean @qq{there is a quarter note left in the bar.}
970 This command does not take into account grace notes at the start
971 of the music. When a piece starts with grace notes in the
972 pickup, then the @code{\partial} should follow the grace notes:
974 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,relative,fragment]
981 @code{\partial} is only intended to be used at the beginning of a
982 piece. If you use it after the beginning, some odd warnings may
987 Snippets: @lsrdir{rhythms}
989 @node Unmetered music
990 @unnumberedsubsubsec Unmetered music
994 @funindex \cadenzaOff
996 Bar lines and bar numbers are calculated automatically. For
997 unmetered music (cadenzas, for example), this is not desirable.
998 To turn off automatic bar lines and bar numbers, use the commands
999 @code{\cadenzaOn} and @code{\cadenzaOff}.
1001 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,relative=2,fragment]
1013 LilyPond will only insert line breaks and page breaks at a
1014 bar line. Unless the unmetered music ends before the end of the
1015 staff line, you will need to insert invisible bar lines with
1022 to indicate where breaks can occur.
1026 Snippets: @lsrdir{rhythms}
1029 @node Polymetric notation
1030 @unnumberedsubsubsec Polymetric notation
1032 @cindex double time signatures
1033 @cindex signatures, polymetric
1034 @cindex polymetric signatures
1035 @cindex meter, polymetric
1037 @c TODO: add glossary entries for {signature, polymetric},
1038 @c {meter, polymetric}, {polymetric} (time signature, double}. rp
1040 Double time signatures are not supported explicitly, but they can
1041 be faked. In the next example, the markup for the time signature
1042 is created with a markup text. This markup text is inserted in
1043 the @internalsref{TimeSignature} grob. See also
1044 @lsr{contemporary,compound-time-signature}.
1046 @lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right]
1048 tsMarkup = \markup {
1049 \override #'(baseline-skip . 2) \number {
1052 \bracket \column { "5" "8" }
1057 \override Staff.TimeSignature #'stencil =
1058 #ly:text-interface::print
1059 \override Staff.TimeSignature #'text = #tsMarkup
1061 c'2 \bar ":" c'4 c'4.
1065 Each staff can also have its own time signature. This is done by
1066 moving the @internalsref{Timing_translator} to the
1067 @internalsref{Staff} context.
1069 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
1073 \remove "Timing_translator"
1074 \remove "Default_bar_line_engraver"
1078 \consists "Timing_translator"
1079 \consists "Default_bar_line_engraver"
1082 %Now, each staff has its own time signature.
1095 c4. c8 c c c4. c8 c c
1101 A different form of polymetric notation is where note lengths have
1102 different values across staves, but the measures are all the same
1105 This notation can be created by setting a common time signature
1106 for each staff but replacing it manually using
1107 @code{timeSignatureFraction} to the desired fraction. Then the
1108 printed durations in each staff are scaled to the common time
1109 signature. The latter is done with @code{\compressMusic}, which
1110 is used in a similar way to @code{\times}, but does not create
1111 a tuplet bracket. The syntax is
1113 @funindex \compressMusic
1117 #'(@var{numerator} . @var{denominator}) @var{musicexpr}
1122 In this example, music with the time signatures of 3/4, 9/8, and
1123 10/8 are used in parallel. In the second staff, shown durations
1124 are multiplied by 2/3, so that 2/3 * 9/8 = 3/4, and in the third
1125 staff, shown durations are multiplied by 3/5, so that 3/5 * 10/8 =
1128 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment]
1136 \set Staff.timeSignatureFraction = #'(9 . 8)
1137 \compressMusic #'(2 . 3)
1138 \repeat unfold 6 { c8[ c c] }
1142 \set Staff.timeSignatureFraction = #'(10 . 8)
1143 \compressMusic #'(3 . 5) {
1144 \repeat unfold 2 { c8[ c c] }
1145 \repeat unfold 2 { c8[ c] }
1146 | c4. c4. \times 2/3 { c8 c c } c4
1155 When using different time signatures in parallel, the spacing is
1156 aligned vertically, but bar lines distort the regular spacing.
1161 TODO: add @rglos{polymetric time signature}, {polymetric}, {double time
1162 signature}, and {polymetric meter}. when glossary entries
1166 Snippets: @lsrdir{rhythms}, @lsr{contemporary,compound-time-signature}.
1168 Internals Reference: @internalsref{TimeSignature}, @internalsref{Timing-translator}, @internalsref{Staff}.
1171 @node Automatic note splitting
1172 @unnumberedsubsubsec Automatic note splitting
1174 Long notes which overrun bar lines can be converted automatically
1175 to tied notes. This is done by replacing the
1176 @internalsref{Note_heads_engraver} by the
1177 @internalsref{Completion_heads_engraver}. In the following
1178 examples, notes crossing the bar line are split and tied.
1180 @lilypond[quote,fragment,verbatim,relative=1,line-width=12\cm]
1182 \remove "Note_heads_engraver"
1183 \consists "Completion_heads_engraver"
1185 c2. c8 d4 e f g a b c8 c2 b4 a g16 f4 e d c8. c2
1189 This engraver splits all running notes at the bar line, and
1190 inserts ties. One of its uses is to debug complex scores: if the
1191 measures are not entirely filled, then the ties exactly show how
1192 much each measure is off.
1194 If you want to allow line breaking on the bar lines where
1195 @internalsref{Completion_heads_engraver} splits notes, you must
1196 also remove @internalsref{Forbid_line_break_engraver}.
1201 Not all durations (especially those containing tuplets) can be
1202 represented exactly with normal notes and dots, but the engraver
1203 will not insert tuplets.
1205 @code{Completion_heads_engraver} only affects notes; it does not
1211 Snippets: @lsrdir{rhythms}
1213 Internals Reference: @internalsref{Note_heads_engraver},
1214 @internalsref{Completion_heads_engraver},
1215 @internalsref{Forbid_line_break_engraver}.
1226 * Setting automatic beam behavior::
1230 @node Automatic beams
1231 @unnumberedsubsubsec Automatic beams
1233 By default, beams are inserted automatically:
1235 @cindex beams, manual
1236 @cindex manual beams
1238 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
1240 \time 6/8 c c c c8. c16 c8
1243 If these automatic decisions are not satisfactory, beaming can be
1244 entered explicitly; see @ref{Manual beams}. It is also possible
1245 to define beaming patterns that differ from the defaults; see
1246 @ref{Setting automatic beam behavior}. The default beaming rules
1247 are defined in @file{scm/@/auto@/-beam@/.scm}.
1253 Automatic beaming may be turned off and on with
1254 @code{\autoBeamOff} and @code{\autoBeamOn} commands:
1256 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1,verbatim]
1257 c4 c8 c8. c16 c8. c16 c8
1267 Beaming patterns may be altered with the @code{beatGrouping} property,
1269 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2,fragment,ragged-right]
1271 \set beatGrouping = #'(2 3)
1273 \set beatGrouping = #'(3 2)
1277 @c [TODO I think this could be worded more clearly, but I'm not sure how.] rp
1278 The property @code{subdivideBeams} can be set in order to
1279 subdivide all 16th or shorter beams. When set, multiple beams
1280 will be sub-divided at beat positions, defined by the current
1281 value of @code{beatLength} (defaults to a quarter note), by
1282 drawing only one beam over the connection between beats.
1284 @lilypond[fragment,ragged-right,quote,relative=2,verbatim]
1286 \set subdivideBeams = ##t
1288 \set Score.beatLength = #(ly:make-moment 1 8)
1290 \set Score.beatLength = #(ly:make-moment 1 16)
1293 @funindex subdivideBeams
1296 For more information about @code{make-moment}, see
1297 @ref{Time administration}.
1303 Line breaks are normally forbidden when beams cross bar lines.
1304 This behavior can be changed by setting the @code{breakable}
1305 property: @code{\override Beam #'breakable = ##t}.
1307 @lilypond[ragged-right,relative=2,fragment,verbatim,quote]
1308 \override Beam #'breakable = ##t
1309 c8 \repeat unfold 15 {c[ c] } c
1312 @cindex beams and line breaks
1313 @cindex beams, kneed
1315 @cindex auto-knee-gap
1317 Kneed beams are inserted automatically when a large gap is
1318 detected between the note heads. This behavior can be tuned
1319 through the @code{auto-knee-gap} property. A kneed beam is
1320 drawn if the gap is larger than the value of
1321 @code{auto-knee-gap} plus the width of the beam object (which
1322 depends on the duration of the notes and the slope of the beam).
1323 By default @code{auto-knee-gap} is set to 5.5 staff spaces.
1325 @lilypond[fragment,ragged-right,quote,verbatim]
1327 \override Beam #'auto-knee-gap = #6
1334 Notation Reference: @ref{Manual beams}, @ref{Setting automatic beam behavior}.
1336 Snippets: @lsrdir{rhythms}
1338 Internals Reference: @internalsref{Beam}.
1343 Automatically kneed cross-staff beams cannot be used together with
1344 hidden staves. See @ref{Hiding staves}.
1346 Beams can collide with noteheads and accidentals in other voices
1349 @node Setting automatic beam behavior
1350 @unnumberedsubsubsec Setting automatic beam behavior
1352 @funindex autoBeamSettings
1353 @funindex (end * * * *)
1354 @funindex (begin * * * *)
1355 @cindex automatic beams, tuning
1356 @cindex tuning automatic beaming
1358 @c [TODO: use \applyContext]
1360 In normal time signatures, automatic beams can start on any note
1361 but can only end in a few positions within the measure: beams can
1362 end on a beat, or at durations specified by the properties in
1363 @code{autoBeamSettings}. The properties in
1364 @code{autoBeamSettings} consist of a list of rules for where beams
1365 can begin and end. The default @code{autoBeamSettings} rules are
1366 defined in @file{scm/@/auto@/-beam@/.scm}.
1368 In order to add a rule to the list, use
1370 #(override-auto-beam-setting '(be p q n m) a b [context])
1375 @item @code{be} is either @code{begin} or @code{end}.
1377 @item @code{p/q} is the duration of the note for which you want
1378 to add a rule. A beam is considered to have the duration of its
1379 shortest note. Set @code{p} and @code{q} to @code{'*'} to
1380 have this apply to any beam.
1382 @item @code{n/m} is the time signature to which
1383 this rule should apply. Set @code{n} and @code{m} to @code{'*'}
1384 to have this apply in any time signature.
1386 @item @code{a/b} is the position in the bar at which the beam should
1389 @item @code{context} is optional, and it specifies the context at which
1390 the change should be made. The default is @code{'Voice}.
1392 @code{#(score-override-auto-beam-setting '(A B C D) E F)} is equivalent to
1393 @code{#(override-auto-beam-setting '(A B C D) E F 'Score)}.
1397 For example, if automatic beams should always end on the first quarter
1401 #(override-auto-beam-setting '(end * * * *) 1 4)
1404 You can force the beam settings to only take effect on beams whose shortest
1405 note is a certain duration
1407 @lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2]
1409 #(override-auto-beam-setting '(end 1 16 * *) 1 16)
1411 a32 a a a a16 a a a a a |
1412 #(override-auto-beam-setting '(end 1 32 * *) 1 16)
1413 a32 a a a a16 a a a a a |
1416 You can force the beam settings to only take effect in certain time
1419 @lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2]
1421 #(override-auto-beam-setting '(end * * 5 8) 2 8)
1429 You can also remove a previously set beam-ending rule by using
1432 #(revert-auto-beam-setting '(be p q n m) a b [context])
1436 be, p, q, n, m, a, b and context are the same as above. Note that the
1437 default rules are specified in @file{scm/@/auto@/-beam@/.scm},
1438 so you can revert rules that you did not explicitly create.
1440 @lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2]
1442 a16 a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
1443 #(revert-auto-beam-setting '(end 1 16 4 4) 1 4)
1444 a16 a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
1447 The rule in a revert-auto-beam-setting statement must exactly match the
1448 original rule. That is, no wildcard expansion is taken into account.
1450 @lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2]
1452 #(override-auto-beam-setting '(end 1 16 1 4) 1 8)
1454 #(revert-auto-beam-setting '(end 1 16 * *) 1 8) % this won't revert it!
1456 #(revert-auto-beam-setting '(end 1 16 1 4) 1 8) % this will
1462 @c TODO: old material -- not covered by above stuff, I think.
1463 If automatic beams should end on every quarter in 5/4 time, specify
1466 #(override-auto-beam-setting '(end * * * *) 1 4 'Staff)
1467 #(override-auto-beam-setting '(end * * * *) 1 2 'Staff)
1468 #(override-auto-beam-setting '(end * * * *) 3 4 'Staff)
1469 #(override-auto-beam-setting '(end * * * *) 5 4 'Staff)
1473 The same syntax can be used to specify beam starting points. In this
1474 example, automatic beams can only end on a dotted quarter note
1476 #(override-auto-beam-setting '(end * * * *) 3 8)
1477 #(override-auto-beam-setting '(end * * * *) 1 2)
1478 #(override-auto-beam-setting '(end * * * *) 7 8)
1480 In 4/4 time signature, this means that automatic beams could end only on
1481 3/8 and on the fourth beat of the measure (after 3/4, that is 2 times
1482 3/8, has passed within the measure).
1484 If any unexpected beam behaviour occurs, check the default automatic beam
1485 settings in @file{scm/@/auto@/-beam@/.scm}
1486 for possible interference, because the beam
1487 endings defined there will still apply on top of your own overrides. Any
1488 unwanted endings in the default vales must be reverted for your time
1491 For example, to typeset @code{(3 4 3 2)}-beam endings in 12/8, begin
1495 %%% revert default values in scm/auto-beam.scm regarding 12/8 time
1496 #(revert-auto-beam-setting '(end * * 12 8) 3 8)
1497 #(revert-auto-beam-setting '(end * * 12 8) 3 4)
1498 #(revert-auto-beam-setting '(end * * 12 8) 9 8)
1501 #(override-auto-beam-setting '(end 1 8 12 8) 3 8)
1502 #(override-auto-beam-setting '(end 1 8 12 8) 7 8)
1503 #(override-auto-beam-setting '(end 1 8 12 8) 10 8)
1506 @cindex automatic beam generation
1508 @funindex autoBeaming
1511 If beams are used to indicate melismata in songs, then automatic
1512 beaming should be switched off with @code{\autoBeamOff}.
1517 @funindex \autoBeamOff
1518 @code{\autoBeamOff},
1519 @funindex \autoBeamOn
1525 If a score ends while an automatic beam has not been ended and is
1526 still accepting notes, this last beam will not be typeset at all.
1527 The same holds for polyphonic voices, entered with @code{<<
1528 @dots{} \\ @dots{} >>}. If a polyphonic voice ends while an
1529 automatic beam is still accepting notes, it is not typeset.
1533 Snippets: @lsrdir{rhythms}
1537 @unnumberedsubsubsec Manual beams
1539 @cindex beams, manual
1541 In some cases it may be necessary to override the automatic
1542 beaming algorithm. For example, the autobeamer will not put beams
1543 over rests or bar lines, and in choral scores the beaming is
1544 often set to follow the meter of the lyrics rather than the
1545 notes. Such beams can be specified manually by
1546 marking the begin and end point with @code{[} and @code{]}
1548 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1,verbatim]
1550 r4 r8[ g' a r8] r8 g[ | a] r8
1555 Individual notes may be marked with @code{\noBeam} to prevent them
1558 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
1559 \time 2/4 c8 c\noBeam c c
1565 @funindex stemLeftBeamCount
1566 @funindex stemRightBeamCount
1568 Even more strict manual control with the beams can be achieved by
1569 setting the properties @code{stemLeftBeamCount} and
1570 @code{stemRightBeamCount}. They specify the number of beams to
1571 draw on the left and right side, respectively, of the next note.
1572 If either property is set, its value will be used only once, and
1573 then it is erased. In this example, the last @code{f} is printed
1574 with only one beam on the left side, i.e. the eigth-note beam of
1575 the group as a whole.
1577 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1,verbatim]
1581 \set stemLeftBeamCount = #1
1589 @cindex beams, feathered
1590 @funindex \featherDurations
1592 Feathered beams are used to indicate that a small group of notes
1593 should be played at an increasing (or decreasing) tempo, without
1594 changing the overall tempo of the piece. The extent of the
1595 feathered beam must be indicated manually using @code{[} and
1596 @code{]}, and the beam feathering is turned on by specifying a
1597 direction to the Beam property @code{grow-direction}.
1599 If the placement of the notes and the sound in the MIDI output
1600 is to reflect the ritardando or accelerando indicated by the
1601 feathered beam the notes must be grouped as a
1602 music expression delimited by braces and preceded by a
1603 @code{featheredDurations} command which specifies the ratio
1604 between the durations of the first and last notes in the group.
1607 show the extent of the beam and the braces show
1608 which notes are to have their durations modified. Normally
1609 these would delimit the same group of notes, but this is not
1610 required: the two commands are independent.
1612 In the following example the eight 16th notes occupy exactly the
1613 same time as a half note, but the first note is one half as long
1614 as the last one, with the intermediate notes gradually
1615 lengthening. The first four 32nd notes gradually speed up, while
1616 the last four 32nd notes are at a constant tempo.
1618 @lilypond[ragged-right,relative=1,fragment,verbatim,quote]
1619 \override Beam #'grow-direction = #LEFT
1620 \featherDurations #(ly:make-moment 2 1)
1621 { c16[ c c c c c c c] }
1622 \override Beam #'grow-direction = #RIGHT
1623 \featherDurations #(ly:make-moment 2 3)
1625 % revert to non-feathered beams
1626 \override Beam #'grow-direction = #'()
1631 The spacing in the printed output represents the
1632 note durations only approximately, but the midi output is exact.
1636 The @code{\featherDurations} command only works with very short
1637 music snippets, and when numbers in the fraction are small.
1641 Snippets: @lsrdir{rhythms}
1652 * Bar and bar number checks::
1657 @unnumberedsubsubsec Bar lines
1661 @cindex measure lines
1664 Bar lines delimit measures, and are also used to indicate
1665 repeats. Normally, simple bar lines are automatically inserted
1666 into the printed output at places based on the current time
1669 The simple bar lines inserted automatically can be changed to
1670 other types with the @code{\bar} command. For example, a closing
1671 double bar line is usually placed at the end of a piece:
1673 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,relative=1,fragment,verbatim]
1677 @warning{An incorrect duration can lead to poorly formatted
1680 It is not invalid if the final note in a bar does not
1681 end on the automatically entered bar line: the note is assumed
1682 to carry over into the next bar. But if a long sequence
1683 of such carry-over bars appears the music can appear compressed
1684 or even flowing off the page. This is because automatic line
1685 breaks happen only at the end of complete bars, i.e. where
1686 the end of a note coincides with the end of a bar.
1689 @cindex bar lines, invisible
1690 @cindex measure lines, invisible
1692 Line breaks are also permitted at manually inserted bar lines
1693 even within incomplete bars. To allow a line break without
1694 printing a bar line, use
1701 This will insert an invisible bar line and allow (but not
1702 force) a line break to occur at this point. The bar number
1703 counter is not increased. To force a line break see
1704 @ref{Line breaking}.
1706 This and other special bar lines may be inserted manually at any
1707 point. When they coincide with the end of a bar they replace
1708 the simple bar line which would have been inserted there
1709 automatically. When they do not coincide
1710 with the end of a bar the specified bar line is inserted at that
1711 point in the printed output. Such insertions do not affect
1712 the calculation and placement of subsequent automatic bar lines.
1714 The simple bar line and four types of double bar line are available
1715 for manual insertion:
1717 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1,verbatim]
1718 f1 \bar "|" g \bar "||" a \bar ".|" b \bar ".|." c \bar "|." d
1722 together with dotted and dashed bar lines:
1724 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1,verbatim]
1725 f1 \bar ":" g \bar "dashed" a
1729 and three types of repeat bar line:
1731 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1,verbatim]
1732 f1 \bar "|:" g \bar ":|:" a \bar ":|" b
1737 Although the bar line types signifying repeats may be inserted
1738 manually they do not in themselves cause LilyPond to recognise
1739 a repeated section. Such repeated sections are better entered
1740 using the various repeat commands (see @ref{Repeats}), which
1741 automatically print the appropriate bar lines.
1743 In addition, you can specify @code{"||:"}, which is equivalent to
1744 @code{"|:"} except at line breaks, where it gives a double bar
1745 line at the end of the line and a start repeat at the beginning of
1748 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,relative=2,fragment,verbatim]
1749 \override Score.RehearsalMark #'padding = #3
1757 In scores with many staves, a @code{\bar} command in one staff is
1758 automatically applied to all staves. The resulting bar lines are
1759 connected between different staves of a @code{StaffGroup},
1760 @code{PianoStaff}, or @code{GrandStaff}.
1762 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim]
1770 \new Staff { \clef bass c4 g e g }
1772 \new Staff { \clef bass c2 c2 }
1780 @funindex defaultBarType
1782 The command @code{\bar }@var{bartype} is a shortcut for
1783 @code{\set Timing.whichBar = }@var{bartype}. A bar line is
1784 created whenever the @code{whichBar} property is
1787 The default bar type used for automatically inserted bar lines is
1788 @code{"|"}. This may be changed at any time
1789 with @code{\set Timing.defaultBarType = }@var{bartype}.
1793 Notation Reference: @ref{Line breaking}, @ref{Repeats},
1794 @ref{System start delimiters}.
1796 Snippets: @lsrdir{rhythms}
1798 Internals Reference: @internalsref{BarLine} (created at
1799 @internalsref{Staff} level), @internalsref{SpanBar} (across
1800 staves), @internalsref{Timing_translator} (for Timing
1805 @unnumberedsubsubsec Bar numbers
1808 @cindex measure numbers
1809 @funindex currentBarNumber
1811 Bar numbers are typeset by default at the start of every line except
1812 the first line. The number itself is stored in the
1813 @code{currentBarNumber} property, which is normally updated
1814 automatically for every measure. It may also be set manually:
1816 @lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote,fragment,relative]
1819 \set Score.currentBarNumber = #50
1826 @funindex barNumberVisibility
1827 @cindex bar numbers, regular spacing
1829 Bar numbers can be typeset at regular intervals instead of just at
1830 the beginning of every line. To do this the default behaviour
1831 must be overridden to permit bar numbers to be printed at places
1832 other than the start of a line. This is controlled by the
1833 @code{break-visibility} property of @code{BarNumber}. This takes
1834 three values which may be set to @code{#t} or @code{#f} to specify
1835 whether the corresponding bar number is visible or not. The order
1836 of the three values is @code{end of line visible}, @code{middle of
1837 line visible}, @code{beginning of line visible}. In the following
1838 example bar numbers are printed at all possible places:
1840 @lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote,fragment,relative]
1841 \override Score.BarNumber #'break-visibility = ##(#t #t #t)
1842 \set Score.currentBarNumber = #11
1843 \bar "" % Permit first bar number to be printed
1849 @c All the rest of these examples will be added to LSR
1850 @c and moved into the Snippets. -gp
1853 and here the bar numbers are printed every two bars
1854 except at the end of the line:
1856 @lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote,fragment,relative]
1857 \override Score.BarNumber #'break-visibility = ##(#f #t #t)
1858 \set Score.currentBarNumber = #11
1859 \bar "" % Permit first bar number to be printed
1860 % Print a bar number every 2nd bar
1861 \set Score.barNumberVisibility = #(every-nth-bar-number-visible 2)
1867 @cindex measure number, format
1868 @cindex bar number, format
1870 The size of the bar number may be changed. This is illustrated
1871 in the following example, which also shows how to enclose bar
1872 numbers in boxes and circles, and shows an alternative way
1873 of specifying @code{#(#f #t #t)} for @code{break-visibility}.
1875 @lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote,fragment,relative]
1876 % Prevent bar numbers at the end of a line and permit them elsewhere
1877 \override Score.BarNumber #'break-visibility
1878 = #end-of-line-invisible
1880 % Increase the size of the bar number by 2
1881 \override Score.BarNumber #'font-size = #2
1882 \repeat unfold 3 { c1 } \bar "|"
1884 % Draw a box round the following bar number(s)
1885 \override Score.BarNumber #'stencil
1886 = #(make-stencil-boxer 0.1 0.25 ly:text-interface::print)
1887 \repeat unfold 3 { c1 } \bar "|"
1889 % Draw a circle round the following bar number(s)
1890 \override Score.BarNumber #'stencil
1891 = #(make-stencil-circler 0.1 0.25 ly:text-interface::print)
1892 \repeat unfold 4 { c1 } \bar "|."
1895 @cindex bar number alignment
1897 Bar numbers by default are left-aligned to their parent object.
1898 This is usually the left edge of a line or, if numbers are printed
1899 within a line, the left bar line of the bar. The numbers may also
1900 be positioned directly on the bar line or right-aligned to the
1903 @lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote,fragment,relative]
1904 \set Score.currentBarNumber = #111
1905 \override Score.BarNumber #'break-visibility = ##(#t #t #t)
1906 % Increase the size of the bar number by 2
1907 \override Score.BarNumber #'font-size = #2
1908 % Print a bar number every 2nd bar
1909 \set Score.barNumberVisibility = #(every-nth-bar-number-visible 2)
1911 % Centre-align bar numbers
1912 \override Score.BarNumber #'self-alignment-X = #0
1914 % Right-align bar numbers
1915 \override Score.BarNumber #'self-alignment-X = #-1
1919 Bar numbers can be removed entirely by removing the Bar number
1920 engraver from the score context.
1922 @lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
1926 \remove "Bar_number_engraver"
1938 Snippets: @lsrdir{rhythms}
1940 Internals Reference: @internalsref{BarNumber}.
1942 Examples: @lsrdir{bar number}
1947 Bar numbers may collide with the top of the
1948 @internalsref{StaffGroup} bracket, if there is one. To solve
1949 this, the @code{padding} property of @internalsref{BarNumber} can
1950 be used to position the number correctly.
1952 Bar numbers may only be printed at bar lines; to print a bar
1953 number at the beginning of a piece, an empty bar line must be
1954 inserted there, and a value other than @code{1} must be placed
1955 in @code{currentBarNumber}:
1957 @lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote,fragment,relative]
1958 \set Score.currentBarNumber = #50
1967 @node Bar and bar number checks
1968 @unnumberedsubsubsec Bar and bar number checks
1971 @funindex barCheckSynchronize
1974 Bar checks help detect errors in the entered durations.
1975 A bar check may be entered using the bar symbol, @code{|},
1976 at any place where a bar line is expected to fall.
1977 If bar check lines are encountered at other places,
1978 a list of warnings is printed in the log file,
1979 showing the line numbers and lines
1980 in which the bar checks failed. In the next
1981 example, the second bar check will signal an error.
1984 \time 3/4 c2 e4 | g2 |
1987 Bar checks can also be used in lyrics, for example
1992 Twin -- kle | Twin -- kle |
1996 An incorrect duration can result in a completely garbled score,
1997 especially if the score is polyphonic, so a good place to start
1998 correcting input is by scanning for failed bar checks and
1999 incorrect durations.
2002 @funindex pipeSymbol
2004 It is also possible to redefine the action taken when a bar check
2005 or pipe symbol, @code{|}, is encountered in the input, so that
2006 it does something other than a bar check. This is done by
2007 assigning a music expression to @code{pipeSymbol}.
2008 In the following example @code{|} is set to insert a double bar
2009 line wherever it appears in the input, rather than checking
2012 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
2013 pipeSymbol = \bar "||"
2022 When copying large pieces of music, it can be helpful to check
2023 that the LilyPond bar number corresponds to the original that you
2024 are entering from. This can be checked with
2025 @code{\barNumberCheck}, for example,
2028 \barNumberCheck #123
2032 will print a warning if the @code{currentBarNumber} is not 123
2033 when it is processed.
2037 Snippets: @lsrdir{rhythms}
2040 @node Rehearsal marks
2041 @unnumberedsubsubsec Rehearsal marks
2043 @cindex rehearsal marks
2044 @cindex mark, rehearsal
2047 To print a rehearsal mark, use the @code{\mark} command
2049 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
2058 The letter@tie{}@q{I} is skipped in accordance with engraving
2059 traditions. If you wish to include the letter @q{I}, then use
2062 \set Score.markFormatter = #format-mark-alphabet
2065 The mark is incremented automatically if you use @code{\mark
2066 \default}, but you can also use an integer argument to set the
2067 mark manually. The value to use is stored in the property
2068 @code{rehearsalMark}.
2070 @cindex rehearsal mark format
2071 @cindex rehearsal mark style
2072 @cindex style, rehearsal mark
2073 @cindex format, rehearsal mark
2074 @cindex mark, rehearsal, style
2075 @cindex mark, rehearsal, format
2077 The style is defined by the property @code{markFormatter}. It is
2078 a function taking the current mark (an integer) and the current
2079 context as argument. It should return a markup object. In the
2080 following example, @code{markFormatter} is set to a pre-defined
2081 procedure. After a few measures, it is set to a procedure that
2082 produces a boxed number.
2084 @lilypond[fragment,quote,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2]
2085 \set Score.markFormatter = #format-mark-numbers
2088 \set Score.markFormatter = #format-mark-box-numbers
2094 The file @file{scm/@/translation@/-functions@/.scm} contains the
2095 definitions of @code{format-mark-numbers} (the default format),
2096 @code{format-mark-box-numbers}, @code{format-mark-letters} and
2097 @code{format-mark-box-letters}. These can be used as inspiration
2098 for other formatting functions.
2100 You may use @code{format-mark-barnumbers},
2101 @code{format-mark-box-barnumbers}, and
2102 @code{format-mark-circle-barnumbers} to get bar numbers instead of
2103 incremented numbers or letters.
2105 Other styles of rehearsal mark can be specified manually
2112 @code{Score.markFormatter} does not affect marks specified in this
2113 manner. However, it is possible to apply a @code{\markup} to the
2117 \mark \markup@{ \box A1 @}
2124 Music glyphs (such as the segno sign) may be printed inside a
2127 @lilypond[fragment,quote,ragged-right,verbatim,relative]
2128 c1 \mark \markup { \musicglyph #"scripts.segno" }
2129 c1 \mark \markup { \musicglyph #"scripts.coda" }
2130 c1 \mark \markup { \musicglyph #"scripts.ufermata" }
2135 See @ref{The Feta font}, for a list of symbols which may be
2136 printed with @code{\musicglyph}.
2138 For common tweaks to the positioning of rehearsal marks, see
2143 Snippets: @lsrdir{rhythms}
2145 This manual: @ref{The Feta font}, @ref{Text marks}.
2147 Internals Reference: @internalsref{RehearsalMark}.
2149 Init files: @file{scm/@/translation@/-functions@/.scm} contains
2150 the definition of @code{format-mark-numbers} and
2151 @code{format-mark-letters}. They can be used as inspiration for
2152 other formatting functions.
2154 Examples: @lsr{parts,rehearsal-mark-numbers.ly}
2157 @node Special rhythmic concerns
2158 @subsection Special rhythmic concerns
2163 * Aligning to cadenzas::
2164 * Time administration::
2168 @unnumberedsubsubsec Grace notes
2173 @cindex appoggiatura
2174 @cindex acciaccatura
2176 Grace notes are ornaments that are written out. They are made with
2177 the @code{\grace} command. By prefixing this keyword to a music
2178 expression, a new one is formed, which will be printed in a
2179 smaller font and takes up no logical time in a measure.
2181 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,relative=2,verbatim,fragment]
2183 \grace { c16[ d16] } c2 c4
2186 Two special forms of the @code{\grace} command exist.
2187 An @emph{acciaccatura}, which should be played as very short,
2188 is denoted by a slurred small note with a slashed stem. The
2189 @emph{appoggiatura}, a grace note that takes a fixed fraction of the
2190 main note, is denoted as a slurred note in small print without
2191 a slash. They are entered with the commands @code{\acciaccatura}
2192 and @code{\appoggiatura}, as demonstrated in the following
2195 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,relative=2,verbatim,fragment]
2196 b4 \acciaccatura d8 c4
2198 \acciaccatura { g16[ f] } e4
2202 @code{\acciaccatura} and @code{\appoggiatura} start a slur,
2203 @code{\grace} does not.
2205 The placement of grace notes is synchronized between different
2206 staves. In the following example, there are two sixteenth grace
2207 notes for every eighth grace note
2209 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,relative=2,verbatim,fragment]
2210 << \new Staff { e4 \grace { c16[ d e f] } e4 }
2211 \new Staff { c4 \grace { g8[ b] } c4 } >>
2214 @funindex \afterGrace
2216 @cindex grace notes, following
2218 If you want to end a note with a grace, use the @code{\afterGrace}
2219 command. It takes two arguments: the main note, and the grace
2220 notes following the main note.
2222 @lilypond[ragged-right, verbatim,relative=2,fragment]
2223 c1 \afterGrace d1 { c16[ d] } c4
2226 This will put the grace notes after a @q{space} lasting 3/4 of the
2227 length of the main note. The fraction 3/4 can be changed by
2228 setting @code{afterGraceFraction}, ie.
2231 #(define afterGraceFraction (cons 7 8))
2235 will put the grace note at 7/8 of the main note.
2237 The same effect can be achieved manually by doing
2239 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
2242 { s2 \grace { c16[ d] } } >>
2248 By adjusting the duration of the skip note (here it is a
2249 half-note), the space between the main-note and the grace
2252 A @code{\grace} music expression will introduce special
2253 typesetting settings, for example, to produce smaller type, and
2254 set directions. Hence, when introducing layout tweaks, they
2255 should be inside the grace expression, for example,
2257 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
2269 The overrides should also be reverted inside the grace expression.
2271 The layout of grace expressions can be changed throughout the
2272 music using the function @code{add-grace-property}. The following
2273 example undefines the @code{Stem} direction for this grace, so
2274 that stems do not always point up.
2278 #(add-grace-property 'Voice 'Stem 'direction '())
2284 Another option is to change the variables @code{startGraceMusic},
2285 @code{stopGraceMusic}, @code{startAcciaccaturaMusic},
2286 @code{stopAcciaccaturaMusic}, @code{startAppoggiaturaMusic},
2287 @code{stopAppoggiaturaMusic}. The default values of these can be
2288 seen in the file @file{ly/@/grace@/-init@/.ly}. By redefining
2289 them other effects may be obtained.
2291 @cindex stem, with slash
2294 The slash through the stem in @emph{acciaccatura}s can be obtained in
2295 other situations by @code{\override Stem #'stroke-style =
2301 Grace notes may be forced to use align with regular notes
2302 in other staves by setting @code{strict-grace-spacing} to
2305 @lilypond[relative=2,ragged-right]
2307 \override Score.SpacingSpanner #'strict-grace-spacing = ##t
2316 c'16[ c'16 c'16 c'16]
2317 c'16[ c'16 c'16 c'16]
2326 Music Glossary: @rglos{grace notes}, @rglos{acciaccatura},
2327 @c [TODO add appoggiatura]
2329 Snippets: @lsrdir{rhythms}
2331 Internals Reference: @internalsref{GraceMusic}.
2336 A multi-note beamed @emph{acciaccatura} is printed without a slash,
2337 and looks exactly the same as a multi-note beamed
2338 @emph{appoggiatura}.
2339 @c TODO Add link to LSR snippet to add slash when available
2341 Grace note synchronization can also lead to surprises. Staff
2342 notation, such as key signatures, bar lines, etc., are also
2343 synchronized. Take care when you mix staves with grace notes and
2344 staves without, for example,
2346 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,relative=2,verbatim,fragment]
2347 << \new Staff { e4 \bar "|:" \grace c16 d4 }
2348 \new Staff { c4 \bar "|:" d4 } >>
2352 This can be remedied by inserting grace skips of the corresponding
2353 durations in the other staves. For the above example
2355 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,relative=2,verbatim,fragment]
2356 << \new Staff { e4 \bar "|:" \grace c16 d4 }
2357 \new Staff { c4 \bar "|:" \grace s16 d4 } >>
2360 Grace sections should only be used within sequential music
2361 expressions. Nesting or juxtaposing grace sections is not
2362 supported, and might produce crashes or other errors.
2364 @node Aligning to cadenzas
2365 @unnumberedsubsubsec Aligning to cadenzas
2368 @cindex cadenza, aligning to
2369 @cindex aligning to cadenza
2371 In an orchestral context, cadenzas present a special problem: when
2372 constructing a score that includes a cadenza, all other
2373 instruments should skip just as many notes as the length of the
2374 cadenza, otherwise they will start too soon or too late.
2376 A solution to this problem is to use the functions
2377 @code{mmrest-of-length} and @code{skip-of-length}. These Scheme
2378 functions take a piece of music as argument, and generate a multi-rest
2379 or @code{\skip}, exactly as long as the piece. The use of
2380 @code{mmrest-of-length} is demonstrated in the following example.
2382 @lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
2383 cadenza = \relative c' {
2384 c4 d8 << { e f g } \\ { d4. } >>
2389 \new Staff { \cadenza c'4 }
2391 #(ly:export (mmrest-of-length cadenza))
2399 Snippets: @lsrdir{rhythms}
2402 @node Time administration
2403 @unnumberedsubsubsec Time administration
2405 @cindex time administration
2406 @cindex timing (within the score)
2407 @cindex music, unmetered
2408 @cindex unmetered music
2410 @funindex currentBarNumber
2411 @funindex measurePosition
2412 @funindex measureLength
2414 Time is administered by the @code{Timing_translator}, which by
2415 default is to be found in the @code{Score} context. An alias,
2416 @code{Timing}, is added to the context in which the
2417 @code{Timing_translator} is placed.
2419 The following properties of @code{Timing} are used
2420 to keep track of timing within the score.
2423 @cindex measure number
2426 @item currentBarNumber
2427 The current measure number. For an example showing the
2428 use of this property see @ref{Bar numbers}.
2431 The length of the measures in the current time signature. For a
2432 4/4 time this is@tie{}1, and for 6/8 it is 3/4. Its value
2433 determines when bar lines are inserted and how automatic beams
2434 should be generated.
2436 @item measurePosition
2437 The point within the measure where we currently are. This
2438 quantity is reset by subtracting @code{measureLength} whenever
2439 @code{measureLength} is reached or exceeded. When that happens,
2440 @code{currentBarNumber} is incremented.
2443 If set to true, the above variables are updated for every time
2444 step. When set to false, the engraver stays in the current
2445 measure indefinitely.
2449 Timing can be changed by setting any of these variables
2450 explicitly. In the next example, the default 4/4 time
2451 signature is printed, but @code{measureLength} is set to 5/4.
2452 At 4/8 through the third measure, the @code{measurePosition} is
2453 advanced by 1/8 to 5/8, shortening that bar by 1/8.
2454 The next bar line then falls at 9/8 rather than 5/4.
2456 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,relative,fragment]
2457 \set Score.measureLength = #(ly:make-moment 5 4)
2461 \set Score.measurePosition = #(ly:make-moment 5 8)
2467 As the example illustrates, @code{ly:make-moment n m} constructs a
2468 duration of n/m of a whole note. For example,
2469 @code{ly:make-moment 1 8} is an eighth note duration and
2470 @code{ly:make-moment 7 16} is the duration of seven sixteenths
2476 This manual: @ref{Bar numbers}, @ref{Unmetered music}
2478 Snippets: @lsrdir{rhythms}
2480 Internals Reference: @internalsref{Timing_translator},
2481 @internalsref{Score}