1 @c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
3 Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
5 When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
6 version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
11 @node Expressive marks
12 @section Expressive marks
14 @lilypondfile[quote]{expressive-headword.ly}
16 This section lists various expressive marks that can be
26 @node Attached to notes
27 @subsection Attached to notes
29 This section explains how to create expressive marks that are
30 attached to notes: articulations, ornamentations, and dynamics.
31 Methods to create new dynamic markings are also discussed.
34 * Articulations and ornamentations::
39 @node Articulations and ornamentations
40 @unnumberedsubsubsec Articulations and ornamentations
50 @cindex organ pedal marks
68 A variety of symbols that denote articulations, ornamentations,
69 and other performance indications can be attached to a note using
76 The possible values for @var{name} are listed in @ref{List of
77 articulations}. For example:
79 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
80 c4\staccato c\mordent b2\turn
92 Some of these articulations have shorthands for easier entry.
93 Shorthands are appended to the note name, and their syntax
94 consists of a dash @code{-} followed by a symbol signifying the
95 articulation. Predefined shorthands exist for @notation{marcato},
96 @notation{stopped}, @notation{tenuto}, @notation{staccatissimo},
97 @notation{accent}, @notation{staccato}, and @notation{portato}.
98 Their corresponding output appears as follows:
100 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
105 The rules for the default placement of articulations are defined
106 in @file{scm/@/script@/.scm}. Articulations and ornamentations
107 may be manually placed above or below the staff, see
108 @ref{Direction and placement}.
113 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
114 {modifying-default-values-for-articulation-shorthand-notation.ly}
116 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
117 {controlling-the-vertical-ordering-of-scripts.ly}
129 @ref{Direction and placement},
130 @ref{List of articulations}.
133 @file{scm/@/script@/.scm}.
136 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
140 @rinternals{TextScript}.
144 @unnumberedsubsubsec Dynamics
146 @cindex absolute dynamics
148 @cindex dynamics, absolute
168 Absolute dynamic marks are specified using a command after a note,
169 such as @code{c4\ff}. The available dynamic marks are
170 @code{\ppppp}, @code{\pppp}, @code{\ppp}, @code{\pp}, @code{\p},
171 @code{\mp}, @code{\mf}, @code{\f}, @code{\ff}, @code{\fff},
172 @code{\ffff}, @code{\fp}, @code{\sf}, @code{\sff}, @code{\sp},
173 @code{\spp}, @code{\sfz}, and @code{\rfz}. The dynamic marks may
174 be manually placed above or below the staff, see
175 @ref{Direction and placement}.
177 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
190 A @notation{crescendo} mark is started with @code{\<} and
191 terminated with @code{\!}, an absolute dynamic, or an additional
192 crescendo or decrescendo mark. A @notation{decrescendo} mark is
193 started with @code{\>} and is also terminated with @code{\!}, an
194 absolute dynamic, or another crescendo or decrescendo mark.
195 @code{\cr} and @code{\decr} may be used instead of @code{\<} and
196 @code{\>}. @notation{Hairpins} are engraved by default using this
199 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
209 Spacer rests are needed to engrave multiple marks on one note.
211 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
213 << f1 { s4 s4\< s4\> s4\! } >>
216 @cindex espressivo articulation
218 In some situations the @code{\espressivo} articulation mark may be
219 the appropriate choice to indicate a crescendo and decrescendo on
222 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
231 Crescendos and decrescendos can be engraved as textual markings
232 instead of hairpins. Dashed lines are printed to indicate their
233 extent. The built-in commands that enable these text modes are
234 @code{\crescTextCresc}, @code{\dimTextDecresc},
235 @code{\dimTextDecr}, and @code{\dimTextDim}. The corresponding
236 @code{\crescHairpin} and @code{\dimHairpin} commands will revert
239 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
250 To create new absolute dynamic marks or text that should be
251 aligned with dynamics, see @ref{New dynamic marks}.
253 Vertical positioning of dynamics is handled by
254 @rinternals{DynamicLineSpanner}.
261 @funindex \dynamicDown
263 @funindex \dynamicNeutral
264 @code{\dynamicNeutral},
265 @funindex \crescTextCresc
266 @code{\crescTextCresc},
267 @funindex \dimTextDim
269 @funindex \dimTextDecr
271 @funindex \dimTextDecresc
272 @code{\dimTextDecresc},
273 @funindex \crescHairpin
274 @code{\crescHairpin},
275 @funindex \dimHairpin
281 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
282 {setting-hairpin-behavior-at-bar-lines.ly}
284 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
285 {setting-the-minimum-length-of-hairpins.ly}
290 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
291 {printing-hairpins-using-al-niente-notation.ly}
293 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
294 {vertically-aligned-dynamics-and-textscripts.ly}
296 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
297 {hiding-the-extender-line-for-text-dynamics.ly}
299 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
300 {changing-text-and-spanner-styles-for-text-dynamics.ly}
305 @c TODO: Add hairpin to glossary.
312 @rlearning{Articulation and dynamics}.
315 @ref{Direction and placement},
316 @ref{New dynamic marks}.
319 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
322 @rinternals{DynamicText},
323 @rinternals{Hairpin},
324 @rinternals{DynamicLineSpanner}.
327 @node New dynamic marks
328 @unnumberedsubsubsec New dynamic marks
330 @cindex new dynamic marks
331 @cindex dynamic marks, new
333 The easiest way to create dynamic indications is to use
334 @code{\markup} objects.
336 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
337 moltoF = \markup { molto \dynamic f }
340 <d e>16_\moltoF <d e>
345 @cindex dynamics, editorial
346 @cindex dynamics, parenthesis
348 In markup mode, editorial dynamics (within parentheses or square
349 brackets) can be created. The syntax for markup mode is described
350 in @ref{Formatting text}.
352 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
353 roundf = \markup { \center-align { \line { \bold { \italic ( }
354 \dynamic f \bold { \italic ) } } } }
355 boxf = \markup { \bracket { \dynamic f } }
362 By default, markup objects are aligned to the left side of a note
363 head, but authentic dynamic marks are always centered on the note
364 head. New, centered dynamic marks can be created using the
367 @cindex make-dynamic-script
369 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
370 sfzp = #(make-dynamic-script "sfzp")
377 The dynamic font only contains the characters @code{f,m,p,r,s} and
378 @code{z}. In order to use other font families, it is necessary to
379 use markup mode in its Scheme form, as explained in
380 @ref{Markup construction in Scheme}.
382 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
383 moltoF = #(make-dynamic-script (markup
384 #:normal-text "molto"
393 Font settings in markup mode are described in
394 @ref{Common markup commands}.
400 @ref{Formatting text},
401 @ref{Common markup commands},
402 @ref{Markup construction in Scheme}.
405 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
411 This section explains how to create various expressive marks that
412 are curved: normal slurs, phrasing slurs, breath marks, falls, and
423 @unnumberedsubsubsec Slurs
427 @notation{Slurs} are entered using parentheses:
429 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
435 Slurs may be manually placed above or below the notes, see
436 @ref{Direction and placement}.
438 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
446 Phrasing slurs must be used to print more than one slur at once.
447 For details, see @ref{Phrasing slurs}.
449 Slurs can be solid, dotted, or dashed. Solid is the default slur
452 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
469 @funindex \slurNeutral
471 @funindex \slurDashed
473 @funindex \slurDotted
481 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
482 {using-double-slurs-for-legato-chords.ly}
491 @ref{Direction and placement},
492 @ref{Phrasing slurs}.
495 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
502 @unnumberedsubsubsec Phrasing slurs
504 @cindex phrasing slurs
505 @cindex phrasing marks
509 @notation{Phrasing slurs} (or phrasing marks) that indicate a
510 musical sentence are written using the commands @code{\(} and
511 @code{\)} respectively:
513 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
518 Typographically, a phrasing slur behaves almost exactly like a
519 normal slur. However, they are treated as different objects; a
520 @code{\slurUp} will have no effect on a phrasing slur. Phrasing
521 slurs may be manually placed above or below the notes, see
522 @ref{Direction and placement}.
524 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
525 c4\( g' c,( b) | c1\)
527 c4\( g' c,( b) | c1\)
530 Simultaneous phrasing slurs are not permitted.
535 @funindex \phrasingSlurUp
536 @code{\phrasingSlurUp},
537 @funindex \phrasingSlurDown
538 @code{\phrasingSlurDown},
539 @funindex \phrasingSlurNeutral
540 @code{\phrasingSlurNeutral}.
546 @ref{Direction and placement}.
549 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
552 @rinternals{PhrasingSlur}.
556 @unnumberedsubsubsec Breath marks
561 Breath marks are entered using @code{\breathe}:
563 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
567 Musical indicators for breath marks in ancient notation,
568 divisiones, are supported. For details, see @ref{Divisiones}.
573 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
574 {changing-the-breath-mark-symbol.ly}
577 @cindex railroad tracks
579 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
580 {inserting-a-caesura.ly}
589 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
590 @c @lsr{expressive,breathing-sign.ly}.
593 @rinternals{BreathingSign}.
596 @node Falls and doits
597 @unnumberedsubsubsec Falls and doits
603 @notation{Falls} and @notation{doits} can be added to notes using
604 the @code{\bendAfter} command. The direction of the fall or doit
605 is indicated with a plus or minus (up or down). The number
606 indicates the pitch interval that the fall or doit will extend
607 @emph{beyond} the main note.
609 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
616 The dash @code{-} immediately preceding the @code{\bendAfter}
617 command is @emph{required} when writing falls and doits.
622 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
623 {adjusting-the-shape-of-falls-and-doits.ly}
628 @c TODO: add falls and doits to glossary.
634 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
640 This section explains how to create various expressive marks that
641 follow a linear path: glissandos, arpeggios, and trills.
650 @unnumberedsubsubsec Glissando
655 A @notation{glissando} is created by attaching @code{\glissando}
658 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
663 Different styles of glissandi can be created. For details, see
668 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
669 {contemporary-glissando.ly}
681 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
683 @c FIXME: I need to figure out what's up with these. -gp
684 @c @lsr{expressive,glissando.ly},
685 @c @lsr{expressive,line-styles.ly}
688 @rinternals{Glissando}.
693 Printing text over the line (such as @emph{gliss.}) is not
698 @unnumberedsubsubsec Arpeggio
702 @cindex chord, broken
704 An @notation{arpeggio} on a chord (also known as a broken chord)
705 is denoted by appending @code{\arpeggio} to the chord construct:
707 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
711 Different types of arpeggios may be written.
712 @code{\arpeggioNormal} reverts to a normal arpeggio:
714 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
724 Special @emph{bracketed} arpeggio symbols can be created:
726 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
736 Arpeggios can be explicitly written out with ties. For more
737 information, see @ref{Ties}.
743 @funindex \arpeggioArrowUp
744 @code{\arpeggioArrowUp},
745 @funindex \arpeggioArrowDown
746 @code{\arpeggioArrowDown},
747 @funindex \arpeggioNormal
748 @code{\arpeggioNormal},
749 @funindex \arpeggioBracket
750 @code{\arpeggioBracket},
751 @funindex \arpeggioParenthesis
752 @code{\arpeggioParenthesis}.
757 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
758 {creating-cross-staff-arpeggios-in-a-piano-staff.ly}
760 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
761 {creating-cross-staff-arpeggios-in-other-contexts.ly}
763 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
764 {creating-arpeggios-across-notes-in-different-voices.ly}
776 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
779 @rinternals{Arpeggio},
780 @rinternals{PianoStaff}.
785 It is not possible to mix connected arpeggios and unconnected
786 arpeggios in one @code{PianoStaff} at the same point in
789 The parenthesis-style arpeggio brackets do not work for
790 cross-staff arpeggios.
794 @unnumberedsubsubsec Trills
799 Short @notation{trills} without an extender line are printed with
800 @code{\trill}; see @ref{Articulations and ornamentations}.
802 Longer trills with an extender line are made with
803 @code{\startTrillSpan} and @code{\stopTrillSpan}. In the
804 following example, the trill is combined with grace notes. To
805 achieve precise control over the placement of the grace notes, see
808 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
810 d1\startTrillSpan { c32[ d]\stopTrillSpan }
814 @cindex pitched trills
815 @cindex trills, pitched
817 Trills that require an auxiliary note with an explicit pitch can
818 be typeset with the @code{\pitchedTrill} command. The first
819 argument is the main note, and the second is the @emph{trilled}
820 note, printed as a stemless note head in parentheses.
822 @c This syntax example doesn't look nice. -pm
825 @c @code{\pitchedTrill} @var{mainnote} @code{\startTrillSpan}
826 @c @var{trillnote} @var{endnote} @code{\stopTrillSpan}
829 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
830 \pitchedTrill e2\startTrillSpan fis
834 In the following example, the second pitched trill is ambiguous;
835 the accidental of the trilled note is not printed. As a
836 workaround, the accidentals of the trilled notes can be forced.
837 The second measure illustrates this method:
839 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
840 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
842 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
844 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
846 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis!
853 @funindex \startTrillSpan
854 @code{\startTrillSpan},
855 @funindex \stopTrillSpan
856 @code{\stopTrillSpan}.
865 @ref{Articulations and ornamentations},
869 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
872 @rinternals{TrillSpanner}.