1 @c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
3 Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
5 When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
6 version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
11 @node Expressive marks
12 @section Expressive marks
14 @lilypondfile[quote]{expressive-headword.ly}
16 This section lists various expressive marks that can be
26 @node Attached to notes
27 @subsection Attached to notes
29 This section explains how to create expressive marks that are
30 attached to notes: articulations, ornamentations, and dynamics.
31 Methods to create new dynamic markings are also discussed.
34 * Articulations and ornamentations::
39 @node Articulations and ornamentations
40 @unnumberedsubsubsec Articulations and ornamentations
51 @cindex organ pedal marks
52 @cindex pedal marks, organ
72 A variety of symbols that denote articulations, ornamentations,
73 and other performance indications can be attached to a note using
80 The possible values for @var{name} are listed in @ref{List of
81 articulations}. For example:
83 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
84 c4\staccato c\mordent b2\turn
95 Some of these articulations have shorthands for easier entry.
96 Shorthands are appended to the note name, and their syntax
97 consists of a dash @code{-} followed by a symbol signifying the
98 articulation. Predefined shorthands exist for @notation{marcato},
99 @notation{stopped}, @notation{tenuto}, @notation{staccatissimo},
100 @notation{accent}, @notation{staccato}, and @notation{portato}.
101 Their corresponding output appears as follows:
103 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
108 The rules for the default placement of articulations are defined
109 in @file{scm/@/script@/.scm}. Articulations and ornamentations
110 may be manually placed above or below the staff, see
111 @ref{Direction and placement}.
116 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
117 {modifying-default-values-for-articulation-shorthand-notation.ly}
119 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
120 {controlling-the-vertical-ordering-of-scripts.ly}
122 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
123 {creating-a-delayed-turn.ly}
133 @ref{Direction and placement},
134 @ref{List of articulations},
138 @file{scm/@/script@/.scm}.
141 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
145 @rinternals{TextScript}.
149 @unnumberedsubsubsec Dynamics
151 @cindex absolute dynamics
153 @cindex dynamics, absolute
192 Absolute dynamic marks are specified using a command after a note,
193 such as @code{c4\ff}. The available dynamic marks are
194 @code{\ppppp}, @code{\pppp}, @code{\ppp}, @code{\pp}, @code{\p},
195 @code{\mp}, @code{\mf}, @code{\f}, @code{\ff}, @code{\fff},
196 @code{\ffff}, @code{\fp}, @code{\sf}, @code{\sff}, @code{\sp},
197 @code{\spp}, @code{\sfz}, and @code{\rfz}. The dynamic marks may
198 be manually placed above or below the staff, see
199 @ref{Direction and placement}.
201 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
220 A @notation{crescendo} mark is started with @code{\<} and
221 terminated with @code{\!}, an absolute dynamic, or an additional
222 crescendo or decrescendo mark. A @notation{decrescendo} mark is
223 started with @code{\>} and is also terminated with @code{\!}, an
224 absolute dynamic, or another crescendo or decrescendo mark.
225 @code{\cr} and @code{\decr} may be used instead of @code{\<} and
226 @code{\>}. @notation{Hairpins} are engraved by default using this
229 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
239 Spacer rests are needed to engrave multiple marks on one note.
241 @cindex multiple dynamic marks on one note
242 @cindex dynamic marks, multiple on one note
244 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
246 << f1 { s4 s4\< s4\> s4\! } >>
249 @cindex espressivo articulation
251 @funindex \espressivo
254 In some situations the @code{\espressivo} articulation mark may be
255 the appropriate choice to indicate a crescendo and decrescendo on
258 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
264 @funindex \crescTextCresc
265 @funindex crescTextCresc
266 @funindex \dimTextDecresc
267 @funindex dimTextDecresc
268 @funindex \dimTextDecr
269 @funindex dimTextDecr
270 @funindex \dimTextDim
272 @funindex \crescHairpin
273 @funindex crescHairpin
274 @funindex \dimHairpin
277 Crescendos and decrescendos can be engraved as textual markings
278 instead of hairpins. Dashed lines are printed to indicate their
279 extent. The built-in commands that enable these text modes are
280 @code{\crescTextCresc}, @code{\dimTextDecresc},
281 @code{\dimTextDecr}, and @code{\dimTextDim}. The corresponding
282 @code{\crescHairpin} and @code{\dimHairpin} commands will revert
285 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
297 To create new absolute dynamic marks or text that should be
298 aligned with dynamics, see @ref{New dynamic marks}.
300 @cindex dynamics, vertical positioning
301 @cindex vertical positioning of dynamics
303 @funindex DynamicLineSpanner
306 Vertical positioning of dynamics is handled by
307 @rinternals{DynamicLineSpanner}.
310 @funindex \dynamicDown
311 @funindex dynamicDown
312 @funindex \dynamicNeutral
313 @funindex dynamicNeutral
319 @code{\dynamicNeutral},
320 @code{\crescTextCresc},
323 @code{\dimTextDecresc},
324 @code{\crescHairpin},
331 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
332 {setting-hairpin-behavior-at-bar-lines.ly}
334 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
335 {setting-the-minimum-length-of-hairpins.ly}
340 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
341 {printing-hairpins-using-al-niente-notation.ly}
343 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
344 {vertically-aligned-dynamics-and-textscripts.ly}
346 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
347 {hiding-the-extender-line-for-text-dynamics.ly}
349 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
350 {changing-text-and-spanner-styles-for-text-dynamics.ly}
361 @rlearning{Articulation and dynamics}.
364 @ref{Direction and placement},
365 @ref{New dynamic marks},
366 @ref{What goes into the MIDI output?},
367 @ref{Controlling MIDI dynamics}.
370 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
373 @rinternals{DynamicText},
374 @rinternals{Hairpin},
375 @rinternals{DynamicLineSpanner}.
378 @node New dynamic marks
379 @unnumberedsubsubsec New dynamic marks
381 @cindex new dynamic marks
382 @cindex dynamic marks, new
384 The easiest way to create dynamic indications is to use
385 @code{\markup} objects.
387 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
388 moltoF = \markup { molto \dynamic f }
391 <d e>16_\moltoF <d e>
396 @cindex dynamics, editorial
397 @cindex dynamics, parenthesis
398 @cindex editorial dynamics
404 In markup mode, editorial dynamics (within parentheses or square
405 brackets) can be created. The syntax for markup mode is described
406 in @ref{Formatting text}.
408 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
409 roundF = \markup { \center-align \concat { \bold { \italic ( }
410 \dynamic f \bold { \italic ) } } }
411 boxF = \markup { \bracket { \dynamic f } }
418 @cindex make-dynamic-script
419 @funindex make-dynamic-script
421 Simple, centered dynamic marks are easily created with the
422 @code{make-dynamic-script} function.
424 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
425 sfzp = #(make-dynamic-script "sfzp")
431 In general, @code{make-dynamic-script} takes any markup object as its
432 argument. The dynamic font only contains the characters
433 @code{f,m,p,r,s} and @code{z}, so if a dynamic mark that includes
434 plain text or punctuation symbols is desired, markup commands that
435 reverts font family and font encoding to normal text should be used,
436 for example @code{\normal-text}. The interest of using
437 @code{make-dynamic-script} instead of an ordinary markup is ensuring
438 the vertical alignment of markup objects and hairpins that are
439 attached to the same note head.
441 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
442 roundF = \markup { \center-align \concat {
443 \normal-text { \bold { \italic ( } }
445 \normal-text { \bold { \italic ) } } } }
446 boxF = \markup { \bracket { \dynamic f } }
447 mfEspress = \markup { \center-align \line {
448 \hspace #3.7 mf \normal-text \italic espress. } }
449 roundFdynamic = #(make-dynamic-script roundF)
450 boxFdynamic = #(make-dynamic-script boxF)
451 mfEspressDynamic = #(make-dynamic-script mfEspress)
453 c4_\roundFdynamic\< d e f
461 The Scheme form of markup mode may be used instead. Its syntax is
462 explained in @ref{Markup construction in Scheme}.
464 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
465 moltoF = #(make-dynamic-script
466 (markup #:normal-text "molto"
474 Font settings in markup mode are described in
475 @ref{Selecting font and font size}.
480 @ref{Formatting text},
481 @ref{Selecting font and font size},
482 @ref{Markup construction in Scheme},
483 @ref{What goes into the MIDI output?},
484 @ref{Controlling MIDI dynamics}.
487 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
493 This section explains how to create various expressive marks that
494 are curved: normal slurs, phrasing slurs, breath marks, falls, and
505 @unnumberedsubsubsec Slurs
509 @notation{Slurs} are entered using parentheses:
511 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
517 @cindex slurs, manual placement
518 @cindex slurs, below notes
519 @cindex slurs, above notes
522 @funindex \slurNeutral
523 @funindex slurNeutral
525 Slurs may be manually placed above or below the notes, see
526 @ref{Direction and placement}.
528 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
536 @cindex phrasing slur
537 @cindex multiple slurs
538 @cindex simultaneous slurs
539 @cindex slur, phrasing
540 @cindex slurs, multiple
541 @cindex slurs, simultaneous
543 Simultaneous or overlapping slurs are not permitted, but a phrasing
544 slur can overlap a slur. This permits two slurs to be printed at
545 once. For details, see @ref{Phrasing slurs}.
558 @funindex \slurDashed
560 @funindex \slurDotted
565 Slurs can be solid, dotted, or dashed. Solid is the default slur
568 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
578 @funindex \slurHalfDashed
579 @funindex slurHalfDashed
580 @funindex \slurHalfSolid
581 @funindex slurHalfSolid
583 Slurs can also be made half-dashed (the first half dashed, the
584 second half solid) or half-solid (the first half solid, the second
587 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
608 @code{\slurHaldDashed},
609 @code{\slurHalfSolid},
616 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
617 {using-double-slurs-for-legato-chords.ly}
619 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
620 {positioning-text-markups-inside-slurs.ly}
622 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
623 {making-slurs-with-complex-dash-structure.ly}
630 @rlearning{On the un-nestedness of brackets and ties}.
633 @ref{Direction and placement},
634 @ref{Phrasing slurs}.
637 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
644 @unnumberedsubsubsec Phrasing slurs
646 @cindex phrasing slurs
647 @cindex phrasing marks
648 @cindex slur, phrasing
649 @cindex mark, phrasing
653 @notation{Phrasing slurs} (or phrasing marks) that indicate a
654 musical sentence are written using the commands @code{\(} and
655 @code{\)} respectively:
657 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
662 @funindex \phrasingSlurUp
663 @funindex phrasingSlurUp
664 @funindex \phrasingSlurDown
665 @funindex phrasingSlurDown
666 @funindex \phrasingSlurNeutral
667 @funindex phrasingSlurNeutral
668 @funindex phrasingSlurDashed
669 @funindex \phrasingSlurDashed
670 @funindex \phrasingSlurDotted
671 @funindex phrasingSlurDotted
672 @funindex \phrasingSlurSolid
673 @funindex phrasingSlurSolid
675 Typographically, a phrasing slur behaves almost exactly like a
676 normal slur. However, they are treated as different objects; a
677 @code{\slurUp} will have no effect on a phrasing slur. Phrasing
678 slurs may be manually placed above or below the notes, see
679 @ref{Direction and placement}.
681 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
682 c4\( g' c,( b) | c1\)
684 c4\( g' c,( b) | c1\)
687 @cindex simultaneous phrasing slurs
688 @cindex multiple phrasing slurs
689 @cindex slurs, simultaneous phrasing
690 @cindex slurs, multiple phrasing
691 @cindex phrasing slurs, simultaneous
692 @cindex phrasing slurs, multiple
694 Simultaneous or overlapping phrasing slurs are not permitted.
696 Phrasing slurs can be solid, dotted, or dashed. Solid is the default
697 style for phrasing slurs:
699 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
711 @code{\phrasingSlurUp},
712 @code{\phrasingSlurDown},
713 @code{\phrasingSlurNeutral},
714 @code{\phrasingSlurDashed},
715 @code{\phrasingSlurDotted},
716 @code{\phrasingSlurSolid}.
722 @rlearning{On the un-nestedness of brackets and ties}.
725 @ref{Direction and placement}.
728 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
731 @rinternals{PhrasingSlur}.
735 @unnumberedsubsubsec Breath marks
742 Breath marks are entered using @code{\breathe}:
744 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
748 Musical indicators for breath marks in ancient notation,
749 divisiones, are supported. For details, see @ref{Divisiones}.
754 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
755 {changing-the-breath-mark-symbol.ly}
758 @cindex railroad tracks
760 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
761 {inserting-a-caesura.ly}
772 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
775 @rinternals{BreathingSign}.
778 @node Falls and doits
779 @unnumberedsubsubsec Falls and doits
786 @notation{Falls} and @notation{doits} can be added to notes using
787 the @code{\bendAfter} command. The direction of the fall or doit
788 is indicated with a plus or minus (up or down). The number
789 indicates the pitch interval that the fall or doit will extend
790 @emph{beyond} the main note.
792 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
799 The dash @code{-} immediately preceding the @code{\bendAfter}
800 command is @emph{required} when writing falls and doits.
805 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
806 {adjusting-the-shape-of-falls-and-doits.ly}
815 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
821 This section explains how to create various expressive marks that
822 follow a linear path: glissandos, arpeggios, and trills.
831 @unnumberedsubsubsec Glissando
837 A @notation{glissando} is created by attaching @code{\glissando}
840 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
845 Different styles of glissandi can be created. For details, see
850 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
851 {contemporary-glissando.ly}
862 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
865 @rinternals{Glissando}.
870 Printing text over the line (such as @notation{gliss.}) is not
875 @unnumberedsubsubsec Arpeggio
879 @cindex chord, broken
883 @funindex \arpeggioArrowUp
884 @funindex arpeggioArrowUp
885 @funindex \arpeggioArrowDown
886 @funindex arpeggioArrowDown
887 @funindex \arpeggioNormal
888 @funindex arpeggioNormal
890 An @notation{arpeggio} on a chord (also known as a broken chord)
891 is denoted by appending @code{\arpeggio} to the chord construct:
893 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
897 Different types of arpeggios may be written.
898 @code{\arpeggioNormal} reverts to a normal arpeggio:
900 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
910 @cindex arpeggio symbols, special
911 @cindex special arpeggio symbols
913 @funindex \arpeggioBracket
914 @funindex arpeggioBracket
915 @funindex \arpeggioParenthesis
916 @funindex arpeggioParenthesis
918 Special @emph{bracketed} arpeggio symbols can be created:
920 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
930 Arpeggios can be explicitly written out with ties. For more
931 information, see @ref{Ties}.
936 @code{\arpeggioArrowUp},
937 @code{\arpeggioArrowDown},
938 @code{\arpeggioNormal},
939 @code{\arpeggioBracket},
940 @code{\arpeggioParenthesis}.
946 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
947 {creating-cross-staff-arpeggios-in-a-piano-staff.ly}
949 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
950 {creating-cross-staff-arpeggios-in-other-contexts.ly}
952 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
953 {creating-arpeggios-across-notes-in-different-voices.ly}
964 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
967 @rinternals{Arpeggio},
968 @rinternals{PianoStaff}.
973 @cindex cross-staff parenthesis-style arpeggio
974 @cindex arpeggio, parenthesis-style, cross-staff
975 @cindex arpeggio, cross-staff parenthesis-style
977 It is not possible to mix connected arpeggios and unconnected
978 arpeggios in one @code{PianoStaff} at the same point in
981 The parenthesis-style arpeggio brackets do not work for
982 cross-staff arpeggios.
986 @unnumberedsubsubsec Trills
992 @funindex \startTrillSpan
993 @funindex startTrillSpan
994 @funindex \stopTrillSpan
995 @funindex stopTrillSpan
997 Short @notation{trills} without an extender line are printed with
998 @code{\trill}; see @ref{Articulations and ornamentations}.
1000 Longer trills with an extender line are made with
1001 @code{\startTrillSpan} and @code{\stopTrillSpan}:
1003 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
1009 In the following example, a trill is combined with grace notes.
1010 The syntax of this construct and the method to precisely position
1011 the grace notes are described in @ref{Grace notes}.
1013 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
1015 d1\startTrillSpan { c32[ d]\stopTrillSpan }
1019 @cindex pitched trills
1020 @cindex trills, pitched
1021 @funindex \pitchedTrill
1022 @funindex pitchedTrill
1024 Trills that require an auxiliary note with an explicit pitch can
1025 be typeset with the @code{\pitchedTrill} command. The first
1026 argument is the main note, and the second is the @emph{trilled}
1027 note, printed as a stemless note head in parentheses.
1029 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
1030 \pitchedTrill e2\startTrillSpan fis
1034 @cindex pitched trill with forced accidental
1035 @cindex trill, pitched with forced accidental
1036 @cindex accidental, forced for pitched trill
1038 In the following example, the second pitched trill is ambiguous;
1039 the accidental of the trilled note is not printed. As a
1040 workaround, the accidentals of the trilled notes can be forced.
1041 The second measure illustrates this method:
1043 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
1044 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
1046 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
1048 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
1050 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis!
1056 @code{\startTrillSpan},
1057 @code{\stopTrillSpan}.
1066 @ref{Articulations and ornamentations},
1070 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
1072 Internals Reference:
1073 @rinternals{TrillSpanner}.