1 @c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
3 Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
5 When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
6 version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
11 @node Expressive marks
12 @section Expressive marks
14 @lilypondfile[quote]{expressive-headword.ly}
16 This section lists various expressive marks that can be
26 @node Attached to notes
27 @subsection Attached to notes
29 This section explains how to create expressive marks that are
30 attached to notes: articulations, ornamentations, and dynamics.
31 Methods to create new dynamic markings are also discussed.
34 * Articulations and ornamentations::
39 @node Articulations and ornamentations
40 @unnumberedsubsubsec Articulations and ornamentations
51 @cindex organ pedal marks
52 @cindex pedal marks, organ
72 A variety of symbols that denote articulations, ornamentations,
73 and other performance indications can be attached to a note using
80 The possible values for @var{name} are listed in @ref{List of
81 articulations}. For example:
83 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
84 c4\staccato c\mordent b2\turn
95 Some of these articulations have shorthands for easier entry.
96 Shorthands are appended to the note name, and their syntax
97 consists of a dash @code{-} followed by a symbol signifying the
98 articulation. Predefined shorthands exist for @notation{marcato},
99 @notation{stopped}, @notation{tenuto}, @notation{staccatissimo},
100 @notation{accent}, @notation{staccato}, and @notation{portato}.
101 Their corresponding output appears as follows:
103 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
108 The rules for the default placement of articulations are defined
109 in @file{scm/@/script@/.scm}. Articulations and ornamentations
110 may be manually placed above or below the staff; see
111 @ref{Direction and placement}.
113 Articulations are @code{Script} objects. Their properties are
114 described more fully in @rinternals{Script}.
116 In addition to articulations, text and markups can be attached to
117 notes. See @ref{Text scripts}.
119 For more information about the ordering of Scripts and TextScripts that
120 are attached to the notes, see @rlearning{Placement of objects}.
124 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
125 {modifying-default-values-for-articulation-shorthand-notation.ly}
127 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
128 {controlling-the-vertical-ordering-of-scripts.ly}
130 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
131 {creating-a-delayed-turn.ly}
141 @rlearning{Placement of objects}.
146 @ref{Direction and placement},
147 @ref{List of articulations},
151 @file{scm/@/script@/.scm}.
154 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
158 @rinternals{TextScript}.
162 @unnumberedsubsubsec Dynamics
164 @cindex absolute dynamics
166 @cindex dynamics, absolute
207 Absolute dynamic marks are specified using a command after a note,
208 such as @code{c4\ff}. The available dynamic marks are
209 @code{\ppppp}, @code{\pppp}, @code{\ppp}, @code{\pp}, @code{\p},
210 @code{\mp}, @code{\mf}, @code{\f}, @code{\ff}, @code{\fff},
211 @code{\ffff}, @code{\fffff}, @code{\fp}, @code{\sf}, @code{\sff},
212 @code{\sp}, @code{\spp}, @code{\sfz}, and @code{\rfz}. Dynamic
213 marks may be manually placed above or below the staff; see
214 @ref{Direction and placement}.
216 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
235 A @notation{crescendo} mark is started with @code{\<} and
236 terminated with @code{\!}, an absolute dynamic, or an additional
237 crescendo or decrescendo mark. A @notation{decrescendo} mark is
238 started with @code{\>} and is also terminated with @code{\!}, an
239 absolute dynamic, or another crescendo or decrescendo mark.
240 @code{\cr} and @code{\decr} may be used instead of @code{\<} and
241 @code{\>}. @notation{Hairpins} are engraved by default using this
244 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
254 Spacer rests are needed to engrave multiple marks on one note.
256 @cindex multiple dynamic marks on one note
257 @cindex dynamic marks, multiple on one note
259 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
261 << f1 { s4 s4\< s4\> s4\! } >>
264 @cindex espressivo articulation
266 @funindex \espressivo
269 In some situations the @code{\espressivo} articulation mark may be
270 the appropriate choice to indicate a crescendo and decrescendo on
273 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
279 @funindex \crescTextCresc
280 @funindex crescTextCresc
281 @funindex \dimTextDecresc
282 @funindex dimTextDecresc
283 @funindex \dimTextDecr
284 @funindex dimTextDecr
285 @funindex \dimTextDim
287 @funindex \crescHairpin
288 @funindex crescHairpin
289 @funindex \dimHairpin
292 Crescendos and decrescendos can be engraved as textual markings
293 instead of hairpins. Dashed lines are printed to indicate their
294 extent. The built-in commands that enable these text modes are
295 @code{\crescTextCresc}, @code{\dimTextDecresc},
296 @code{\dimTextDecr}, and @code{\dimTextDim}. The corresponding
297 @code{\crescHairpin} and @code{\dimHairpin} commands will revert
300 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
312 To create new absolute dynamic marks or text that should be
313 aligned with dynamics, see @ref{New dynamic marks}.
315 @cindex dynamics, vertical positioning
316 @cindex vertical positioning of dynamics
318 @funindex DynamicLineSpanner
321 Vertical positioning of dynamics is handled by
322 @rinternals{DynamicLineSpanner}.
325 @funindex \dynamicDown
326 @funindex dynamicDown
327 @funindex \dynamicNeutral
328 @funindex dynamicNeutral
334 @code{\dynamicNeutral},
335 @code{\crescTextCresc},
338 @code{\dimTextDecresc},
339 @code{\crescHairpin},
346 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
347 {setting-hairpin-behavior-at-bar-lines.ly}
349 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
350 {setting-the-minimum-length-of-hairpins.ly}
355 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
356 {printing-hairpins-using-al-niente-notation.ly}
358 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
359 {vertically-aligned-dynamics-and-textscripts.ly}
361 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
362 {hiding-the-extender-line-for-text-dynamics.ly}
364 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
365 {changing-text-and-spanner-styles-for-text-dynamics.ly}
376 @rlearning{Articulation and dynamics}.
379 @ref{Direction and placement},
380 @ref{New dynamic marks},
381 @ref{What goes into the MIDI output?},
382 @ref{Controlling MIDI dynamics}.
385 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
388 @rinternals{DynamicText},
389 @rinternals{Hairpin},
390 @rinternals{DynamicLineSpanner}.
393 @node New dynamic marks
394 @unnumberedsubsubsec New dynamic marks
396 @cindex new dynamic marks
397 @cindex dynamic marks, new
399 The easiest way to create dynamic indications is to use
400 @code{\markup} objects.
402 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
403 moltoF = \markup { molto \dynamic f }
406 <d e>16_\moltoF <d e>
411 @cindex dynamics, editorial
412 @cindex dynamics, parenthesis
413 @cindex editorial dynamics
419 In markup mode, editorial dynamics (within parentheses or square
420 brackets) can be created. The syntax for markup mode is described
421 in @ref{Formatting text}.
423 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
424 roundF = \markup { \center-align \concat { \bold { \italic ( }
425 \dynamic f \bold { \italic ) } } }
426 boxF = \markup { \bracket { \dynamic f } }
433 @cindex make-dynamic-script
434 @funindex make-dynamic-script
436 Simple, centered dynamic marks are easily created with the
437 @code{make-dynamic-script} function.
439 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
440 sfzp = #(make-dynamic-script "sfzp")
446 In general, @code{make-dynamic-script} takes any markup object as its
447 argument. The dynamic font only contains the characters
448 @code{f,m,p,r,s} and @code{z}, so if a dynamic mark that includes
449 plain text or punctuation symbols is desired, markup commands that
450 reverts font family and font encoding to normal text should be used,
451 for example @code{\normal-text}. The interest of using
452 @code{make-dynamic-script} instead of an ordinary markup is ensuring
453 the vertical alignment of markup objects and hairpins that are
454 attached to the same note head.
456 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
457 roundF = \markup { \center-align \concat {
458 \normal-text { \bold { \italic ( } }
460 \normal-text { \bold { \italic ) } } } }
461 boxF = \markup { \bracket { \dynamic f } }
462 mfEspress = \markup { \center-align \line {
463 \hspace #3.7 mf \normal-text \italic espress. } }
464 roundFdynamic = #(make-dynamic-script roundF)
465 boxFdynamic = #(make-dynamic-script boxF)
466 mfEspressDynamic = #(make-dynamic-script mfEspress)
468 c4_\roundFdynamic\< d e f
476 The Scheme form of markup mode may be used instead. Its syntax is
477 explained in @rextend{Markup construction in Scheme}.
479 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
480 moltoF = #(make-dynamic-script
481 (markup #:normal-text "molto"
489 Font settings in markup mode are described in
490 @ref{Selecting font and font size}.
495 @ref{Formatting text},
496 @ref{Selecting font and font size},
497 @ref{What goes into the MIDI output?},
498 @ref{Controlling MIDI dynamics}.
501 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
504 @rextend{Markup construction in Scheme},
511 This section explains how to create various expressive marks that
512 are curved: normal slurs, phrasing slurs, breath marks, falls, and
523 @unnumberedsubsubsec Slurs
527 @notation{Slurs} are entered using parentheses:
529 @warning{In polyphonic music, a slur must be terminated
530 in the same voice it began.}
532 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
538 @cindex slurs, manual placement
539 @cindex slurs, below notes
540 @cindex slurs, above notes
543 @funindex \slurNeutral
544 @funindex slurNeutral
546 Slurs may be manually placed above or below the staff; see
547 @ref{Direction and placement}.
549 @cindex phrasing slur
550 @cindex multiple slurs
551 @cindex simultaneous slurs
552 @cindex slur, phrasing
553 @cindex slurs, multiple
554 @cindex slurs, simultaneous
556 Simultaneous or overlapping slurs are not permitted, but a phrasing
557 slur can overlap a slur. This permits two slurs to be printed at
558 once. For details, see @ref{Phrasing slurs}.
568 @funindex \slurDashed
570 @funindex \slurDotted
575 Slurs can be solid, dotted, or dashed. Solid is the default slur
578 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
588 @funindex \slurHalfDashed
589 @funindex slurHalfDashed
590 @funindex \slurHalfSolid
591 @funindex slurHalfSolid
592 @cindex slur, half dashed and half solid
594 Slurs can also be made half-dashed (the first half dashed, the
595 second half solid) or half-solid (the first half solid, the second
598 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
608 @funindex \slurDashPattern
609 @funindex slurDashPattern
610 @cindex slur, defining dash patterns
612 Custom dash patterns for slurs can be defined:
614 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
616 \slurDashPattern #0.7 #0.75
618 \slurDashPattern #0.5 #2.0
636 @code{\slurHalfDashed},
637 @code{\slurHalfSolid},
638 @code{\slurDashPattern},
645 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
646 {using-double-slurs-for-legato-chords.ly}
648 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
649 {positioning-text-markups-inside-slurs.ly}
651 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
652 {making-slurs-with-complex-dash-structure.ly}
660 @rlearning{On the un-nestedness of brackets and ties}.
663 @ref{Direction and placement},
664 @ref{Phrasing slurs}.
667 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
674 @unnumberedsubsubsec Phrasing slurs
676 @cindex phrasing slurs
677 @cindex phrasing marks
678 @cindex slur, phrasing
679 @cindex mark, phrasing
683 @notation{Phrasing slurs} (or phrasing marks) that indicate a
684 musical sentence are written using the commands @code{\(} and
685 @code{\)} respectively:
687 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
692 @funindex \phrasingSlurUp
693 @funindex phrasingSlurUp
694 @funindex \phrasingSlurDown
695 @funindex phrasingSlurDown
696 @funindex \phrasingSlurNeutral
697 @funindex phrasingSlurNeutral
699 Typographically, a phrasing slur behaves almost exactly like a
700 normal slur. However, they are treated as different objects; a
701 @code{\slurUp} will have no effect on a phrasing slur. Phrasing
702 may be manually placed above or below the staff; see
703 @ref{Direction and placement}.
705 @cindex simultaneous phrasing slurs
706 @cindex multiple phrasing slurs
707 @cindex slur, simultaneous phrasing
708 @cindex slur, multiple phrasing
709 @cindex phrasing slur, simultaneous
710 @cindex phrasing slur, multiple
712 Simultaneous or overlapping phrasing slurs are not permitted.
714 @funindex phrasingSlurDashed
715 @funindex \phrasingSlurDashed
716 @funindex \phrasingSlurDotted
717 @funindex phrasingSlurDotted
718 @funindex \phrasingSlurSolid
719 @funindex phrasingSlurSolid
720 @cindex phrasing slur, dashed
721 @cindex dashed phrasing slur
722 @cindex phrasing slur, dotted
723 @cindex dotted phrasing slurs
724 @cindex slur, dashed phrasing
725 @cindex slur, dotted phrasing
727 Phrasing slurs can be solid, dotted, or dashed. Solid is the default
728 style for phrasing slurs:
730 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
740 @funindex phrasingSlurHalfDashed
741 @funindex \phrasingSlurHalfDashed
742 @funindex \phrasingSlurHalfSolid
743 @funindex phrasingSlurHalfSolid
744 @cindex phrasing slur, half solid and half dashed
745 @cindex slur, half solid and half dashed phrasing
747 Phrasing slurs can also be made half-dashed (the first half dashed, the
748 second half solid) or half-solid (the first half solid, the second
751 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
753 \phrasingSlurHalfDashed
755 \phrasingSlurHalfSolid
761 @funindex \phrasingSlurDashPattern
762 @funindex phrasingSlurDashPattern
763 @cindex phrasing slur, defining dash patterns
764 @cindex slur, phrasing, defining dash patterns
765 @cindex slur, definind dash patterns for phrasing
767 Custom dash patterns for phrasing slurs can be defined:
769 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
771 \phrasingSlurDashPattern #0.7 #0.75
773 \phrasingSlurDashPattern #0.5 #2.0
779 Dash pattern definitions for phrasing slurs have the same structure
780 as dash pattern definitions for slurs. For more information about
781 complex dash patterns, see the snippets under @ref{Slurs}.
784 @code{\phrasingSlurUp},
785 @code{\phrasingSlurDown},
786 @code{\phrasingSlurNeutral},
787 @code{\phrasingSlurDashed},
788 @code{\phrasingSlurDotted},
789 @code{\phrasingSlurHalfDashed},
790 @code{\phrasingSlurHalfSolid},
791 @code{\phrasingSlurDashPattern},
792 @code{\phrasingSlurSolid}.
798 @rlearning{On the un-nestedness of brackets and ties}.
801 @ref{Direction and placement},
805 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
808 @rinternals{PhrasingSlur}.
812 @unnumberedsubsubsec Breath marks
819 Breath marks are entered using @code{\breathe}:
821 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
825 Musical indicators for breath marks in ancient notation,
826 divisiones, are supported. For details, see @ref{Divisiones}.
831 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
832 {changing-the-breath-mark-symbol.ly}
835 @cindex railroad tracks
837 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
838 {inserting-a-caesura.ly}
849 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
852 @rinternals{BreathingSign}.
855 @node Falls and doits
856 @unnumberedsubsubsec Falls and doits
863 @notation{Falls} and @notation{doits} can be added to notes using
864 the @code{\bendAfter} command. The direction of the fall or doit
865 is indicated with a plus or minus (up or down). The number
866 indicates the pitch interval that the fall or doit will extend
867 @emph{beyond} the main note.
869 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
876 The dash @code{-} immediately preceding the @code{\bendAfter}
877 command is @emph{required} when writing falls and doits.
882 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
883 {adjusting-the-shape-of-falls-and-doits.ly}
892 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
898 This section explains how to create various expressive marks that
899 follow a linear path: glissandos, arpeggios, and trills.
908 @unnumberedsubsubsec Glissando
914 A @notation{glissando} is created by attaching @code{\glissando}
917 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
922 Different styles of glissandi can be created. For details, see
927 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
928 {contemporary-glissando.ly}
939 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
942 @rinternals{Glissando}.
947 Printing text over the line (such as @notation{gliss.}) is not
952 @unnumberedsubsubsec Arpeggio
956 @cindex chord, broken
960 @funindex \arpeggioArrowUp
961 @funindex arpeggioArrowUp
962 @funindex \arpeggioArrowDown
963 @funindex arpeggioArrowDown
964 @funindex \arpeggioNormal
965 @funindex arpeggioNormal
967 An @notation{arpeggio} on a chord (also known as a broken chord)
968 is denoted by appending @code{\arpeggio} to the chord construct:
970 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
974 Different types of arpeggios may be written.
975 @code{\arpeggioNormal} reverts to a normal arpeggio:
977 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
990 @cindex arpeggio symbols, special
991 @cindex special arpeggio symbols
993 @funindex \arpeggioBracket
994 @funindex arpeggioBracket
995 @funindex \arpeggioParenthesis
996 @funindex arpeggioParenthesis
997 @funindex \arpeggioParenthesisDashed
998 @funindex arpeggioParenthesisDashed
1000 Special @emph{bracketed} arpeggio symbols can be created:
1002 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
1008 \arpeggioParenthesis
1011 \arpeggioParenthesisDashed
1018 The dash properties of the parenthesis arpeggio are controlled
1019 with the @code{'dash-details} property, which is described at @ref{Slurs}.
1021 Arpeggios can be explicitly written out with ties. For more
1022 information, see @ref{Ties}.
1027 @code{\arpeggioArrowUp},
1028 @code{\arpeggioArrowDown},
1029 @code{\arpeggioNormal},
1030 @code{\arpeggioBracket},
1031 @code{\arpeggioParenthesis}
1032 @code{\arpeggioParenthesisDashed}.
1038 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
1039 {creating-cross-staff-arpeggios-in-a-piano-staff.ly}
1041 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
1042 {creating-cross-staff-arpeggios-in-other-contexts.ly}
1044 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
1045 {creating-arpeggios-across-notes-in-different-voices.ly}
1057 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
1059 Internals Reference:
1060 @rinternals{Arpeggio},
1062 @rinternals{PianoStaff}.
1067 @cindex cross-staff parenthesis-style arpeggio
1068 @cindex arpeggio, parenthesis-style, cross-staff
1069 @cindex arpeggio, cross-staff parenthesis-style
1071 It is not possible to mix connected arpeggios and unconnected
1072 arpeggios in one @code{PianoStaff} at the same point in
1075 The parenthesis-style arpeggio brackets do not work for
1076 cross-staff arpeggios.
1080 @unnumberedsubsubsec Trills
1086 @funindex \startTrillSpan
1087 @funindex startTrillSpan
1088 @funindex \stopTrillSpan
1089 @funindex stopTrillSpan
1091 Short @notation{trills} without an extender line are printed with
1092 @code{\trill}; see @ref{Articulations and ornamentations}.
1094 Longer trills with an extender line are made with
1095 @code{\startTrillSpan} and @code{\stopTrillSpan}:
1097 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
1103 In the following example, a trill is combined with grace notes.
1104 The syntax of this construct and the method to precisely position
1105 the grace notes are described in @ref{Grace notes}.
1107 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
1109 d1\startTrillSpan { c32[ d]\stopTrillSpan }
1113 @cindex pitched trills
1114 @cindex trills, pitched
1115 @funindex \pitchedTrill
1116 @funindex pitchedTrill
1118 Trills that require an auxiliary note with an explicit pitch can
1119 be typeset with the @code{\pitchedTrill} command. The first
1120 argument is the main note, and the second is the @emph{trilled}
1121 note, printed as a stemless note head in parentheses.
1123 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
1124 \pitchedTrill e2\startTrillSpan fis
1128 @cindex pitched trill with forced accidental
1129 @cindex trill, pitched with forced accidental
1130 @cindex accidental, forced for pitched trill
1132 In the following example, the second pitched trill is ambiguous;
1133 the accidental of the trilled note is not printed. As a
1134 workaround, the accidentals of the trilled notes can be forced.
1135 The second measure illustrates this method:
1137 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
1138 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
1140 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
1142 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
1144 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis!
1150 @code{\startTrillSpan},
1151 @code{\stopTrillSpan}.
1160 @ref{Articulations and ornamentations},
1164 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
1166 Internals Reference:
1167 @rinternals{TrillSpanner}.