1 @c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
3 Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
5 When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
6 version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
11 @node Expressive marks
12 @section Expressive marks
14 @lilypondfile[quote]{expressive-headword.ly}
16 This section lists various expressive marks that can be
26 @node Attached to notes
27 @subsection Attached to notes
29 This section explains how to create expressive marks that are
30 attached to notes: articulations, ornamentations, and dynamics.
31 Methods to create new dynamic markings are also discussed.
34 * Articulations and ornamentations::
39 @node Articulations and ornamentations
40 @unnumberedsubsubsec Articulations and ornamentations
51 @cindex organ pedal marks
52 @cindex pedal marks, organ
72 A variety of symbols that denote articulations, ornamentations,
73 and other performance indications can be attached to a note using
80 The possible values for @var{name} are listed in @ref{List of
81 articulations}. For example:
83 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
84 c4\staccato c\mordent b2\turn
95 Some of these articulations have shorthands for easier entry.
96 Shorthands are appended to the note name, and their syntax
97 consists of a dash @code{-} followed by a symbol signifying the
98 articulation. Predefined shorthands exist for @notation{marcato},
99 @notation{stopped}, @notation{tenuto}, @notation{staccatissimo},
100 @notation{accent}, @notation{staccato}, and @notation{portato}.
101 Their corresponding output appears as follows:
103 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
108 The rules for the default placement of articulations are defined
109 in @file{scm/@/script@/.scm}. Articulations and ornamentations
110 may be manually placed above or below the staff; see
111 @ref{Direction and placement}.
116 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
117 {modifying-default-values-for-articulation-shorthand-notation.ly}
119 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
120 {controlling-the-vertical-ordering-of-scripts.ly}
122 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
123 {creating-a-delayed-turn.ly}
133 @ref{Direction and placement},
134 @ref{List of articulations},
138 @file{scm/@/script@/.scm}.
141 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
145 @rinternals{TextScript}.
149 @unnumberedsubsubsec Dynamics
151 @cindex absolute dynamics
153 @cindex dynamics, absolute
192 Absolute dynamic marks are specified using a command after a note,
193 such as @code{c4\ff}. The available dynamic marks are
194 @code{\ppppp}, @code{\pppp}, @code{\ppp}, @code{\pp}, @code{\p},
195 @code{\mp}, @code{\mf}, @code{\f}, @code{\ff}, @code{\fff},
196 @code{\ffff}, @code{\fffff}, @code{\fp}, @code{\sf}, @code{\sff},
197 @code{\sp}, @code{\spp}, @code{\sfz}, and @code{\rfz}. Dynamic
198 marks may be manually placed above or below the staff; see
199 @ref{Direction and placement}.
201 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
220 A @notation{crescendo} mark is started with @code{\<} and
221 terminated with @code{\!}, an absolute dynamic, or an additional
222 crescendo or decrescendo mark. A @notation{decrescendo} mark is
223 started with @code{\>} and is also terminated with @code{\!}, an
224 absolute dynamic, or another crescendo or decrescendo mark.
225 @code{\cr} and @code{\decr} may be used instead of @code{\<} and
226 @code{\>}. @notation{Hairpins} are engraved by default using this
229 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
239 Spacer rests are needed to engrave multiple marks on one note.
241 @cindex multiple dynamic marks on one note
242 @cindex dynamic marks, multiple on one note
244 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
246 << f1 { s4 s4\< s4\> s4\! } >>
249 @cindex espressivo articulation
251 @funindex \espressivo
254 In some situations the @code{\espressivo} articulation mark may be
255 the appropriate choice to indicate a crescendo and decrescendo on
258 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
264 @funindex \crescTextCresc
265 @funindex crescTextCresc
266 @funindex \dimTextDecresc
267 @funindex dimTextDecresc
268 @funindex \dimTextDecr
269 @funindex dimTextDecr
270 @funindex \dimTextDim
272 @funindex \crescHairpin
273 @funindex crescHairpin
274 @funindex \dimHairpin
277 Crescendos and decrescendos can be engraved as textual markings
278 instead of hairpins. Dashed lines are printed to indicate their
279 extent. The built-in commands that enable these text modes are
280 @code{\crescTextCresc}, @code{\dimTextDecresc},
281 @code{\dimTextDecr}, and @code{\dimTextDim}. The corresponding
282 @code{\crescHairpin} and @code{\dimHairpin} commands will revert
285 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
297 To create new absolute dynamic marks or text that should be
298 aligned with dynamics, see @ref{New dynamic marks}.
300 @cindex dynamics, vertical positioning
301 @cindex vertical positioning of dynamics
303 @funindex DynamicLineSpanner
306 Vertical positioning of dynamics is handled by
307 @rinternals{DynamicLineSpanner}.
310 @funindex \dynamicDown
311 @funindex dynamicDown
312 @funindex \dynamicNeutral
313 @funindex dynamicNeutral
319 @code{\dynamicNeutral},
320 @code{\crescTextCresc},
323 @code{\dimTextDecresc},
324 @code{\crescHairpin},
331 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
332 {setting-hairpin-behavior-at-bar-lines.ly}
334 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
335 {setting-the-minimum-length-of-hairpins.ly}
340 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
341 {printing-hairpins-using-al-niente-notation.ly}
343 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
344 {vertically-aligned-dynamics-and-textscripts.ly}
346 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
347 {hiding-the-extender-line-for-text-dynamics.ly}
349 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
350 {changing-text-and-spanner-styles-for-text-dynamics.ly}
361 @rlearning{Articulation and dynamics}.
364 @ref{Direction and placement},
365 @ref{New dynamic marks},
366 @ref{What goes into the MIDI output?},
367 @ref{Controlling MIDI dynamics}.
370 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
373 @rinternals{DynamicText},
374 @rinternals{Hairpin},
375 @rinternals{DynamicLineSpanner}.
378 @node New dynamic marks
379 @unnumberedsubsubsec New dynamic marks
381 @cindex new dynamic marks
382 @cindex dynamic marks, new
384 The easiest way to create dynamic indications is to use
385 @code{\markup} objects.
387 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
388 moltoF = \markup { molto \dynamic f }
391 <d e>16_\moltoF <d e>
396 @cindex dynamics, editorial
397 @cindex dynamics, parenthesis
398 @cindex editorial dynamics
404 In markup mode, editorial dynamics (within parentheses or square
405 brackets) can be created. The syntax for markup mode is described
406 in @ref{Formatting text}.
408 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
409 roundF = \markup { \center-align \concat { \bold { \italic ( }
410 \dynamic f \bold { \italic ) } } }
411 boxF = \markup { \bracket { \dynamic f } }
418 @cindex make-dynamic-script
419 @funindex make-dynamic-script
421 Simple, centered dynamic marks are easily created with the
422 @code{make-dynamic-script} function.
424 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
425 sfzp = #(make-dynamic-script "sfzp")
431 In general, @code{make-dynamic-script} takes any markup object as its
432 argument. The dynamic font only contains the characters
433 @code{f,m,p,r,s} and @code{z}, so if a dynamic mark that includes
434 plain text or punctuation symbols is desired, markup commands that
435 reverts font family and font encoding to normal text should be used,
436 for example @code{\normal-text}. The interest of using
437 @code{make-dynamic-script} instead of an ordinary markup is ensuring
438 the vertical alignment of markup objects and hairpins that are
439 attached to the same note head.
441 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
442 roundF = \markup { \center-align \concat {
443 \normal-text { \bold { \italic ( } }
445 \normal-text { \bold { \italic ) } } } }
446 boxF = \markup { \bracket { \dynamic f } }
447 mfEspress = \markup { \center-align \line {
448 \hspace #3.7 mf \normal-text \italic espress. } }
449 roundFdynamic = #(make-dynamic-script roundF)
450 boxFdynamic = #(make-dynamic-script boxF)
451 mfEspressDynamic = #(make-dynamic-script mfEspress)
453 c4_\roundFdynamic\< d e f
461 The Scheme form of markup mode may be used instead. Its syntax is
462 explained in @ref{Markup construction in Scheme}.
464 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
465 moltoF = #(make-dynamic-script
466 (markup #:normal-text "molto"
474 Font settings in markup mode are described in
475 @ref{Selecting font and font size}.
480 @ref{Formatting text},
481 @ref{Selecting font and font size},
482 @ref{Markup construction in Scheme},
483 @ref{What goes into the MIDI output?},
484 @ref{Controlling MIDI dynamics}.
487 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
493 This section explains how to create various expressive marks that
494 are curved: normal slurs, phrasing slurs, breath marks, falls, and
505 @unnumberedsubsubsec Slurs
509 @notation{Slurs} are entered using parentheses:
511 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
517 @cindex slurs, manual placement
518 @cindex slurs, below notes
519 @cindex slurs, above notes
522 @funindex \slurNeutral
523 @funindex slurNeutral
525 Slurs may be manually placed above or below the staff; see
526 @ref{Direction and placement}.
528 @cindex phrasing slur
529 @cindex multiple slurs
530 @cindex simultaneous slurs
531 @cindex slur, phrasing
532 @cindex slurs, multiple
533 @cindex slurs, simultaneous
535 Simultaneous or overlapping slurs are not permitted, but a phrasing
536 slur can overlap a slur. This permits two slurs to be printed at
537 once. For details, see @ref{Phrasing slurs}.
547 @funindex \slurDashed
549 @funindex \slurDotted
554 Slurs can be solid, dotted, or dashed. Solid is the default slur
557 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
567 @funindex \slurHalfDashed
568 @funindex slurHalfDashed
569 @funindex \slurHalfSolid
570 @funindex slurHalfSolid
571 @cindex slur, half dashed and half solid
573 Slurs can also be made half-dashed (the first half dashed, the
574 second half solid) or half-solid (the first half solid, the second
577 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
587 @funindex \slurDashPattern
588 @funindex slurDashPattern
589 @cindex slur, defining dash patterns
591 Custom dash patterns for slurs can be defined:
593 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
595 \slurDashPattern #0.7 #0.75
597 \slurDashPattern #0.5 #2.0
615 @code{\slurHalfDashed},
616 @code{\slurHalfSolid},
617 @code{\slurDashPattern},
624 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
625 {using-double-slurs-for-legato-chords.ly}
627 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
628 {positioning-text-markups-inside-slurs.ly}
630 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
631 {making-slurs-with-complex-dash-structure.ly}
638 @rlearning{On the un-nestedness of brackets and ties}.
641 @ref{Direction and placement},
642 @ref{Phrasing slurs}.
645 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
652 @unnumberedsubsubsec Phrasing slurs
654 @cindex phrasing slurs
655 @cindex phrasing marks
656 @cindex slur, phrasing
657 @cindex mark, phrasing
661 @notation{Phrasing slurs} (or phrasing marks) that indicate a
662 musical sentence are written using the commands @code{\(} and
663 @code{\)} respectively:
665 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
670 @funindex \phrasingSlurUp
671 @funindex phrasingSlurUp
672 @funindex \phrasingSlurDown
673 @funindex phrasingSlurDown
674 @funindex \phrasingSlurNeutral
675 @funindex phrasingSlurNeutral
677 Typographically, a phrasing slur behaves almost exactly like a
678 normal slur. However, they are treated as different objects; a
679 @code{\slurUp} will have no effect on a phrasing slur. Phrasing
680 may be manually placed above or below the staff; see
681 @ref{Direction and placement}.
683 @cindex simultaneous phrasing slurs
684 @cindex multiple phrasing slurs
685 @cindex slur, simultaneous phrasing
686 @cindex slur, multiple phrasing
687 @cindex phrasing slur, simultaneous
688 @cindex phrasing slur, multiple
690 Simultaneous or overlapping phrasing slurs are not permitted.
692 @funindex phrasingSlurDashed
693 @funindex \phrasingSlurDashed
694 @funindex \phrasingSlurDotted
695 @funindex phrasingSlurDotted
696 @funindex \phrasingSlurSolid
697 @funindex phrasingSlurSolid
698 @cindex phrasing slur, dashed
699 @cindex dashed phrasing slur
700 @cindex phrasing slur, dotted
701 @cindex dotted phrasing slurs
702 @cindex slur, dashed phrasing
703 @cindex slur, dotted phrasing
705 Phrasing slurs can be solid, dotted, or dashed. Solid is the default
706 style for phrasing slurs:
708 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
718 @funindex phrasingSlurHalfDashed
719 @funindex \phrasingSlurHalfDashed
720 @funindex \phrasingSlurHalfSolid
721 @funindex phrasingSlurHalfSolid
722 @cindex phrasing slur, half solid and half dashed
723 @cindex slur, half solid and half dashed phrasing
725 Phrasing slurs can also be made half-dashed (the first half dashed, the
726 second half solid) or half-solid (the first half solid, the second
729 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
731 \phrasingSlurHalfDashed
733 \phrasingSlurHalfSolid
739 @funindex \phrasingSlurDashPattern
740 @funindex phrasingSlurDashPattern
741 @cindex phrasing slur, defining dash patterns
742 @cindex slur, phrasing, defining dash patterns
743 @cindex slur, definind dash patterns for phrasing
745 Custom dash patterns for phrasing slurs can be defined:
747 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
749 \phrasingSlurDashPattern #0.7 #0.75
751 \phrasingSlurDashPattern #0.5 #2.0
757 Dash pattern definitions for phrasing slurs have the same structure
758 as dash pattern definitions for slurs. For more information about
759 complex dash patterns, see the snippets under @ref{Slurs}.
762 @code{\phrasingSlurUp},
763 @code{\phrasingSlurDown},
764 @code{\phrasingSlurNeutral},
765 @code{\phrasingSlurDashed},
766 @code{\phrasingSlurDotted},
767 @code{\phrasingSlurHalfDashed},
768 @code{\phrasingSlurHalfSolid},
769 @code{\phrasingSlurDashPattern},
770 @code{\phrasingSlurSolid}.
776 @rlearning{On the un-nestedness of brackets and ties}.
779 @ref{Direction and placement},
783 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
786 @rinternals{PhrasingSlur}.
790 @unnumberedsubsubsec Breath marks
797 Breath marks are entered using @code{\breathe}:
799 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
803 Musical indicators for breath marks in ancient notation,
804 divisiones, are supported. For details, see @ref{Divisiones}.
809 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
810 {changing-the-breath-mark-symbol.ly}
813 @cindex railroad tracks
815 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
816 {inserting-a-caesura.ly}
827 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
830 @rinternals{BreathingSign}.
833 @node Falls and doits
834 @unnumberedsubsubsec Falls and doits
841 @notation{Falls} and @notation{doits} can be added to notes using
842 the @code{\bendAfter} command. The direction of the fall or doit
843 is indicated with a plus or minus (up or down). The number
844 indicates the pitch interval that the fall or doit will extend
845 @emph{beyond} the main note.
847 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
854 The dash @code{-} immediately preceding the @code{\bendAfter}
855 command is @emph{required} when writing falls and doits.
860 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
861 {adjusting-the-shape-of-falls-and-doits.ly}
870 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
876 This section explains how to create various expressive marks that
877 follow a linear path: glissandos, arpeggios, and trills.
886 @unnumberedsubsubsec Glissando
892 A @notation{glissando} is created by attaching @code{\glissando}
895 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
900 Different styles of glissandi can be created. For details, see
905 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
906 {contemporary-glissando.ly}
917 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
920 @rinternals{Glissando}.
925 Printing text over the line (such as @notation{gliss.}) is not
930 @unnumberedsubsubsec Arpeggio
934 @cindex chord, broken
938 @funindex \arpeggioArrowUp
939 @funindex arpeggioArrowUp
940 @funindex \arpeggioArrowDown
941 @funindex arpeggioArrowDown
942 @funindex \arpeggioNormal
943 @funindex arpeggioNormal
945 An @notation{arpeggio} on a chord (also known as a broken chord)
946 is denoted by appending @code{\arpeggio} to the chord construct:
948 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
952 Different types of arpeggios may be written.
953 @code{\arpeggioNormal} reverts to a normal arpeggio:
955 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
968 @cindex arpeggio symbols, special
969 @cindex special arpeggio symbols
971 @funindex \arpeggioBracket
972 @funindex arpeggioBracket
973 @funindex \arpeggioParenthesis
974 @funindex arpeggioParenthesis
975 @funindex \arpeggioParenthesisDashed
976 @funindex arpeggioParenthesisDashed
978 Special @emph{bracketed} arpeggio symbols can be created:
980 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
989 \arpeggioParenthesisDashed
996 The dash properties of the parenthesis arpeggio are controlled
997 with the @code{'dash-details} property, which is described at @ref{Slurs}.
999 Arpeggios can be explicitly written out with ties. For more
1000 information, see @ref{Ties}.
1005 @code{\arpeggioArrowUp},
1006 @code{\arpeggioArrowDown},
1007 @code{\arpeggioNormal},
1008 @code{\arpeggioBracket},
1009 @code{\arpeggioParenthesis}
1010 @code{\arpeggioParenthesisDashed}.
1016 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
1017 {creating-cross-staff-arpeggios-in-a-piano-staff.ly}
1019 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
1020 {creating-cross-staff-arpeggios-in-other-contexts.ly}
1022 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
1023 {creating-arpeggios-across-notes-in-different-voices.ly}
1035 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
1037 Internals Reference:
1038 @rinternals{Arpeggio},
1040 @rinternals{PianoStaff}.
1045 @cindex cross-staff parenthesis-style arpeggio
1046 @cindex arpeggio, parenthesis-style, cross-staff
1047 @cindex arpeggio, cross-staff parenthesis-style
1049 It is not possible to mix connected arpeggios and unconnected
1050 arpeggios in one @code{PianoStaff} at the same point in
1053 The parenthesis-style arpeggio brackets do not work for
1054 cross-staff arpeggios.
1058 @unnumberedsubsubsec Trills
1064 @funindex \startTrillSpan
1065 @funindex startTrillSpan
1066 @funindex \stopTrillSpan
1067 @funindex stopTrillSpan
1069 Short @notation{trills} without an extender line are printed with
1070 @code{\trill}; see @ref{Articulations and ornamentations}.
1072 Longer trills with an extender line are made with
1073 @code{\startTrillSpan} and @code{\stopTrillSpan}:
1075 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
1081 In the following example, a trill is combined with grace notes.
1082 The syntax of this construct and the method to precisely position
1083 the grace notes are described in @ref{Grace notes}.
1085 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
1087 d1\startTrillSpan { c32[ d]\stopTrillSpan }
1091 @cindex pitched trills
1092 @cindex trills, pitched
1093 @funindex \pitchedTrill
1094 @funindex pitchedTrill
1096 Trills that require an auxiliary note with an explicit pitch can
1097 be typeset with the @code{\pitchedTrill} command. The first
1098 argument is the main note, and the second is the @emph{trilled}
1099 note, printed as a stemless note head in parentheses.
1101 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
1102 \pitchedTrill e2\startTrillSpan fis
1106 @cindex pitched trill with forced accidental
1107 @cindex trill, pitched with forced accidental
1108 @cindex accidental, forced for pitched trill
1110 In the following example, the second pitched trill is ambiguous;
1111 the accidental of the trilled note is not printed. As a
1112 workaround, the accidentals of the trilled notes can be forced.
1113 The second measure illustrates this method:
1115 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
1116 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
1118 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
1120 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
1122 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis!
1128 @code{\startTrillSpan},
1129 @code{\stopTrillSpan}.
1138 @ref{Articulations and ornamentations},
1142 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
1144 Internals Reference:
1145 @rinternals{TrillSpanner}.