[lilypond.git] / Documentation / nl / learning / fundamental.itely

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@c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
@c \version "2.12.0"
@node Fundamental concepts
@chapter Fundamental concepts

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@menu
* How LilyPond input files work::
* Voices contain music::
* Contexts and engravers::
* Extending the templates::
@end menu

@node How LilyPond input files work
@section How LilyPond input files work

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@menu
* Introduction to the LilyPond file structure::
* Score is a (single) compound musical expression::
* Nesting music expressions::
* On the un-nestedness of brackets and ties::
@end menu

@node Introduction to the LilyPond file structure
@subsection Introduction to the LilyPond file structure

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@c index input format
@c index file structure
@c index book
@c index score
@c ode{\score@{@}} command.  This is because LilyPond automatically
@c index implicit contexts
@c index contexts, implicit
@ref{Contexts and engravers}.
@c ode{\score} command, leaving the others to default.
@c index header
@c index layout
@c index midi
@c ode{\midi} -- are special: unlike many other commands which begin
@c ode{\header} is often placed above the @code{\score} command, as the
@c ode{\layout @{ @}} and @code{\midi @{@}}.  If these appear as
@c index scores, multiple
@c index book block, implicit
@c index implicit book block
@c ode{\book} command should be used to separate the different
@c ode{\book} block.
@c index layout block, effect of location
@c ode{\book} block in which it appears -- i.e., a @code{\layout}
@c index variables
@c ode{melody} (everything after the equals sign) and inserts it
@c ode{TimeKey},
@c ode{pianorighthand}, or @code{foofoobarbaz}.  For more details,
@node Score is a (single) compound musical expression
@subsection Score is a (single) compound musical expression

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@c index score
@c index contents of a score block
@c index score block, contents of
@c index compound music expression
@c index music expression, compound
@quotation
@end quotation
@ref{Music expressions explained}.  In that section, we saw how to
@c ode{StaffGroup} for this ensemble, which simply groups a number
@c ode{\lyricmode}.  These are essential to tell LilyPond
@node Nesting music expressions
@subsection Nesting music expressions

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@c index staves, temporary
@c index temporary staves
@c index ossias
@c index staff, positioning
@node On the un-nestedness of brackets and ties
@subsection On the un-nestedness of brackets and ties

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@c index brackets, nesting
@c index bracket types
@c index brackets, enclosing vs. marking
@c attempt to force this onto a new page
@node Voices contain music
@section Voices contain music

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@menu
* I'm hearing Voices::
* Explicitly instantiating voices::
* Voices and vocals::
@end menu

@node I'm hearing Voices
@subsection I'm hearing Voices

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@c index polyphony
@c index layers
@c index multiple voices
@c index voices, multiple
@c index Voice context
@c index context, Voice
@c index simultaneous music
@c index music, simultaneous
@c index concurrent music
@c index music, concurrent
@c index voices vs. chords
@c index chords vs. voices
@c ode{\\}, to place them in separate voices.  Without these, the
@c index voices, naming
@c index voices crossing brackets
@c index slurs crossing brackets
@c index ties crossing brackest
@ref{Using variables for tweaks}.
@c index polyphony and relative note entry
@c index relative note entry and polyphony
@c ode{\relative @{ @}} block.  Each note is still calculated
@c ode{noteB} is relative to @code{noteA}                      @*
@c ode{noteC} is relative to @code{noteB}, not @code{noteA};   @*
@c ode{noteD} is relative to @code{noteB}, not @code{noteA} or
@c ode{noteC};                                                 @*
@c ode{noteE} is relative to @code{noteD}, not @code{noteA}.
@c The following should appear as music without code
@c The following should appear as music without code
@c The three voice styles should be defined in -init
@c index stem down
@c index voices and stem directions
@c index stem directions and voices
@c index stem up
@node Explicitly instantiating voices
@subsection Explicitly instantiating voices

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@c index voice contexts, creating
@c ode{\voiceOne} ... @code{\voiceFour} to indicate the required
@c The following example should not display the code
@c index voices, reverting to single
@c index reverting to a single voice
@c ode{\voiceFour} make them point downwards.  These commands also
@c ode{\oneVoice}, @code{\voiceOne} and @code{voiceTwo} have on
@c index nesting music expressions
@c index nesting simultaneous constructs
@c index nesting voices
@c index voices, temporary
@c index voices, nesting
@c index spacing notes
@subsubheading Note columns
@c index note column
@c index note collisions
@c index collisions, notes
@c index shift commands
@c ode{\shiftOff} commands specify the degree to which notes and
@c ode{\shiftOnn} and @code{\shiftOnnn} define further shift
@node Voices and vocals
@subsection Voices and vocals

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@c index Lyrics context, creating
@c index lyrics, linking to voice
@c index lyrics and beaming
@c index beaming and lyrics
@c ode{\autoBeamOff} to turn off the automatic beaming.
@c index vocal score structure
@c index choir staff
@c ode{\lyricmode} to ensure they are interpreted as lyrics
@c index hymn structure
@c index SATB structure
@c index vocal scores with multiple verses
@c index multiple vocal verses
@c index verses, multiple vocal
@c index verse and refrain
@c index book, example of using
@c ode{\score} blocks within an implicit @code{\book} block, as
@node Contexts and engravers
@section Contexts and engravers

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@menu
* Contexts explained::
* Creating contexts::
* Engravers explained::
* Modifying context properties::
* Adding and removing engravers::
@end menu

@node Contexts explained
@subsection Contexts explained

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@c index contexts explained
@quotation
@end quotation
@c ode{Score} and @code{Staff} contexts.
@c ode{Voice} contexts there are contexts which fit between
@c ode{PianoStaff} and @code{ChoirStaff} contexts.  There
@c ode{GregorianTranscriptionStaff}.
@node Creating contexts
@subsection Creating contexts

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@c index new contexts
@c index creating contexts
@c index contexts, creating
@c ode{Staff} contexts may be left to be created automatically, but for
@c ode{Voice}).  This command creates a new context, and starts
@c ode{Staff} and @code{Voice} contexts in earlier sections, but
@c index contexts, naming
@c index naming contexts
@c ode{Staff}, @code{Voice}, etc, and the identifying name of a
@node Engravers explained
@subsection Engravers explained

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@c index engravers
@c ode{Metronome_mark_engraver}, whose action and output apply to the
@c ode{Score} context.
@c The old Dynamic_engraver is deprecated. -jm
@node Modifying context properties
@subsection Modifying context properties

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@c index context properties
@c index context properties, modifying
@c index modifying context properties
@c ode{\set} command.  This takes the form
@c ode{Staff} or @code{Voice}.  It may be omitted,
@c attempt to force this onto a new page
@c index properties operating in contexts
@c index setting properties within contexts
@c ode{instrumentName} clearly lives in the @code{Staff} context, since
@c ode{\set} command set the property @code{instrumentName} in the
@c ode{Voice} context to @qq{Alto}, but as LilyPond does not look
@c ode{\set} or @code{\unset} again.  Let's try changing the
@c ode{##t} and @code{##f}, with two hash signs.  A text property
@subsubheading Setting context properties with @code{\with}
@c index context properties, setting with \with
@c ode{\with @{ .. @}} block in which the property values are
@c ode{\set} and returned to their default value with @code{\unset}.
@c index fontSize, default and setting
@c ode{\unset fontSize} command.
@subsubheading Setting context properties with @code{\context}
@c index context properties, setting with \context
@c ode{\with} block, introduced above.  It is placed in a
@c ode{\context} block within a @code{\layout} block.  Each
@c ode{\context} block will affect all contexts of the type specified
@c ode{\layout} block appears.  Here is a example to show the format:
@c ode{\set} commands embedded in music statements.
@c FIXME
@c uncomment when backslash-node-name issue is resolved -pm
@c @ruser{The set command}.
@node Adding and removing engravers
@subsection Adding and removing engravers

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@c index engravers, adding
@c index adding engravers
@c index engravers, removing
@c index removing engravers
@subsubheading Changing a single context
@c ode{\with} command placed immediately after the context creation
@c index ambitus engraver
@c ode{\consists @var{Engraver_name}},
@c ode{Ambitus_engraver}, which is not normally included in any
@c ode{Staff} context, it calculates the range from all
@subsubheading Changing all contexts of the same type
@c ode{\set} command in a @code{\context} block in the
@node Extending the templates
@section Extending the templates

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@menu
* Soprano and cello::
* Four-part SATB vocal score::
* Building a score from scratch::
* Saving typing with variables and functions::
* Scores and parts::
@end menu

@node Soprano and cello
@subsection Soprano and cello

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@c index template, modifying
@c index modifying templates
@c ode{melody} section.  We don't want two @code{\score} sections
@c ode{text} to be @code{sopranoLyrics}.  Remember to rename both
@c ode{melody = \relative c' @{ } part) and the name's use (in the
@c ode{\score} section).
@c ode{>>} around the music -- that tells LilyPond that there's
@c Indentation in this example is deliberately poor
@node Four-part SATB vocal score
@subsection Four-part SATB vocal score

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@c index template, SATB
@c index SATB template
@c The following should appear as music without code
@c ode{\voiceXXX} commands should be removed.  We also need to specify
@node Building a score from scratch
@subsection Building a score from scratch

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@c index template, writing your own
@c index example of writing a score
@c index writing a score, example
@c index score, example of writing
@c ode{<< .. >>} for the manual two staff and the pedal organ staff,
@c ode{@{ .. @}} in case your music is coded in several variables
@c ode{\voiceOne} and @code{\voiceTwo}, and enter the time signature
@node Saving typing with variables and functions
@subsection Saving typing with variables and functions

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@c index variables
@c index variables
@c TODO Avoid padtext - not needed with skylining
@c TODO Replace the following with a better example  -td
@c Skylining handles this correctly without padText
@c ode{padtext=}).
@node Scores and parts
@subsection Scores and parts

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@c ode{\transpose f@tie{}c'} indicates that the argument, being
@c ode{\hornNotes}, should be transposed by a fifth upwards.  Sounding
@c ode{f} is denoted by notated @code{c'}, which corresponds with the
@c ode{Score} context to true (@code{##t}).  Prepending the rest and

@c -- SKELETON FILE --