be displayed. In addition, figured bass notation can be displayed.
@menu
-* Chord mode::
-* Displaying chords::
-* Figured bass::
+* Chord mode::
+* Displaying chords::
+* Figured bass::
@end menu
structure, rather than the chord pitches.
@menu
-* Chord mode overview::
-* Common chords::
-* Extended and altered chords::
+* Chord mode overview::
+* Common chords::
+* Extended and altered chords::
@end menu
@node Chord mode overview
as notes on a staff.
@menu
-* Printing chord names::
-* Customizing chord names::
+* Printing chord names::
+* Customizing chord names::
@end menu
@node Printing chord names
@node Figured bass
@subsection Figured bass
+Figured bass notation can be displayed.
+
@menu
-* Introduction to figured bass::
-* Entering figured bass::
-* Displaying figured bass::
+* Introduction to figured bass::
+* Entering figured bass::
+* Displaying figured bass::
@end menu
@node Introduction to figured bass
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment]
<<
\new Voice { \clef bass dis4 c d ais g fis}
- \new FiguredBass \figuremode {
- < 6 >4 < 7\+ >8 < 6+ [_!] >
- < 6 >4 <6 5 [3+] >
- < _ >4 < 6 5/>4
+ \new FiguredBass {
+ \figuremode {
+ < 6 >4 < 7\+ >8 < 6+ [_!] >
+ < 6 >4 <6 5 [3+] >
+ < _ >4 < 6 5/>4
+ }
}
>>
@end lilypond
The support for figured bass consists of two parts: there is an
-input mode, introduced by @code{\figuremode}, where you can enter
-bass figures as numbers, and there is a context named
-@rinternals{FiguredBass} that takes care of making
-@rinternals{BassFigure} objects.
+input mode, introduced by @code{\figuremode}, that accepts
+entry of bass figures, and there is a context named
+@code{FiguredBass} that takes care of displaying
+@code{BassFigure} objects.
-Although the support for figured bass may superficially resemble chord
-support, it is much simpler. The @code{\figuremode} mode simply
-stores the numbers and @rinternals{FiguredBass} context prints them
-as entered. There is no conversion to pitches and no realizations of
-the bass are played in the MIDI file.
+@code{\figures@{ ..@}} is a shortcut notation for
+@code{\new FiguredBass @{\figuremode @{ ..@}@}}.
-Internally, the code produces markup texts. You can use any of the
-markup text properties to override formatting. For example, the
-vertical spacing of the figures may be set with @code{baseline-skip}.
+Although the support for figured bass may superficially resemble chord
+support, it is much simpler. @code{\figuremode} mode simply
+stores the figures and the @code{FiguredBass} context prints them
+as entered. There is no conversion to pitches. Figured bass has
+no effect on the MIDI file.
+
+Figures are created as markup texts. Any of the standard markup
+properties can be used to modify the display of figures. For
+example, the vertical spacing of the figures may be set with
+@code{baseline-skip}.
@node Entering figured bass
@unnumberedsubsubsec Entering figured bass
+@code{\figuremode} is used to switch the input mode to figure mode.
+More information on different input modes can be
+found at @ref{Input modes}.
-In figures input mode, a group of bass figures is delimited by
-@code{<} and @code{>}. The duration is entered after the @code{>}
-@example
-<4 6>2
-@end example
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment]
-\new FiguredBass
-\figuremode { <4 6>2 }
+In figure mode, a group of bass figures is delimited by
+@code{<} and @code{>}. The duration is entered after the @code{>}.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment]
+\new FiguredBass {
+ \figuremode {
+ <4 6>2
+ }
+}
@end lilypond
-Accidentals are added when you append @code{-}, @code{!}, and @code{+}
-to the numbers. A plus sign is added when you append @code{\+}, and
-diminished fifths and sevenths can be obtained with @code{5/} and @code{7/}.
+Accidentals can be added to figures:
-@example
-<4- 6+ 7!>3 <5++> <3--> <7/> r <6\+ 5/>
-@end example
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment]
-\figures { <4- 6+ 7!>4 <5++> <3--> <7/> r <6\+ 5/> }
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment]
+\figures {
+ <4- 6+ 7!> <5++> <3-->
+}
@end lilypond
-Spaces may be inserted by using @code{_}. Brackets are
-introduced with @code{[} and @code{]}. You can also include text
-strings and text markups, see @ref{Text markup commands}.
+Plus signs, diminished fifths, and diminished sevenths
+can be notated.
-@example
-< [4 6] 8 [_! 12] >4 < 5 \markup @{ \number 6 \super (1) @} >
-@end example
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment]
-\new FiguredBass
-\figuremode { < [4 6] 8 [_! 12] >4 < 5 \markup{ \tiny \number 6 \super (1)} > }
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment]
+\figures {
+ <7/> <6\+ 5/>
+}
@end lilypond
+Vertical spaces and brackets can be be included in figures:
-It is also possible to use continuation lines for repeated figures,
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,relative=1]
-<<
- \new Staff {
- \clef bass
- c4 c c
- }
- \figures {
- \set useBassFigureExtenders = ##t
- <4 6>4 <3 6> <3 7>
- }
->>
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment]
+\figures {
+ < [4 6] 8 [_! 12] >
+}
@end lilypond
-@noindent
-In this case, the extender lines always replace existing figures.
-The @code{FiguredBass} context doesn't pay attention to the actual
-bass line. As a consequence, you may have to insert extra figures to
-get extender lines below all notes, and you may have to add @code{\!}
-to avoid getting an extender line, e.g.
+Any text markup can be inserted as a figure:
-@lilypond[relative=1]
-<<
- \new Voice
- \figures {
- \set useBassFigureExtenders = ##t
- <6 4->4. <6 4->16. <6 4->32 <5>8. r16 <6>8 <6\! 5->
- }
- {
- \clef bass
- f16. g32 f16. g32 f16. g32 f16. g32 f8. es16 d8 es
- }
->>
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment]
+\figures {
+ < 5 \markup{ \tiny \number 6 \super (1)} >
+}
@end lilypond
-When using continuation lines, common figures are always put in the
-same vertical position. When this is unwanted, you can insert a rest
-with @code{r}. The rest will clear any previous alignment. For
-example, you can write
+Continuation lines can be used to indicate repeated figures:
-@example
-<4 6>8 r8
-@end example
+@c I know I'm not supposed to use \set, but I think
+@c it's part of the notation -- suggestions? -cds
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,fragment]
+\figures {
+ \set useBassFigureExtenders = ##t
+ <4 6> <3 6> <3 7>
+}
+@end lilypond
@noindent
-instead of
-@example
-<4 6>4
-@end example
+In this case, the extender lines always replace existing figures.
+@c @predefined
+
+@c @snippets
+@c This probably isn't notation, but rather adjusting output. I guess this
+@c should be converted to a snippet? -cds
Accidentals and plus signs can appear before or after the numbers,
depending on the @code{figuredBassAlterationDirection} and
@code{figuredBassPlusDirection}
@lilypond
\figures {
<6\+> <5+> <6 4-> r
- \set figuredBassAlterationDirection = #1
+ \set figuredBassAlterationDirection = #RIGHT
<6\+> <5+> <6 4-> r
- \set figuredBassPlusDirection = #1
+ \set figuredBassPlusDirection = #LEFT
<6\+> <5+> <6 4-> r
- \set figuredBassAlterationDirection = #-1
+ \set figuredBassAlterationDirection = #LEFT
<6\+> <5+> <6 4-> r
}
@end lilypond
-
-Figured bass can also be added to @code{Staff} contexts
-directly. In this case, their vertical position is adjusted
-automatically.
-
-@lilypond[ragged-right,fragment,quote]
-<<
- \new Staff = someUniqueName
- \relative c'' {
- c4 c'8 r8 c,4 c'
- }
-
- %% send to existing Staff.
- \context Staff = someUniqueName
- \figuremode {
- <4>4 <6 10>8 s8
-
- \set Staff.useBassFigureExtenders = ##t
- <4 6>4 <4 6>
- }
->>
-@end lilypond
-
-@c @predefined
-
-@c @snippets
-
@seealso
@c Music Glossary:
@c @rglos{}.
@c Installed Files:
@c @file{}.
-@c Snippets:
-@c @rlsr{}.
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Figured Bass}.
@c Internals Reference:
-@c @rinternals{}.
+@rinternals{NewBassFigure},
+@rinternals{BassFigureAlignment},
+@rinternals{BassFigureLine},
+@rinternals{BassFigureBracket},
+@rinternals{BassFigureContinuation},
+@rinternals{FiguredBass}.
@c @knownissues
@node Displaying figured bass
@unnumberedsubsubsec Displaying figured bass
-Figured bass is displayed using the @code{FiguredBass} context.
+Figured bass can be displayed using the @code{FiguredBass} context,
+or in most staff contexts.
+
+When displayed in a @code{FiguredBass} context, the vertical location
+of the figures is independent of the notes on the staff.
+
+@lilypond[ragged-right,fragment,quote]
+<<
+ \relative c'' {
+ c4 c'8 r8 c,4 c'
+ }
+ \new FiguredBass {
+ \figuremode {
+ <4>4 <6 10>8 s8
+ <4 6>4 <4 6>
+ }
+ }
+>>
+@end lilypond
+
+@noindent
+In the example above, the @code{FiguredBass} context must be
+explicitly instantiated to avoid creating a second (empty) staff.
+
+
+Figured bass can also be added to @code{Staff} contexts
+directly. In this case, their vertical position is adjusted
+automatically.
+
+@c This example uses /override, because the default
+@c of 'direction is #UP,
+@c even though UP is never used for figured bass.
+@c I recommend that we leave it -cds
+@lilypond[ragged-right,fragment,quote]
+<<
+ \new Staff = myStaff
+ \figuremode {
+ \override Staff.BassFigureAlignmentPositioning #'direction = #DOWN
+ <4>4 <6 10>8 s8
+ <4 6>4 <4 6>
+ }
+ %% Put notes on same Staff as figures
+ \context Staff = myStaff
+ \relative c'' {
+ c4 c'8 r8 c,4 c'
+ }
+>>
+@end lilypond
+
+
+@ignore
+@c I don't understand this -cs
+When using continuation lines, common figures are always put in the
+same vertical position. When this is unwanted, you can insert a rest.
+The rest will clear any previous alignment. For
+example, you can write
+
+@example
+<4 6>8 r8
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+instead of
+@example
+<4 6>4
+@end example
+@end ignore
@c @predefined
@c @file{}.
@c Snippets:
-@c @rlsr{}.
+@rlsr{Figured Bass}.
Internals Reference:
@rinternals{NewBassFigure},
@knownissues
-By default, this method produces figures above the notes. To get
-figures below the notes, use
+To ensure that continuation lines work properly, it is
+safest to use the same rhythm in the figure line as in
+the bass line.
-@example
-\override Staff.BassFigureAlignmentPositioning #'direction = #DOWN
-@end example
+@lilypond[ragged-right,fragment,quote]
+<<
+ {
+ \clef bass
+ \repeat unfold 4 {f16. g32} f8. es16 d8 es
+ }
+ \figures {
+ \set useBassFigureExtenders = ##t
+ % The extenders are correct here, with the same rhythm as the bass
+ \repeat unfold 4 {<6 4->16. <6 4->32}
+ <5>8. r16 <6>8 <6\! 5->
+ }
+>>
+<<
+ {
+ \clef bass
+ \repeat unfold 4 {f16. g32} f8. es16 d8 es
+ }
+ \figures {
+ \set useBassFigureExtenders = ##t
+ % The extenders are incorrect here, even though the timing is the same
+ <6 4->4 <6 4->4
+ %\repeat unfold 4 {<6 4->16. <6 4->32}
+ <5>8. r16 <6>8 <6\! 5->
+ }
+>>
+@end lilypond
+@c I have no idea what this means -cds
When using figured bass above the staff with extender lines and
@code{implicitBassFigures} the lines may become swapped around.
Maintaining order consistently will be impossible when multiple figures
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