rather than specific notation.
@menu
-* Input structure::
-* Titles and headers::
-* Working with input files::
-* Controlling output::
-* MIDI output::
+* Input structure::
+* Titles and headers::
+* Working with input files::
+* Controlling output::
+* MIDI output::
@end menu
these files end with @code{.ly}.
@menu
-* Structure of a score::
-* Multiple scores in a book::
-* File structure::
+* Structure of a score::
+* Multiple scores in a book::
+* File structure::
@end menu
some pieces include a lot more information.
@menu
-* Creating titles::
-* Custom titles::
-* Reference to page numbers::
-* Table of contents::
+* Creating titles::
+* Custom titles::
+* Reference to page numbers::
+* Table of contents::
@end menu
@section Working with input files
@menu
-* Including LilyPond files::
-* Different editions from one source::
-* Text encoding::
-* Displaying LilyPond notation::
+* Including LilyPond files::
+* Different editions from one source::
+* Text encoding::
+* Displaying LilyPond notation::
@end menu
structure while leaving the notation untouched.
@menu
-* Using variables::
-* Using tags::
+* Using variables::
+* Using tags::
@end menu
@node Using variables
@section Controlling output
@menu
-* Extracting fragments of music::
-* Skipping corrected music::
+* Extracting fragments of music::
+* Skipping corrected music::
@end menu
@node Extracting fragments of music
(or 14 if you do not use drums). Other staves will remain silent.
@menu
-* Creating MIDI files::
-* MIDI block::
-* What goes into the MIDI output?::
-* Repeats in MIDI::
-* Controlling MIDI dynamics::
+* Creating MIDI files::
+* MIDI block::
+* What goes into the MIDI output?::
+* Repeats in MIDI::
+* Controlling MIDI dynamics::
+* Percussion in MIDI::
@end menu
@node Creating MIDI files
@end ignore
+@node Percussion in MIDI
+@subsection Percussion in MIDI
+
+@c FIXME: sorry Trevor, I know this is a complete mess. :(
+
+But You should be aware, that some percussion sounds cannot be
+reached via the @code{DrumStaff} context. Pitched percussion
+sounds, like
+Xylophone, Marimaphone, Vibraphone, Timpani, etc. are treated like
+"normal" instruments and You should input music for these
+instruments in a @code{Staff} context, not in a @code{DrumStaff}
+context.
+Too make it more complicated:
+some non pitched percussion sounds of the general midi standard,
+like "melodic-tom", "taiko-drum" "synth drum", etc. cannot
+be reached via midi-channel 10, so You should also use for them a
+@code{ Staff} context, with "normal" pitches. And, last but not
+least,
+it should be mentioned, that there are lots of percussion
+instruments, which are note part of the general midi standard.
+If You want to write for e.g. castanets, You have to find a
+substitution for this sound (or have a good sampler).
+But let us forget for this moment the limitations of midi and let
+us go on with some more examples, that show You how to write
+for percussion instruments with Lilypond:
+
+@c (no, seriously, there was no example here. I didn't just forget
+@c to copy it. -gp)
+
+
+
+@knownissues
+
+Because general MIDI does not contain rim shots, the sidestick is
+used for this purpose instead.
+
@section Percussion
@menu
-* Common notation for percussion::
+* Common notation for percussion::
@end menu
@node Common notation for percussion
also be used to show the rhythms of melodies.
@menu
-* References for percussion::
-* Basic percussion notation::
-* Percussion staves::
-* Ghost notes::
+* References for percussion::
+* Basic percussion notation::
+* Drum rolls::
+* Pitched percussion::
+* Percussion staves::
+* Custom percussion staves::
+* Ghost notes::
@end menu
@node References for percussion
@subsubsection References for percussion
-@c TODO Add refs
-TBC
+TODO add more.
+@itemize
+
+@item Some percussion may be notated on a rhythmic staff; this is
+discussed in @ref{Showing melody rhythms}, and
+@ref{Instantiating new staves}.
+
+@item MIDI output is discussed in a separate section; please see
+@ref{Percussion in MIDI}.
+
+@end itemize
@seealso
-Internals Reference: @rinternals{RhythmicStaff}.
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Showing melody rhythms},
+@ref{Instantiating new staves}.
+@ref{Percussion in MIDI}.
+
+Snippets: @rlsr{Percussion}.
@node Basic percussion notation
@cindex percussion
@cindex drums
-
Percussion notes may be entered in @code{\drummode} mode, which is
-similar to the standard mode for entering notes. Each piece of
-percussion has a full name and an abbreviated name, and both can
-be used in input files. The simplest way to enter percussion notes
-is to use the @code{\drums} command, which creates the correct
-context and entry mode for percussion:
+similar to the standard mode for entering notes. The simplest way
+to enter percussion notes is to use the @code{\drums} command,
+which creates the correct context and entry mode for percussion:
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
\drums {
- hihat hh bassdrum bd
+ hihat4 hh bassdrum bd
}
@end lilypond
This is shorthand for:
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
\new DrumStaff {
\drummode {
- hihat hh bassdrum bd
+ hihat4 hh bassdrum bd
}
}
@end lilypond
-Note, that percussion clefs are added automatically in a
-@code{DrumStaff} context. But it is possible to use other clefs
-if you want.
-If You find it too much work to input Your music with these not easy to recognize shortcuts, You could input first
-the music with "normal" pitches and later You can change these
-to percussion pitches witch the search and select function of Your favorite text editor. But please use letters that You don't use
-in Your commands! Otherwise everything gets confused.
-You can find the complete list of drum names and there abbreviations is in the init file
-@rinternals{Appendix B}
-Later on, right in this section, You will find some examples, wich show You how You can enter music for the most important percussion intruments.
-Note that the normal notation of pitches (like e.g. cis 4) in a @code{DrumStaff} context will cause an error message!
-These notes will be also correctly played by midi.
-But You should be aware, that some percussion sounds cannot be reached via the @code{DrumStaff} context. Pitched percussion sounds, like
-Xylophone, Marimaphone, Vibraphone, Timpani, etc. are treated like "normal" instruments and You should input music for these
-instruments in a @code{Staff} context, not in a @code{DrumStaff} context.
-Too make it more complicated:
-some non pitched percussion sounds of the general midi standard, like "melodic-tom", "taiko-drum" "synth drum", etc. cannot
-be reached via midi-channel 10, so You should also use for them a @code{ Staff} context, with "normal" pitches. And, last but not least,
-it should be mentioned, that there are lots of percussion instruments, which are note part of the general midi standard.
-If You want to write for e.g. castanets, You have to find a substitution for this sound (or have a good sampler).
-But let us forget for this moment the limitations of midi and let us go on with some more examples, that show You how to write
-for percussion instruments with Lilypond:
-Drum rolls are indicated with three slashes across the stem.
-For quarter notes or longer the three slashes are shown explicitly,
-eighth notes are shown with two slashes (the beam being the third),
-and drum rolls shorter than eighths have one stem slash to
+Each piece of percussion has a full name and an abbreviated name,
+and both can be used in input files. The full list of percussion
+note names may be found in @ref{Percussion notes}.
+
+Note that the normal notation of pitches (such as @code{cis4}) in
+a @code{DrumStaff} context will cause an error message.
+Percussion clefs are added automatically to a @code{DrumStaff}
+contex, but other clefs may also be used.
+
+There are a few issues concerning MIDI support for percussion
+instruments; for details please see @ref{Percussion in MIDI}.
+
+@seealso
+
+Notation Reference: @ref{Percussion in MIDI}, @ref{Percussion notes}.
+
+File: @file{ly/@/drumpitch@/-init@/.ly}
+
+Snippets: @rlsr{Percussion}.
+
+
+@node Drum rolls
+@subsubsection Drum rolls
+
+Drum rolls are indicated with three slashes across the stem. For
+quarter notes or longer the three slashes are shown explicitly,
+eighth notes are shown with two slashes (the beam being the
+third), and drum rolls shorter than eighths have one stem slash to
supplement the beams. This is achieved with the tremolo notation,
-@code{:32}, see @ref{Tremolo repeats}. Here's an example of
-some snare rolls:
+@code{:32}, as described in @ref{Tremolo repeats}. Here is an
+example of some snare rolls:
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
-\new DrumStaff
-\drummode {
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
+\drums {
\time 2/4
- sn16 sn8 sn16 sn8 sn8:32~ |
- sn8 sn8 sn4:32~ |
- sn4 sn8 sn16 sn16 |
- sn4 r4 |
+ sn16 sn8 sn16 sn8 sn8:32 ~
+ sn8 sn8 sn4:32 ~
+ sn4 sn8 sn16 sn16
+ sn4 r4
}
@end lilypond
after the note. The @code{staff-padding} property may be
overridden to achieve a pleasing baseline.
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
\drums {
- \repeat "unfold" 2 { sn16 ^"L" sn^"R" sn^"L" sn^"L" sn^"R" sn^"L" sn^"R" sn^"R" }
-
+ \repeat unfold 2 {
+ sn16 ^"L" sn^"R" sn^"L" sn^"L" sn^"R" sn^"L" sn^"R" sn^"R"
+ }
}
@end lilypond
+@seealso
+
+Snippets: @rlsr{Percussion}.
+
+
+@node Pitched percussion
+@subsubsection Pitched percussion
+
+Certain pitched percussion instruments (e.g. xylophone,
+vibraphone, and timpani) are written using with normal staffs.
+This is covered in other sections of the manual.
@seealso
-Internals Reference: @rinternals{note-event}.
-@seealso @file{ly/@/drumpitch@/-init@/.ly}
+@c TODO: possibly link to an alternate section of NR 3.5, if
+@c "percussion in MIDI" gets a separate subsubsection for
+@c pitched percussion sounds. -gp
+Notation Reference: @ref{Percussion in MIDI}.
+
+Snippets: @rlsr{Percussion}.
+
+
@node Percussion staves
@subsubsection Percussion staves
+
@cindex percussion
@cindex drums
A percussion part for more than one instrument typically uses a
-multiline staff where each position in the staff refers to one piece
-of percussion.
-
+multiline staff where each position in the staff refers to one
+piece of percussion. To typeset the music, the notes must be
+interpreted in @code{DrumStaff} and @code{DrumVoice} context.
-To typeset the music, the notes must be interpreted in a
-@rinternals{DrumStaff} and @rinternals{DrumVoice} contexts
-
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
-up = \drummode { crashcymbal4 hihat8 halfopenhihat hh hh hh openhihat }
-down = \drummode { bassdrum4 snare8 bd r bd sn4 }
- \new DrumStaff <<
- \new DrumVoice { \voiceOne \up }
- \new DrumVoice { \voiceTwo \down }
- >>
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
+up = \drummode {
+ crashcymbal4 hihat8 halfopenhihat hh hh hh openhihat
+}
+down = \drummode {
+ bassdrum4 snare8 bd r bd sn4
+}
+\new DrumStaff <<
+ \new DrumVoice { \voiceOne \up }
+ \new DrumVoice { \voiceTwo \down }
+>>
@end lilypond
The above example shows verbose polyphonic notation. The short
polyphonic notation, described in @rlearning{I'm hearing Voices},
-can also be used if the @rinternals{DrumVoice}s are instantiated
-by hand first. For example,
+can also be used if the voices are instantiated by hand first.
+For example,
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim]
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
\new DrumStaff <<
- \new DrumVoice = "1" { s1 *2 }
- \new DrumVoice = "2" { s1 *2 }
+ \new DrumVoice = "1" { s1*2 }
+ \new DrumVoice = "2" { s1*2 }
\drummode {
bd4 sn4 bd4 sn4
- <<
- { \repeat unfold 16 hh16 }
- \\
- { bd4 sn4 bd4 sn4 }
- >>
+ << {
+ \repeat unfold 16 hh16
+ } \\ {
+ bd4 sn4 bd4 sn4
+ } >>
}
>>
@end lilypond
-
There are also other layout possibilities. To use these, set the
-property @code{drumStyleTable} in context @rinternals{DrumVoice}.
-The following variables have been predefined
+property @code{drumStyleTable} in context @code{DrumVoice}. The
+following variables have been predefined:
+@c FIXME: decide what to do about this table. (ie verbatim or not)
@table @code
+
@item drums-style
-This is the default. It typesets a typical drum kit on a five-line staff
+This is the default. It typesets a typical drum kit on a
+five-line staff:
@lilypond[quote,line-width=10.0\cm]
nam = \lyricmode {
}
@end lilypond
-The drum scheme supports six different toms. When there are fewer toms,
-simply select the toms that produce the desired result, i.e., to get toms
-on the three middle lines you use @code{tommh}, @code{tomml}, and
-@code{tomfh}.
+The drum scheme supports six different toms. When there are fewer
+toms, simply select the toms that produce the desired result. For
+example, to get toms on the three middle lines you use
+@code{tommh}, @code{tomml}, and @code{tomfh}.
@item timbales-style
-This typesets timbales on a two line staff
+This typesets timbales on a two line staff:
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
nam = \lyricmode { timh ssh timl ssl cb }
@end lilypond
@item congas-style
-This typesets congas on a two line staff
+This typesets congas on a two line staff:
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
nam = \lyricmode { cgh cgho cghm ssh cgl cglo cglm ssl }
@end lilypond
@item bongos-style
-This typesets bongos on a two line staff
+This typesets bongos on a two line staff:
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
nam = \lyricmode { boh boho bohm ssh bol bolo bolm ssl }
@end lilypond
@item percussion-style
-To typeset all kinds of simple percussion on one line staves.
+To typeset all kinds of simple percussion on one line staves:
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
nam = \lyricmode { tri trio trim gui guis guil cb cl tamb cab mar hc }
@end lilypond
@end table
-If you do not like any of the predefined lists you can define your own
-list at the top of your file.
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
+@node Custom percussion staves
+@subsubsection Custom percussion staves
+
+If you do not like any of the predefined lists you can define your
+own list at the top of your file.
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
#(define mydrums '(
(bassdrum default #f -1)
(snare default #f 0)
\new DrumVoice { \voiceTwo \down }
>>
@end lilypond
-You should use this possbility, if You want to write e.g. for an custom made setup of percussion instruments.
-In contemporary music different percussion instruments, even played by only one highly skilled player, will not be written on one but
-on many staves. If You have something like this in mind, You have to define Your own drum (or better expressed: percussion) tables.
+
+
+@snippets
+
+FIXME: MOVE ALL THESE TO LSR! -gp
+
Here are some examples:
+
Two Woodblocks, entered with wbh (high woodblock) and wbl (low woodblock)
- @lilypond
- #(define mydrums '(
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
+#(define mydrums '(
(hiwoodblock default #t 3)
(lowoodblock default #t -2)))
%% These lines define the position of the woodblocks in the stave, if You like, You can change it
}
}
@end lilypond
+
@seealso
-Note that in this special case the length of the barline must altered with @code{ \override Staff.BarLine #'bar-size #number}.
-Otherwise it would be too short. And You have also to define the positions of the to stafflines.
-For more information about these delicate things have a look at @internals{ Staff symbol}
+
+Note that in this special case the length of the barline must
+altered with @code{\override Staff.BarLine #'bar-size #number}.
+Otherwise it would be too short. And You have also to define the
+positions of the to stafflines. For more information about these
+delicate things have a look at @ref{Staff symbol}.
+
+
A tambourine, entered with "tamb":
-@lilypond
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
% tambourine-music is entered with "tamb"
tambustaff = { \override Staff.StaffSymbol #'line-positions = #'( 0 )
\override Staff.BarLine #'bar-size = #3
\set DrumStaff.instrumentName="Tambourine"}
\new DrumStaff {
\tambustaff
- \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums)
+% broken
+% \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums)
\drummode { \time 6/8
\repeat "unfold" 2 { tamb8. tamb16 tamb8 tamb tamb tamb | }
tamb4. tamb8 tamb tamb | tamb2.*5/6 \startTrillSpan s8 \stopTrillSpan |
@end lilypond
Music for Tam-Tam (entered with "tt"):
-@lilypond
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
#(define mydrums '(
(tamtam default #t 0) ) )
tamtamstaff = { \override Staff.StaffSymbol #'line-positions = #'( 0 )
}
}
@end lilypond
+
Two different bells, entered with "cb" (cowbell) and "rb" (ridebell)"
-@lilypond
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
%% bells are enterd with:
% "cb" (cowbell) and "rb" (ridebell)"
#(define mydrums '(
}
}
@end lilypond
+
Here an short example by maestro Stravinsky (from "L'hostire du Soldat")
-@lilypond
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
#(define mydrums '(
(bassdrum default #t 4 )
(snare default #t -4 )
}
@end lilypond
-Init files: @file{ly/@/drumpitch@/-init@/.ly}.
-With some tricks it is even possible to create symbols for percussion beaters:
-%%% I'm waiting for the mail of Valentin, the link to his example has broken.
-Internals Reference: @rinternals{DrumStaff}, @rinternals{DrumVoice}.
+@seealso
-@knownissues
+Snippets: @rlsr{Percussion}.
+
+Internals Reference: @rinternals{DrumStaff}, @rinternals{DrumVoice}.
-Because general MIDI does not contain rim shots, the sidestick is used
-for this purpose instead.
@c TODO: check name -gp
@subsubsection Ghost notes
Ghost notes for drums and percussion may be created using the
-@code{\parenthesize} command detailed in @ref{Parentheses}. However,
-the default @code{\drummode} does
-not include the @code{Parenthesis_engraver} plugin which allows
-this.
+@code{\parenthesize} command detailed in @ref{Parentheses}.
+However, the default @code{\drummode} does not include the
+@code{Parenthesis_engraver} plugin which allows this.
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment]
\new DrumStaff \with {
<<
{
hh8[ hh] <hh sn> hh16
- < \parenthesize sn > hh < \parenthesize
- sn > hh8 <hh sn> hh
+ < \parenthesize sn > hh
+ < \parenthesize sn > hh8 <hh sn> hh
} \\ {
bd4 r4 bd8 bd r8 bd
}
Also note that you must add chords (@code{< >} brackets)
around each @code{\parenthesize} statement.
+@seealso
+
+Snippets: @rlsr{Percussion}.
projects / lilypond.git / commitdiff