Guide, node Updating translation committishes..
@end ignore
-@c \version "2.14.0"
+@c \version "2.17.30"
@ignore
GDP TODO list
Could we add a sentence:
"Use instead the pair fontSize = #@var{N}
- \override StaffSymbol #'staff-space = #(magstep
+ \override StaffSymbol.staff-space = #(magstep
@var{N})
inside the Staff context to change the size of the font and the
distance between
Two types of blocks can contain layout settings:
@code{\paper @{@dots{}@}} and @code{\layout @{@dots{}@}}. The
-@code{\paper} block contains page layout settings that are
-expected to be the same for all scores in a book, such as the
+@code{\paper} block contains page layout settings that are expected
+to be the same for all scores in a book or bookpart, such as the
paper height, or whether to print page numbers, etc. See
@ref{Page layout}. The @code{\layout} block contains score layout
settings, such as the number of systems to use, or the space
block.
@menu
-* The \paper block::
+* The paper block::
* Paper size and automatic scaling::
-* Fixed vertical spacing \paper variables::
-* Flexible vertical spacing \paper variables::
-* Horizontal spacing \paper variables::
-* Other \paper variables::
+* Fixed vertical spacing paper variables::
+* Flexible vertical spacing paper variables::
+* Horizontal spacing paper variables::
+* Other paper variables::
@end menu
-@node The \paper block
-@subsection The @code{\paper} block
+@node The paper block
+@subsection The @code{@bs{}paper} block
+
+@code{\paper} blocks may be placed in three different places to form
+a descending hierarchy of @code{\paper} blocks:
+
+@itemize
+
+@item
+At the top of the input file, before all @code{\book},
+@code{\bookpart}, and @code{\score} blocks.
+
+@item
+Within a @code{\book} block but outside all the @code{\bookpart} and
+@code{\score} blocks within that book.
+
+@item
+Within a @code{\bookpart} block but outside all @code{\score} blocks
+within that bookpart.
+
+@end itemize
+
+A @code{\paper} block cannot be placed within a @code{\score} block.
+
+The values of the fields filter down this hierarchy, with the values
+set higher in the hierarchy persisting unless they are over-ridden
+by a value set lower in the hierarchy.
+
+Several @code{\paper} blocks can appear at each of the levels, for
+example as parts of several @code{\include}d files. If so, the
+fields at each level are merged, with values encountered last taking
+precedence if duplicated fields appear.
-The @code{\paper} block can appear within a @code{\book} block,
-but not within a @code{\score} block. Settings in a @code{\paper}
-block apply to the entire book, which may include multiple scores.
Settings that can appear in a @code{\paper} block include:
@itemize
@code{\paper} variables that deal with page layout are discussed
in later sections. The markup definitions that deal with headers,
footers, and titles are discussed in
-@ref{Custom headers footers and titles}.
+@ref{Custom titles headers and footers}.
Most @code{\paper} variables will only work in a @code{\paper}
block. The few that will also work in a @code{\layout} block are
-listed in @ref{The \layout block}.
+listed in @ref{The layout block,,The @code{@bs{}layout} block}.
Except when specified otherwise, all @code{\paper} variables that
correspond to distances on the page are measured in millimeters,
@seealso
Notation Reference:
@ref{Paper size and automatic scaling},
-@ref{Custom headers footers and titles},
-@ref{The \layout block}.
+@ref{Custom titles headers and footers},
+@ref{The layout block,,The @code{@bs{}layout} block}.
Installed Files:
@file{ly/paper-defaults-init.ly}.
@funindex \paper
@menu
-* Setting paper size::
+* Setting the paper size::
* Automatic scaling to paper size::
@end menu
-@node Setting paper size
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Setting paper size
+@node Setting the paper size
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Setting the paper size
-Two functions are available for changing the paper size:
-@code{set-default-paper-size} and @code{set-paper-size}.
-@code{set-default-paper-size} must be placed in the toplevel
-scope, and @code{set-paper-size} must be placed in a @code{\paper}
-block:
+@q{A4} is the default value when no explicit paper size is set. However,
+there are two functions that can be used to change it:
+
+@table @code
+@item set-default-paper-size
@example
-#(set-default-paper-size "a4")
+#(set-default-paper-size "quarto")
@end example
+which must always be placed at the toplevel scope, and
+
+@item set-paper-size
+
@example
\paper @{
- #(set-paper-size "a4")
+ #(set-paper-size "tabloid")
@}
@end example
-@noindent
-In the toplevel scope, the @code{set-default-paper-size} function
-can safely be called anywhere before the first @code{\paper}
-block. Within a @code{\paper} block, the safest place to call
-@code{set-paper-size} is at the top, above the list of variable
-declarations. The reasons for this are discussed in
-@ref{Automatic scaling to paper size}.
+which must always be placed in a @code{\paper} block.
+@end table
-@code{set-default-paper-size} sets the size of all pages, whereas
-@code{set-paper-size} only sets the size of the pages that the
-@code{\paper} block applies to. For example, if the @code{\paper}
-block is at the top of the file, then it will apply the paper size
-to all pages. If the @code{\paper} block is inside a
+If the @code{set-default-paper-size} function is used in the toplevel
+scope, it must come before any @code{\paper} block.
+@code{set-default-paper-size} sets the paper size for all pages,
+whereas @code{set-paper-size} only sets the paper size for the pages
+that the @code{\paper} block applies to. For example, if the
+@code{\paper} block is at the top of the file, then it will apply the
+paper size to all pages. If the @code{\paper} block is inside a
@code{\book}, then the paper size will only apply to that book.
-Common paper sizes are available, including @code{a4},
-@code{letter}, @code{legal}, and @code{11x17} (also known as
-tabloid). Many more paper sizes are supported by default. For
-details, see @file{scm/paper.scm}, and search for the
-definition of @code{paper-alist}.
+When the @code{set-paper-size} function is used, it must be
+placed @emph{before} any other functions used within the same
+@code{\paper} block. See @ref{Automatic scaling to paper size}.
-@c TODO add a new appendix for paper sizes (auto-generated) -pm
+Paper sizes are defined in @file{scm/paper.scm}, and while it is
+possible to add custom sizes, they will be overwritten on subsequent
+software updates. The available paper sizes are listed in
+@ref{Predefined paper sizes}.
-@warning{The default paper size is @code{a4}.}
+@c An appendix entry exists for paper sizes but is not auto-generated
+
+The following command can be used in the file to add a custom paper size
+which can then be used with @code{set-default-paper-size} or
+@code{set-paper-size} as appropriate,
+
+@example
+#(set! paper-alist (cons '("my size" . (cons (* 15 in) (* 3 in))) paper-alist))
+
+\paper @{
+ #(set-paper-size "my size")
+@}
+@end example
-Extra sizes may be added by editing the definition of
-@code{paper-alist} in the initialization file
-@file{scm/paper.scm}, however they will be overridden on a
-subsequent install.
+The units @code{in} (inches), @code{cm} (centimeters) and @code{mm}
+(millimeters) can all be used.
-@cindex orientation
-@cindex landscape
+@cindex paper size, orientation
+@cindex page, orientation
+@cindex paper size, landscape
-If the symbol @code{'landscape} is supplied as an argument to
-@code{set-default-paper-size}, pages will be rotated by 90
-degrees, and wider line widths will be set accordingly.
+If the symbol @code{'landscape} is added to the paper size function,
+pages will be rotated by 90 degrees, and wider line widths will be set
+accordingly.
@example
#(set-default-paper-size "a6" 'landscape)
@end example
+Swapping the paper dimensions @emph{without} having the print rotated
+(like when printing to postcard size, or creating graphics for inclusion
+rather than a standalone document) can be achieved by appending
+@samp{landscape} to the name of the paper size itself:
+
+@example
+#(set-default-paper-size "a6landscape")
+@end example
+
+When the paper size ends with an explicit @samp{landscape} or
+@samp{portrait}, the presence of a @code{'landscape} symbol @emph{only}
+affects print orientation, not the paper dimensions used for layout.
+
@seealso
Notation Reference:
-@ref{Automatic scaling to paper size}.
+@ref{Automatic scaling to paper size},
+@ref{Predefined paper sizes}.
Installed Files:
@file{scm/paper.scm}.
@code{paper-width} can influence other values (this is separate
from scaling and is discussed below). The
@code{set-default-paper-size} and @code{set-paper-size} functions
-are described in @ref{Setting paper size}.
+are described in @ref{Setting the paper size}.
The vertical dimensions affected by automatic scaling are
@code{top-margin} and @code{bottom-margin} (see
-@ref{Fixed vertical spacing \paper variables}). The horizontal
+@ref{Fixed vertical spacing paper variables,,Fixed vertical spacing @code{@bs{}paper} variables}).
+The horizontal
dimensions affected by automatic scaling are @code{left-margin},
@code{right-margin}, @code{inner-margin}, @code{outer-margin},
@code{binding-offset}, @code{indent}, and @code{short-indent} (see
-@ref{Horizontal spacing \paper variables}).
+@ref{Horizontal spacing paper variables,,Horizontal spacing @code{@bs{}paper} variables}).
The default values for these dimensions are set in
@file{ly/paper-defaults-init.ly}, using internal variables named
@seealso
Notation Reference:
-@ref{Fixed vertical spacing \paper variables},
-@ref{Horizontal spacing \paper variables}.
+@ref{Fixed vertical spacing paper variables,,Fixed vertical spacing @code{@bs{}paper} variables},
+@ref{Horizontal spacing paper variables,,Horizontal spacing @code{@bs{}paper} variables}.
Installed Files:
@file{ly/paper-defaults-init.ly},
@file{scm/paper.scm}.
-@node Fixed vertical spacing \paper variables
-@subsection Fixed vertical spacing @code{\paper} variables
+@node Fixed vertical spacing paper variables
+@subsection Fixed vertical spacing @code{@bs{}paper} variables
@warning{Some @code{@bs{}paper} dimensions are automatically
scaled to the paper size, which may lead to unexpected behavior.
If set to false, systems will spread vertically down the last
page. Pieces that amply fill two pages or more should have this
-set to true. It also affects the last page of book parts, i.e.
+set to false. It also affects the last page of book parts, i.e.
parts of a book created with @code{\bookpart} blocks.
@end table
@rlsr{Spacing}.
@knownissues
-
The titles (from the @code{\header} block) are treated as a
system, so @code{ragged-bottom} and @code{ragged-last-bottom} will
add space between the titles and the first system of the score.
+Explicitly defined paper-sizes will override any user-defined top or
+bottom margin settings.
-@node Flexible vertical spacing \paper variables
-@subsection Flexible vertical spacing @code{\paper} variables
+
+@node Flexible vertical spacing paper variables
+@subsection Flexible vertical spacing @code{@bs{}paper} variables
In most cases, it is preferable for the vertical distances between
certain items (such as margins, titles, systems, and separate
@menu
* Structure of flexible vertical spacing alists::
-* List of flexible vertical spacing \paper variables::
+* List of flexible vertical spacing paper variables::
@end menu
@end itemize
+For multi-page scores with a ragged bottom on the last page, the last
+page uses the same spacing as the preceding page, provided there is
+enough space for that.
+
Specific methods for modifying alists are discussed in
@ref{Modifying alists}. The following example demonstrates the
two ways these alists can be modified. The first declaration
@end example
-@node List of flexible vertical spacing \paper variables
-@unnumberedsubsubsec List of flexible vertical spacing @code{\paper} variables
+@node List of flexible vertical spacing paper variables
+@unnumberedsubsubsec List of flexible vertical spacing @code{@bs{}paper} variables
The names of these variables follow the format
@code{@var{upper}-@var{lower}-spacing}, where @code{@var{upper}}
@rlsr{Spacing}.
-@node Horizontal spacing \paper variables
-@subsection Horizontal spacing @code{\paper} variables
+@node Horizontal spacing paper variables
+@subsection Horizontal spacing @code{@bs{}paper} variables
@warning{Some @code{@bs{}paper} dimensions are automatically
scaled to the paper size, which may lead to unexpected behavior.
See @ref{Automatic scaling to paper size}.}
@menu
-* \paper variables for widths and margins::
-* \paper variables for two-sided mode::
-* \paper variables for shifts and indents::
+* paper variables for widths and margins::
+* paper variables for two-sided mode::
+* paper variables for shifts and indents::
@end menu
-@node \paper variables for widths and margins
-@unnumberedsubsubsec @code{\paper} variables for widths and margins
+@node paper variables for widths and margins
+@unnumberedsubsubsec @code{@bs{}paper} variables for widths and margins
Default values (before scaling) that are not listed here are
defined in @file{ly/paper-defaults-init.ly}.
Installed Files:
@file{ly/paper-defaults-init.ly}.
+@knownissues
+Explicitly defined paper-sizes will override any user-defined left or
+right margin settings.
+
-@node \paper variables for two-sided mode
-@unnumberedsubsubsec @code{\paper} variables for two-sided mode
+@node paper variables for two-sided mode
+@unnumberedsubsubsec @code{@bs{}paper} variables for two-sided mode
Default values (before scaling) are defined in
@file{ly/paper-defaults-init.ly}.
@file{ly/paper-defaults-init.ly}.
-@node \paper variables for shifts and indents
-@unnumberedsubsubsec @code{\paper} variables for shifts and indents
+@node paper variables for shifts and indents
+@unnumberedsubsubsec @code{@bs{}paper} variables for shifts and indents
Default values (before scaling) that are not listed here are
defined in @file{ly/paper-defaults-init.ly}.
@rlsr{Spacing}.
-@node Other \paper variables
-@subsection Other @code{\paper} variables
+@node Other paper variables
+@subsection Other @code{@bs{}paper} variables
@menu
-* \paper variables for line breaking::
-* \paper variables for page breaking::
-* \paper variables for page numbering::
-* Miscellaneous \paper variables::
+* paper variables for line breaking::
+* paper variables for page breaking::
+* paper variables for page numbering::
+* Miscellaneous paper variables::
@end menu
-@node \paper variables for line breaking
-@unnumberedsubsubsec @code{\paper} variables for line breaking
-
-@c TODO: Mention that ly:optimal-breaking is on by default? -mp
+@node paper variables for line breaking
+@unnumberedsubsubsec @code{@bs{}paper} variables for line breaking
@table @code
@ref{Line breaking}.
-@node \paper variables for page breaking
-@unnumberedsubsubsec @code{\paper} variables for page breaking
+@node paper variables for page breaking
+@unnumberedsubsubsec @code{@bs{}paper} variables for page breaking
Default values not listed here are defined in
@file{ly/paper-defaults-init.ly}
@table @code
-@item blank-after-score-page-force
-@funindex blank-after-score-page-force
-
-The penalty for having a blank page after the end of one score and
-before the next. By default, this is smaller than
-@code{blank-page-force}, so that we prefer blank pages after
-scores to blank pages within a score.
-
-@item blank-last-page-force
-@funindex blank-last-page-force
-
-The penalty for ending the score on an odd-numbered page.
-
-@item blank-page-force
-@funindex blank-page-force
-
-The penalty for having a blank page in the middle of a
-score. This is not used by @code{ly:optimal-breaking} since it will
-never consider blank pages in the middle of a score.
-
@item page-breaking
@funindex page-breaking
The page-breaking algorithm to use. Choices are
-@code{ly:minimal-breaking}, @code{ly:page-turn-breaking}, and
-@code{ly:optimal-breaking}.
+@code{ly:minimal-breaking}, @code{ly:page-turn-breaking},
+@code{ly:one-line-breaking} and @code{ly:optimal-breaking}
+(the default).
@item page-breaking-system-system-spacing
@funindex page-breaking-system-system-spacing
@end table
+The following variables are effective only when @code{page-breaking}
+is set to @code{ly:page-turn-breaking}. Page breaks are then chosen
+to minimize the number of page turns. Since page turns are required
+on moving from an odd-numbered page to an even-numbered one, a
+layout in which the last page is odd-numbered will usually be
+favoured. Places where page turns are preferred can be indicated
+manually by inserting @code{\allowPageTurn} or automatically by
+including the @code{Page_turn_engraver} (see @ref{Optimal page turning}).
+
+If there are insufficient choices available for making suitable page
+turns, LilyPond may insert a blank page either within a score, between
+scores (if there are two or more scores), or by ending a score on an
+even-numbered page. The values of the following three variables may
+be increased to make these actions less likely.
+
+The values are penalties, i.e. the higher the value the less likely
+will be the associated action relative to other choices.
+
+@table @code
+
+@item blank-page-penalty
+@funindex blank-page-penalty
+
+The penalty for having a blank page in the middle of a score. If
+@code{blank-page-penalty} is large and @code{ly:page-turn-breaking} is
+selected, then LilyPond will be less likely to insert a page in the
+middle of a score. Instead, it will space out the music further to
+fill the blank page and the following one. Default: 5.
+
+@item blank-last-page-penalty
+@funindex blank-last-page-penalty
+
+The penalty for ending the score on an even-numbered page. If
+@code{blank-last-page-penalty} is large and
+@code{ly:page-turn-breaking} is selected, then LilyPond will be less
+likely to produce a score in which the last page is even-numbered.
+Instead, it will adjust the spacing in order to use one page more or
+one page less. Default: 0.
+
+@item blank-after-score-page-penalty
+@funindex blank-after-score-page-penalty
+
+The penalty for having a blank page after the end of one score and
+before the next. By default, this is smaller than
+@code{blank-page-penalty}, so that blank pages after scores are
+inserted in preference to blank pages within a score. Default: 2.
+
+@end table
+
+
@seealso
Notation Reference:
@ref{Page breaking},
@ref{Optimal page breaking},
@ref{Optimal page turning},
-@ref{Minimal page breaking}.
+@ref{Minimal page breaking},
+@ref{One-line page breaking}.
Installed Files:
@file{ly/paper-defaults-init.ly}.
-@node \paper variables for page numbering
-@unnumberedsubsubsec @code{\paper} variables for page numbering
+@node paper variables for page numbering
+@unnumberedsubsubsec @code{@bs{}paper} variables for page numbering
Default values not listed here are defined in
@file{ly/paper-defaults-init.ly}
of the cover page so that page 1 is on the right hand side.
-@node Miscellaneous \paper variables
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Miscellaneous @code{\paper} variables
+@node Miscellaneous paper variables
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Miscellaneous @code{@bs{}paper} variables
@table @code
The relative importance of page (vertical) spacing and line
(horizontal) spacing. High values will make page spacing more
-important. Default: @code{#10}.
+important. Default: @code{10}.
@item print-all-headers
@funindex print-all-headers
@end table
-
@seealso
Installed Files:
@file{ly/titling-init.ly}.
Snippets:
@rlsr{Spacing}.
-
@knownissues
-
The default page header puts the page number and the @code{instrument}
field from the @code{\header} block on a line.
block.
@menu
-* The \layout block::
+* The layout block::
* Setting the staff size::
@end menu
-@node The \layout block
-@subsection The @code{\layout} block
+@node The layout block
+@subsection The @code{@bs{}layout} block
@funindex \layout
@item
@code{line-width}, @code{ragged-right} and @code{ragged-last}
-(see @ref{\paper variables for widths and margins})
+(see @ref{paper variables for widths and margins,,@code{@bs{}paper} variables for widths and margins})
@item
@code{indent} and @code{short-indent}
-(see @ref{\paper variables for shifts and indents})
+(see @ref{paper variables for shifts and indents,,@code{@bs{}paper} variables for shifts and indents})
@item
@code{system-count}
-(see @ref{\paper variables for line breaking})
+(see @ref{paper variables for line breaking,,@code{@bs{}paper} variables for line breaking})
@end itemize
indent = 2\cm
\context @{
\StaffGroup
- \override StaffGrouper #'staff-staff-spacing #'basic-distance = #8
+ \override StaffGrouper.staff-staff-spacing.basic-distance = #8
+ @}
+ \context @{
+ \Voice
+ \override TextScript.padding = #1
+ \override Glissando.thickness = #3
+ @}
+@}
+@end example
+
+Multiple @code{\layout} blocks can be entered as toplevel expressions.
+This can, for example, be useful if different settings are stored in
+separate files and included optionally. Internally, when
+a @code{\layout} block is evaluated, a copy of the current
+@code{\layout} configuration is made, then any changes defined within
+the block are applied and the result is saved as the new current
+configuration. From the user's perspective the @code{\layout} blocks
+are combined, but in conflicting situations (when the same property
+is changed in different blocks) the later definitions take precedence.
+
+For example, if this block:
+
+@example
+\layout @{
+ \context @{
+ \Voice
+ \override TextScript.color = #magenta
+ \override Glissando.thickness = #1.5
+ @}
+@}
+@end example
+
+is placed after the one from the preceding example the @code{'padding}
+and @code{'color} overrides for @code{TextScript} are combined, but
+the later @code{'thickness} override for @code{Glissando} replaces
+(or hides) the earlier one.
+
+@code{\layout} blocks may be assigned to variables for reuse later,
+but the way this works is slightly but significantly different from
+writing them literally.
+
+If a variable is defined like this:
+
+@example
+layoutVariable = \layout @{
+ \context @{
+ \Voice
+ \override NoteHead.font-size = #4
@}
+@}
+@end example
+
+it will hold the current @code{\layout} configuration with the
+@code{NoteHead.font-size} override added, but this combination
+is @emph{not} saved as the new current configuration. Be aware
+that the @q{current configuration} is read when the variable is
+defined and not when it is used, so the content of the variable
+is dependent on its position in the source.
+
+The variable can then be used inside another @code{\layout} block,
+for example:
+
+@example
+\layout @{
+ \layoutVariable
\context @{
\Voice
- \override TextScript #'padding = #1
- \override Glissando #'thickness = #3
+ \override NoteHead.color = #red
@}
@}
@end example
+A @code{\layout} block containing a variable, as in the example above,
+does @emph{not} copy the current configuration but instead uses the
+content of @code{\layoutVariable} as the base configuration for the
+further additions. This means that any changes defined between the
+definition and the use of the variable are lost.
+
+If @code{layoutVariable} is defined (or @code{\include}d) immediately
+before being used, its content is just the current configuration plus
+the overrides defined within it. So in the example above showing the
+use of @code{\layoutVariable} the final @code{\layout} block would
+consist of:
+
+@example
+ TextScript.padding = #1
+ TextScript.color = #magenta
+ Glissando.thickness = #1.5
+ NoteHead.font-size = #4
+ NoteHead.color = #red
+@end example
+
+plus the @code{indent} and the @code{StaffGrouper} overrides.
+
+But if the variable had already been defined before the first
+@code{\layout} block the current configuration would now contain
+only
+
+@example
+ NoteHead.font-size = #4 % (written in the variable definition)
+ NoteHead.color = #red % (added after the use of the variable)
+@end example
+
+If carefully planned, @code{\layout} variables can be a valuable tool
+to structure the layout design of sources, and also to reset the
+@code{\layout} configuration to a known state.
@seealso
Notation Reference:
@rinternals{StaffSymbol}) can be used to tune the size for individual
staves. The sizes of individual staves are relative to the global size.
-
@seealso
Notation Reference:
@ref{Selecting notation font size}.
Snippets:
@rlsr{Spacing}.
-
@knownissues
-
@code{layout-set-staff-size} does not change the distance between the
staff lines.
* Optimal page breaking::
* Optimal page turning::
* Minimal page breaking::
+* One-line page breaking::
* Explicit breaks::
* Using an extra voice for breaks::
@end menu
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
\new Voice \with {
- \remove Forbid_line_break_engraver
+ \remove "Forbid_line_break_engraver"
} \relative c'' {
<<
- { c2. \times 2/3 { c4 c c } c2. | }
+ { c2. \tuplet 3/2 { c4 c c } c2. | }
{ s1 | \break s1 | }
>>
}
Similarly, line breaks are normally forbidden when beams cross bar
lines. This behavior can be changed by setting
-@code{\override Beam #'breakable = ##t}:
+@code{\override Beam.breakable = ##t}:
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,relative=2,verbatim]
-\override Beam #'breakable = ##t
+\override Beam.breakable = ##t
c2. c8[ c | \break
c8 c] c2. |
@end lilypond
>>
@end example
-@c TODO Check this
-A linebreaking configuration can be saved as a @file{.ly} file
-automatically. This allows vertical alignments to be stretched to
-fit pages in a second formatting run. This is fairly new and
-complicated. More details are available in
-@rlsr{Spacing}.
-
@predefined
@funindex \break
@code{\noBreak}.
@endpredefined
-
@seealso
Notation Reference:
-@ref{\paper variables for line breaking}.
+@ref{paper variables for line breaking,,@code{@bs{}paper} variables for line breaking}.
Snippets:
@rlsr{Spacing}.
There are also analogous settings to @code{ragged-right} and
@code{ragged-last} which have the same effect on vertical spacing:
@code{ragged-bottom} and @code{ragged-last-bottom}. If set to
-@code{##t} the systems on all pages or just the last page
+@code{#t} the systems on all pages or just the last page
respectively will not be justified vertically. See
-@ref{Fixed vertical spacing \paper variables}.
+@ref{Fixed vertical spacing paper variables,,Fixed vertical spacing @code{@bs{}paper} variables}.
Page breaks are computed by the @code{page-breaking} function. LilyPond
provides three algorithms for computing page breaks,
@code{\noPageBreak}.
@endpredefined
-
@seealso
Notation Reference:
-@ref{\paper variables for page breaking}.
+@ref{paper variables for page breaking,,@code{@bs{}paper} variables for page breaking}.
Snippets:
@rlsr{Spacing}.
cramping and stretching, both horizontally and vertically. Unlike
@code{ly:page-turn-breaking}, it has no concept of page turns.
-
@seealso
Snippets:
@rlsr{Spacing}.
The @code{Page_turn_engraver} reads the context property
@code{minimumPageTurnLength} to determine how long a note-free section must
be before a page turn is considered. The default value for
-@code{minimumPageTurnLength} is @code{#(ly:make-moment 1 1)}. If you want
+@code{minimumPageTurnLength} is @code{(ly:make-moment 1/1)}. If you want
to disable page turns, you can set it to something very large.
@example
a4 b c d |
R1 | % a page turn will be allowed here
a4 b c d |
- \set Staff.minimumPageTurnLength = #(ly:make-moment 5 2)
+ \set Staff.minimumPageTurnLength = #(ly:make-moment 5/2)
R1 | % a page turn will not be allowed here
a4 b r2 |
R1*2 | % a page turn will be allowed here
@code{\allowPageTurn}, may also be used at top-level, between scores and
top-level markups.
-
@predefined
@funindex \pageTurn
@code{\pageTurn},
@code{\allowPageTurn}.
@endpredefined
-
@seealso
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{paper variables for line breaking,,@code{@bs{}paper} variables for line breaking}.
+
Snippets:
@rlsr{Spacing}.
-
@knownissues
-
There should only be one @code{Page_turn_engraver} in a score. If there is more
than one, they will interfere with each other.
@}
@end example
-
@seealso
Snippets:
@rlsr{Spacing}.
+@node One-line page breaking
+@subsection One-line page breaking
+
+@funindex ly:one-line-breaking
+
+The @code{ly:one-line-breaking} function is a special-purpose
+page breaking algorithm that puts each score on its own page,
+and on a single line. This page breaking function does not
+typeset titles or margins; only the score will be displayed.
+
+The page width will be adjusted so that
+the longest score fits on one line. In particular,
+@code{paper-width}, @code{line-width} and @code{indent}
+variables in the @code{\paper} block will be ignored, although
+@code{left-margin} and @code{right-margin} will
+still be honored. The height of the page will
+be left unmodified.
@node Explicit breaks
@subsection Explicit breaks
commands. There are two commands to override this behavior:
@example
-\override NonMusicalPaperColumn #'line-break-permission = ##f
-\override NonMusicalPaperColumn #'page-break-permission = ##f
+\override NonMusicalPaperColumn.line-break-permission = ##f
+\override NonMusicalPaperColumn.page-break-permission = ##f
@end example
When @code{line-break-permission} is overridden to false, Lily will insert
\layout {
\context {
\Score
- \override NonMusicalPaperColumn #'line-break-permission = ##f
- \override NonMusicalPaperColumn #'page-break-permission = ##f
+ \override NonMusicalPaperColumn.line-break-permission = ##f
+ \override NonMusicalPaperColumn.page-break-permission = ##f
}
}
}
@end lilypond
-
@seealso
Snippets:
@rlsr{Spacing}.
@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
music = \relative c'' { c4 c c c }
-\score {
- \new Staff <<
- \new Voice {
- s1 * 2 \break
- s1 * 3 \break
- s1 * 6 \break
- s1 * 5 \break
- }
- \new Voice {
- \repeat unfold 2 { \music }
- \repeat unfold 3 { \music }
- \repeat unfold 6 { \music }
- \repeat unfold 5 { \music }
- }
- >>
+\header { tagline = ##f }
+\paper { left-margin = 0\mm }
+\book {
+ \score {
+ \new Staff <<
+ \new Voice {
+ s1 * 2 \break
+ s1 * 3 \break
+ s1 * 6 \break
+ s1 * 5 \break
+ }
+ \new Voice {
+ \repeat unfold 2 { \music }
+ \repeat unfold 3 { \music }
+ \repeat unfold 6 { \music }
+ \repeat unfold 5 { \music }
+ }
+ >>
+ }
}
@end lilypond
@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
music = \relative c'' { c4 c c c }
-\score {
- \new Staff <<
- \new Voice {
- \overrideProperty "Score.NonMusicalPaperColumn"
- #'line-break-system-details #'((Y-offset . 0))
- s1 * 2 \break
-
- \overrideProperty "Score.NonMusicalPaperColumn"
- #'line-break-system-details #'((Y-offset . 35))
- s1 * 3 \break
-
- \overrideProperty "Score.NonMusicalPaperColumn"
- #'line-break-system-details #'((Y-offset . 70))
- s1 * 6 \break
-
- \overrideProperty "Score.NonMusicalPaperColumn"
- #'line-break-system-details #'((Y-offset . 105))
- s1 * 5 \break
- }
- \new Voice {
- \repeat unfold 2 { \music }
- \repeat unfold 3 { \music }
- \repeat unfold 6 { \music }
- \repeat unfold 5 { \music }
- }
- >>
+\header { tagline = ##f }
+\paper { left-margin = 0\mm }
+\book {
+ \score {
+ \new Staff <<
+ \new Voice {
+ \overrideProperty Score.NonMusicalPaperColumn.line-break-system-details
+ #'((Y-offset . 0))
+ s1 * 2 \break
+
+ \overrideProperty Score.NonMusicalPaperColumn.line-break-system-details
+ #'((Y-offset . 5))
+ s1 * 3 \break
+
+ \overrideProperty Score.NonMusicalPaperColumn.line-break-system-details
+ #'((Y-offset . 15))
+ s1 * 6 \break
+
+ \overrideProperty Score.NonMusicalPaperColumn.line-break-system-details
+ #'((Y-offset . 30))
+ s1 * 5 \break
+ }
+ \new Voice {
+ \repeat unfold 2 { \music }
+ \repeat unfold 3 { \music }
+ \repeat unfold 6 { \music }
+ \repeat unfold 5 { \music }
+ }
+ >>
+ }
}
@end lilypond
-
@seealso
Notation Reference:
@ref{Vertical spacing}.
individual systems. The vertical spacing between separate
systems, scores, markups, and margins is controlled by
@code{\paper} variables, which are discussed in
-@ref{Flexible vertical spacing \paper variables}.
+@ref{Flexible vertical spacing paper variables,,Flexible vertical spacing @code{@bs{}paper} variables}.
@menu
* Within-system spacing properties::
spaced. Note that @code{@var{item2}} is not necessarily below
@code{@var{item1}}; for example,
@code{nonstaff-relatedstaff-spacing} will measure upwards from the
-non-staff line if @code{staff-affinity} is @code{#UP}.
+non-staff line if @code{staff-affinity} is @code{UP}.
Each distance is measured between the @emph{reference points} of
the two items. The reference point for a staff is the vertical
@item @code{ChordNames} @tab baseline
@item @code{NoteNames} @tab baseline
@item @code{Lyrics} @tab baseline
-@item @code{Dynamics} @tab vertical center
+@item @code{Dynamics} @tab mid-height of @q{m}
@item @code{FiguredBass} @tab highest point
@item @code{FretBoards} @tab top line
@end multitable
#(define zero-space '((padding . -inf.0) (basic-distance . 0)))
alignToZero = \with {
- \override VerticalAxisGroup #'nonstaff-relatedstaff-spacing = #zero-space
- \override VerticalAxisGroup #'nonstaff-nonstaff-spacing = #zero-space
+ \override VerticalAxisGroup.nonstaff-relatedstaff-spacing = #zero-space
+ \override VerticalAxisGroup.nonstaff-nonstaff-spacing = #zero-space
+ \override VerticalAxisGroup.staff-affinity = #DOWN
+ \remove Text_engraver % avoid having two
+ \consists Text_engraver
}
lowerCaseChords = \with {
chordNameLowercaseMinor = ##t
}
-staffAffinityDown = \with {
- \override VerticalAxisGroup #'staff-affinity = #DOWN
-}
labelContext =
#(define-music-function
(parser location context)
(string?)
- #{ s1*0^\markup { \typewriter $context } #})
+ #{ s1*0^\markup { \upright {\typewriter #context } } #})
\layout {
\context { \Dynamics \alignToZero }
\context { \FiguredBass \alignToZero }
\context { \Lyrics \alignToZero }
- \context { \NoteNames \alignToZero \staffAffinityDown }
- \context { \ChordNames \alignToZero
- \staffAffinityDown
- \lowerCaseChords }
- \context { \FretBoards \alignToZero \staffAffinityDown }
+ \context { \NoteNames \alignToZero }
+ \context { \ChordNames \alignToZero \lowerCaseChords }
+ \context { \FretBoards \alignToZero }
\context { \Score
- \override BarLine #'stencil = ##f
- \override DynamicText #'self-alignment-X = #-1
- \override FretBoard #'X-offset = #1.75
- \override InstrumentName #'minimum-Y-extent = #'(-2 . 2)
- \override InstrumentName #'extra-offset = #'(0 . -0.5)
- \override TextScript #'minimum-Y-extent = #'(-2 . 3)
- \override TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f
+ \omit BarLine
+ \override DynamicText.self-alignment-X = #-1
+ \override FretBoard.X-offset = #1.75
+ \override InstrumentName.minimum-Y-extent = #'(-1 . 2)
+ \textLengthOn
+ \omit TimeSignature
}
}
%% These contexts have reference points at the baseline:
%% ChordNames, NoteNames, and Lyrics
<<
- \new ChordNames { \chords { g1:m } }
- \new NoteNames { s1 | g1 | }
- \new RhythmicStaff {
- \set RhythmicStaff.instrumentName = #"baseline "
- \textLengthOn
- \labelContext "ChordNames " s1 |
- \labelContext "NoteNames " s1 |
- \labelContext "Lyrics" s1 |
- }
- \new Lyrics { \lyrics { \skip 1*2 | ghijk1 | } }
+ \new ChordNames { \chords { \labelContext "ChordNames" g1:m } }
+ \new NoteNames { s1 |\labelContext "NoteNames" g1 | }
+ \new Lyrics { \lyrics { \skip 1*2 | \labelContext "Lyrics" ghijk1 | } }
+ \new RhythmicStaff \with { instrumentName = #"baseline " } s1*3
>>
-%% The reference point for Dynamics is its vertical center
+%% The reference point for Dynamics is the midline of 'm' in the font
<<
- \new RhythmicStaff {
- \set RhythmicStaff.instrumentName = #"vertical center "
- \labelContext "Dynamics" s1*3
- }
- \new Dynamics { s1\mp s\fp }
+ \new Dynamics { \labelContext "Dynamics" s1\mp s\fp }
+ \new RhythmicStaff \with { instrumentName = #"mid-height " } s1*3
>>
%% The reference point for FiguredBass is its highest point
<<
- \new RhythmicStaff {
- \set RhythmicStaff.instrumentName = #"highest point "
- \labelContext "FiguredBass" s1
- }
- \new FiguredBass { \figuremode { <6 5>1 } }
+ \new FiguredBass { \labelContext "FiguredBass" \figuremode { <6 5>1 } }
+ \new RhythmicStaff \with { instrumentName = #"highest point " } s1
>>
%% The reference point for FretBoards is the top line
\include "predefined-guitar-fretboards.ly"
<<
- \new FretBoards { \chordmode { e1 } }
- \new RhythmicStaff {
- \set RhythmicStaff.instrumentName = #"top line "
- \labelContext "FretBoards " s1
- }
+ \new FretBoards { \labelContext "FretBoards" \chordmode { e1 } }
+ \new RhythmicStaff \with { instrumentName = #"top line " } s1
>>
@end lilypond
Each of the vertical spacing grob properties (except
@code{staff-affinity}) uses the same alist structure as the
@code{\paper} spacing variables discussed in
-@ref{Flexible vertical spacing \paper variables}. Specific methods
+@ref{Flexible vertical spacing paper variables,,Flexible vertical spacing @code{@bs{}paper} variables}.
+Specific methods
for modifying alists are discussed in @ref{Modifying alists}.
Grob properties should be adjusted with an @code{\override} inside
a @code{\score} or @code{\layout} block, and not inside a
@example
\new Staff \with @{
- \override VerticalAxisGroup #'default-staff-staff-spacing
- #'basic-distance = #10
+ \override VerticalAxisGroup.default-staff-staff-spacing.basic-distance = #10
@} @{ @dots{} @}
\new Staff \with @{
- \override VerticalAxisGroup #'default-staff-staff-spacing =
+ \override VerticalAxisGroup.default-staff-staff-spacing =
#'((basic-distance . 10)
(minimum-distance . 9)
(padding . 1)
\layout @{
\context @{
\Staff
- \override VerticalAxisGroup #'default-staff-staff-spacing
- #'basic-distance = #10
+ \override VerticalAxisGroup.default-staff-staff-spacing.basic-distance = #10
@}
@}
@end example
@seealso
Notation Reference:
-@ref{Flexible vertical spacing \paper variables},
+@ref{Flexible vertical spacing paper variables,,Flexible vertical spacing @code{@bs{}paper} variables},
@ref{Modifying alists}.
+Installed Files:
+@file{ly/engraver-init.ly},
+@file{scm/define-grobs.scm}.
+
Internals Reference:
@rinternals{Contexts},
@rinternals{VerticalAxisGroup},
@rinternals{StaffGrouper}.
-Installed Files:
-@file{ly/engraver-init.ly},
-@file{scm/define-grobs.scm}.
-
@node Spacing of ungrouped staves
@unnumberedsubsubsec Spacing of ungrouped staves
\layout {
\context {
\Staff
- \override VerticalAxisGroup #'default-staff-staff-spacing =
+ \override VerticalAxisGroup.default-staff-staff-spacing =
#'((basic-distance . 8)
(minimum-distance . 7)
(padding . 1))
% By setting 'padding to a negative value, staves can be made to
% collide. The lowest acceptable value for 'basic-distance is 0.
\new Staff \with {
- \override VerticalAxisGroup #'default-staff-staff-spacing =
+ \override VerticalAxisGroup.default-staff-staff-spacing =
#'((basic-distance . 3.5)
(padding . -10))
} { \clef bass g2 r | }
\layout {
\context {
\Score
- \override StaffGrouper #'staff-staff-spacing #'padding = #0
- \override StaffGrouper #'staff-staff-spacing #'basic-distance = #1
+ \override StaffGrouper.staff-staff-spacing.padding = #0
+ \override StaffGrouper.staff-staff-spacing.basic-distance = #1
}
}
<<
\new PianoStaff \with {
- \override StaffGrouper #'staffgroup-staff-spacing #'basic-distance = #20
+ \override StaffGrouper.staffgroup-staff-spacing.basic-distance = #20
} <<
\new Staff { c'1 }
\new Staff { c'1 }
\layout {
\context {
\Lyrics
- \override VerticalAxisGroup
- #'nonstaff-nonstaff-spacing #'stretchability = #1000
+ \override VerticalAxisGroup.nonstaff-nonstaff-spacing.stretchability = #1000
}
}
\new StaffGroup
<<
\new Staff \with {
- \override VerticalAxisGroup #'staff-staff-spacing = #'((basic-distance . 30))
+ \override VerticalAxisGroup.staff-staff-spacing = #'((basic-distance . 30))
} { c'1 }
\new Lyrics \with {
- \override VerticalAxisGroup #'staff-affinity = #UP
+ \override VerticalAxisGroup.staff-affinity = #UP
} \lyricmode { up }
\new Lyrics \with {
- \override VerticalAxisGroup #'staff-affinity = #CENTER
+ \override VerticalAxisGroup.staff-affinity = #CENTER
} \lyricmode { center }
\new Lyrics \with {
- \override VerticalAxisGroup #'staff-affinity = #DOWN
+ \override VerticalAxisGroup.staff-affinity = #DOWN
} \lyricmode { down }
\new Staff { c'1 }
>>
@end lilypond
-
@seealso
Installed Files:
@file{ly/engraver-init.ly},
amount of vertical padding between staves and systems.
It is possible to approach vertical spacing in a different way
-using @code{NonMusicalPaperColumn #'line-break-system-details}.
+using @code{NonMusicalPaperColumn.line-break-system-details}.
While the flexible vertical spacing mechanisms specify vertical
-padding, @code{NonMusicalPaperColumn #'line-break-system-details}
+padding, @code{NonMusicalPaperColumn.line-break-system-details}
can specify exact vertical positions on the page.
-@code{NonMusicalPaperColumn #'line-break-system-details} accepts
+@code{NonMusicalPaperColumn.line-break-system-details} accepts
an associative list of three different settings:
@itemize
@code{\overrideProperty} command:
@example
-\overrideProperty NonMusicalPaperColumn
- #'line-break-system-details #'((X-offset . 20))
+\overrideProperty NonMusicalPaperColumn.line-break-system-details
+ #'((X-offset . 20))
-\overrideProperty NonMusicalPaperColumn
- #'line-break-system-details #'((Y-offset . 40))
+\overrideProperty NonMusicalPaperColumn.line-break-system-details
+ #'((Y-offset . 40))
-\overrideProperty NonMusicalPaperColumn
- #'line-break-system-details #'((X-offset . 20)
- (Y-offset . 40))
+\overrideProperty NonMusicalPaperColumn.line-break-system-details
+ #'((X-offset . 20)
+ (Y-offset . 40))
-\overrideProperty NonMusicalPaperColumn
- #'line-break-system-details #'((alignment-distances . (15)))
+\overrideProperty NonMusicalPaperColumn.line-break-system-details
+ #'((alignment-distances . (15)))
-\overrideProperty NonMusicalPaperColumn
- #'line-break-system-details #'((X-offset . 20)
- (Y-offset . 40)
- (alignment-distances . (15)))
+\overrideProperty NonMusicalPaperColumn.line-break-system-details
+ #'((X-offset . 20)
+ (Y-offset . 40)
+ (alignment-distances . (15)))
@end example
To understand how each of these different settings work, we begin
<<
\new Staff <<
\new Voice {
- \overrideProperty #"Score.NonMusicalPaperColumn"
- #'line-break-system-details #'((Y-offset . 0))
+ \overrideProperty Score.NonMusicalPaperColumn.line-break-system-details
+ #'((Y-offset . 0))
s1*5 \break
- \overrideProperty #"Score.NonMusicalPaperColumn"
- #'line-break-system-details #'((Y-offset . 40))
+ \overrideProperty Score.NonMusicalPaperColumn.line-break-system-details
+ #'((Y-offset . 40))
s1*5 \break
- \overrideProperty #"Score.NonMusicalPaperColumn"
- #'line-break-system-details #'((Y-offset . 80))
+ \overrideProperty Score.NonMusicalPaperColumn.line-break-system-details
+ #'((Y-offset . 60))
s1*5 \break
}
\new Voice { \repeat unfold 15 { c'4 c' c' c' } }
<<
\new Staff <<
\new Voice {
- \overrideProperty #"Score.NonMusicalPaperColumn"
- #'line-break-system-details #'((Y-offset . 20)
- (alignment-distances . (15)))
+ \overrideProperty Score.NonMusicalPaperColumn.line-break-system-details
+ #'((Y-offset . 20)
+ (alignment-distances . (10)))
s1*5 \break
- \overrideProperty #"Score.NonMusicalPaperColumn"
- #'line-break-system-details #'((Y-offset . 60)
- (alignment-distances . (15)))
+ \overrideProperty Score.NonMusicalPaperColumn.line-break-system-details
+ #'((Y-offset . 60)
+ (alignment-distances . (15)))
s1*5 \break
- \overrideProperty #"Score.NonMusicalPaperColumn"
- #'line-break-system-details #'((Y-offset . 100)
- (alignment-distances . (15)))
+ \overrideProperty Score.NonMusicalPaperColumn.line-break-system-details
+ #'((Y-offset . 85)
+ (alignment-distances . (20)))
s1*5 \break
}
\new Voice { \repeat unfold 15 { c'4 c' c' c' } }
<<
\new Staff <<
\new Voice {
- \overrideProperty #"Score.NonMusicalPaperColumn"
- #'line-break-system-details #'((Y-offset . 0)
- (alignment-distances . (30 10)))
+ \overrideProperty Score.NonMusicalPaperColumn.line-break-system-details
+ #'((Y-offset . 0)
+ (alignment-distances . (30 10)))
s1*5 \break
- \overrideProperty #"Score.NonMusicalPaperColumn"
- #'line-break-system-details #'((Y-offset . 60)
- (alignment-distances . (10 10)))
+ \overrideProperty Score.NonMusicalPaperColumn.line-break-system-details
+ #'((Y-offset . 60)
+ (alignment-distances . (10 10)))
s1*5 \break
- \overrideProperty #"Score.NonMusicalPaperColumn"
- #'line-break-system-details #'((Y-offset . 100)
- (alignment-distances . (10 30)))
+ \overrideProperty Score.NonMusicalPaperColumn.line-break-system-details
+ #'((Y-offset . 100)
+ (alignment-distances . (10 30)))
s1*5 \break
}
\new Voice { \repeat unfold 15 { c'4 c' c' c' } }
of the distance between adjacent staff lines. Positive values move staves
and lyrics up, negative values move staves and lyrics down.
-@item Because the @code{NonMusicalPaperColumn #'line-break-system-details}
+@item Because the @code{NonMusicalPaperColumn.line-break-system-details}
settings given here allow the positioning of staves and systems anywhere
on the page, it is possible to violate paper or margin boundaries or even
to print staves or systems on top of one another. Reasonable values
passed to these different settings will avoid this.
@end itemize
-
@seealso
Snippets:
@rlsr{Spacing}.
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,relative=2,verbatim]
c4_"Text"\pp
r2.
-\once \override TextScript #'outside-staff-priority = #1
+\once \override TextScript.outside-staff-priority = #1
c4_"Text"\pp % this time the text will be closer to the staff
r2.
% by setting outside-staff-priority to a non-number,
% we disable the automatic collision avoidance
-\once \override TextScript #'outside-staff-priority = ##f
-\once \override DynamicLineSpanner #'outside-staff-priority = ##f
+\once \override TextScript.outside-staff-priority = ##f
+\once \override DynamicLineSpanner.outside-staff-priority = ##f
c4_"Text"\pp % now they will collide
@end lilypond
-The vertical padding between an outside-staff object and the
-previously-positioned grobs can be controlled with
-@code{outside-staff-padding}.
+The vertical padding around outside-staff objects
+can be controlled with @code{outside-staff-padding}.
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,relative=2,verbatim]
-\once \override TextScript #'outside-staff-padding = #0
-a'^"This text is placed very close to the note"
-\once \override TextScript #'outside-staff-padding = #3
-c^"This text is padded away from the previous text"
-c^"This text is placed close to the previous text"
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,relative=2,verbatim,staffsize=18]
+\once \override TextScript.outside-staff-padding = #0
+a4-"outside-staff-padding = #0"
+\once \override TextScript.outside-staff-padding = #3
+d-"outside-staff-padding = #3"
+c-"default outside-staff-padding"
+b-"default outside-staff-padding"
+R1
@end lilypond
-By default, outside-staff objects are placed only to avoid
+By default, outside-staff objects are placed so they avoid
a horizontal collision with previously-positioned grobs. This
-can lead to situations in which objects are placed very close to each
-other horizontally. The vertical spacing between staves can
-also be set so that outside staff objects are interleaved.
-Setting @code{outside-staff-horizontal-padding}
-causes an object to be offset vertically so that such a situation
-doesn't occur.
+can lead to situations in which objects are placed close to each
+other horizontally.
+As shown in the example below, setting @code{outside-staff-horizontal-padding}
+increases the horizontal spacing required, and in this case moves the text up
+to prevent it from getting too close to the ledger lines.
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,relative=2,verbatim]
-% the markup is too close to the following note
-c4^"Text"
-c4
-c''2
-% setting outside-staff-horizontal-padding fixes this
+c4^"Word" c c''2
R1
-\once \override TextScript #'outside-staff-horizontal-padding = #1
-c,,4^"Text"
-c4
-c''2
+\once \override TextScript.outside-staff-horizontal-padding = #1
+c,,4^"Word" c c''2
@end lilypond
-
@seealso
Snippets:
@rlsr{Spacing}.
The quarter note is followed by 2 NHW, the half by 3 NHW, etc.
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=1]
-c2 c4. c8 c4. c8 c4. c8 c8
-c8 c4 c4 c4
+c2 c4. c8
+c4. c8 c4. c8
+c8 c c4 c c
@end lilypond
Normally, @code{spacing-increment} is set to 1.2 staff space, which is
duration is taken as the basis for the spacing, with the stipulation
that this shortest duration should always be equal to or shorter than
an 8th note. The shortest duration is printed when you run
-@code{lilypond} with the @code{--verbose} option.
+@code{lilypond} with the @option{--verbose} option.
These durations may also be customized. If you set the
@code{common-shortest-duration} in @rinternals{SpacingSpanner}, then
to the example above, they would be followed by half a NHW:
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
-c2 c4. c8 c4. c16[ c] c4. c8 c8 c8 c4 c4 c4
+c2 c4. c8 | c4. c16[ c] c4. c8 | c8 c c4 c c
@end lilypond
{
c'4 e''4 e'4 b'4 |
b'4 e''4 b'4 e''4 |
- \override Staff.NoteSpacing #'stem-spacing-correction = #1.5
- \override Staff.StaffSpacing #'stem-spacing-correction = #1.5
+ \override Staff.NoteSpacing.stem-spacing-correction = #1.5
+ \override Staff.StaffSpacing.stem-spacing-correction = #1.5
c'4 e''4 e'4 b'4 |
b'4 e''4 b'4 e''4 |
}
Proportional notation is supported; see @ref{Proportional notation}.
-
@seealso
+Essay on automated music engraving:
+@ressay{Optical spacing}.
+
Snippets:
@rlsr{Spacing}.
@rinternals{StaffSpacing},
@rinternals{NonMusicalPaperColumn}.
-Essay on automated music engraving:
-@ressay{Optical spacing}.
-
-
@knownissues
-
There is no convenient mechanism to manually override spacing. The
following work-around may be used to insert extra space into a score,
adjusting the padding value as necessary.
+
@example
- \override Score.NonMusicalPaperColumn #'padding = #10
+ \override Score.NonMusicalPaperColumn.padding = #10
@end example
No work-around exists for decreasing the amount of space.
@node New spacing area
@subsection New spacing area
+@funindex \newSpacingSection
+@cindex new spacing area
+@cindex spacing area, new
+@cindex notes, spacing horizontally
+
New sections with different spacing parameters can be started with
@code{newSpacingSection}. This is useful when there are
sections with a different notions of long and short notes.
In the following example, the time signature change introduces a new
-section, and hence the 16ths notes are spaced wider.
+section, and hence the 16ths notes are automatically spaced slightly
+wider.
@lilypond[relative=1,verbatim,quote]
\time 2/4
@end lilypond
The @code{\newSpacingSection} command creates a new
-@code{SpacingSpanner} object, and hence new @code{\override}s
-may be used in that location.
+@code{SpacingSpanner} object at that musical moment.
+If the automatic spacing adjustments do not give the required spacing,
+manual @code{\override}s may be applied to its properties. These must
+be applied at the same musical moment as the @code{\newSpacingSection}
+command itself. They will then affect the spacing of all the following
+music until the properties are changed in a new spacing section, for
+example,
+
+@lilypond[relative=1,verbatim,quote]
+\time 4/16
+c16[ c c8]
+\newSpacingSection
+\override Score.SpacingSpanner.spacing-increment = #2
+c16[ c c8]
+\newSpacingSection
+\revert Score.SpacingSpanner.spacing-increment
+c16[ c c8]
+@end lilypond
@seealso
\layout {
\context {
\Score
- \override SpacingSpanner
- #'base-shortest-duration = #(ly:make-moment 1 16)
+ \override SpacingSpanner.base-shortest-duration = #(ly:make-moment 1/16)
}
}
}
By default, spacing in tuplets depends on various non-duration
factors (such as accidentals, clef changes, etc). To disregard
such symbols and force uniform equal-duration spacing, use
-@code{Score.SpacingSpanner #'uniform-stretching}. This
+@code{Score.SpacingSpanner.uniform-stretching}. This
property can only be changed at the beginning of a score,
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
\score {
<<
\new Staff {
- \times 4/5 {
- c8 c8 c8 c8 c8
- }
- c8 c8 c8 c8
+ \tuplet 5/4 { c8 c c c c } c8 c c c
}
\new Staff {
- c8 c8 c8 c8
- \times 4/5 {
- c8 c8 c8 c8 c8
- }
+ c8 c c c \tuplet 5/4 { c8 c c c c }
}
>>
\layout {
\context {
\Score
- \override SpacingSpanner #'uniform-stretching = ##t
+ \override SpacingSpanner.uniform-stretching = ##t
}
}
}
regard for clefs, bar lines, and grace notes,
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,relative=2,verbatim]
-\override Score.SpacingSpanner #'strict-note-spacing = ##t
-\new Staff { c8[ c \clef alto c \grace { c16[ c] } c8 c c] c32[ c32] }
+\override Score.SpacingSpanner.strict-note-spacing = ##t
+\new Staff { c8[ c \clef alto c \grace { c16 c } c8 c c] c32[ c] }
@end lilypond
-
@seealso
Snippets:
@rlsr{Spacing}.
@}
@end example
-
@seealso
Snippets:
@rlsr{Spacing}.
@item @code{proportionalNotationDuration}
@item @code{uniform-stretching}
@item @code{strict-note-spacing}
-@item @code{\remove Separating_line_group_engraver}
-@item @code{\override PaperColumn #'used = ##t}
+@item @code{\remove "Separating_line_group_engraver"}
+@item @code{\override PaperColumn.used = ##t}
@end itemize
In the examples that follow, we explore these five different
\score {
<<
\new RhythmicStaff {
- c'2
- c'16 c'16 c'16 c'16
- \times 4/5 {
- c'16 c'16 c'16 c'16 c'16
- }
+ c'2 c'16 c' c' c' \tuplet 5/4 { c'16 c' c' c' c' }
}
>>
}
\score {
<<
\new RhythmicStaff {
- c'2
- c'16 c'16 c'16 c'16
- \times 4/5 {
- c'16 c'16 c'16 c'16 c'16
- }
+ c'2 c'16 c' c' c' \tuplet 5/4 { c'16 c' c' c' c' }
}
>>
\layout {
\context {
\Score
- proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1 20)
+ proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1/20)
}
}
}
which is the reference duration against that all music will be spaced.
The LilyPond Scheme function @code{make-moment} takes two arguments
-- a numerator and denominator which together express some fraction of
-a whole note. The call @code{#(ly:make-moment 1 20)} therefore produces
+a whole note. The call @code{(ly:make-moment 1/20)} therefore produces
a reference duration of a twentieth note. Values such as
-@code{#(ly:make-moment 1 16)}, @code{#(ly:make-moment 1 8)}, and
-@code{#(ly:make-moment 3 97)} are all possible as well.
+@code{(ly:make-moment 1/16)}, @code{(ly:make-moment 1/8)}, and
+@code{(ly:make-moment 3/97)} are all possible as well.
How do we select the right reference duration to pass to
@code{proportionalNotationDuration}? Usually by a process of trial
\score {
<<
\new RhythmicStaff {
- c'2
- c'16 c'16 c'16 c'16
- \times 4/5 {
- c'16 c'16 c'16 c'16 c'16
- }
+ c'2 c'16 c' c' c' \tuplet 5/4 { c'16 c' c' c' c' }
}
>>
\layout {
\context {
\Score
- proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1 8)
+ proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1/8)
}
}
}
\score {
<<
\new RhythmicStaff {
- c'2
- c'16 c'16 c'16 c'16
- \times 4/5 {
- c'16 c'16 c'16 c'16 c'16
- }
+ c'2 c'16 c' c' c' \tuplet 5/4 { c'16 c' c' c' c' }
}
>>
\layout {
\context {
\Score
- proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1 16)
+ proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1/16)
}
}
}
\score {
<<
\new RhythmicStaff {
- c'2
- c'16 c'16 c'16 c'16
- \times 4/5 {
- c'16 c'16 c'16 c'16 c'16
- }
+ c'2 c'16 c' c' c' \tuplet 5/4 { c'16 c' c' c' c' }
}
>>
\layout {
\context {
\Score
- proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1 32)
+ proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1/32)
}
}
}
\score {
<<
\new RhythmicStaff {
- c'2
- c'16 c'16 c'16 c'16
- \times 4/5 {
- c'16 c'16 c'16 c'16 c'16
- }
+ c'2 c'16 c' c' c' \tuplet 5/4 { c'16 c' c' c' c' }
}
\new RhythmicStaff {
- \times 8/9 {
- c'8 c'8 c'8 c'8 c'8 c'8 c'8 c'8 c'8
- }
+ \tuplet 9/8 { c'8 c' c' c' c' c' c' c' c' }
}
>>
}
\score {
<<
\new RhythmicStaff {
- c'2
- c'16 c'16 c'16 c'16
- \times 4/5 {
- c'16 c'16 c'16 c'16 c'16
- }
+ c'2 c'16 c' c' c' \tuplet 5/4 { c'16 c' c' c' c' }
}
\new RhythmicStaff {
- \times 8/9 {
- c'8 c'8 c'8 c'8 c'8 c'8 c'8 c'8 c'8
- }
+ \tuplet 9/8 { c'8 c' c' c' c' c' c' c' c' }
}
>>
\layout {
\context {
\Score
- proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1 20)
+ proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1/20)
}
}
}
\score {
<<
\new RhythmicStaff {
- c'2
- c'16 c'16 c'16 c'16
- \times 4/5 {
- c'16 c'16 c'16 c'16 c'16
- }
+ c'2 c'16 c' c' c' \tuplet 5/4 { c'16 c' c' c' c' }
}
\new RhythmicStaff {
- \times 8/9 {
- c'8 c'8 c'8 c'8 c'8 c'8 c'8 c'8 c'8
- }
+ \tuplet 9/8 { c'8 c' c' c' c' c' c' c' c' }
}
>>
\layout {
\context {
\Score
- proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1 20)
- \override SpacingSpanner #'uniform-stretching = ##t
+ proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1/20)
+ \override SpacingSpanner.uniform-stretching = ##t
}
}
}
}
\new Staff \with {
- \remove Separating_line_group_engraver
+ \remove "Separating_line_group_engraver"
} {
c'1
\break
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
\new Staff {
- \set Score.proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1 16)
- c''8
- c''8
- c''8
- \clef alto
- d'8
- d'2
+ \set Score.proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1/16)
+ c''8 c'' c'' \clef alto d' d'2
}
\new Staff {
- \set Score.proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1 16)
- \override Score.SpacingSpanner #'strict-note-spacing = ##t
- c''8
- c''8
- c''8
- \clef alto
- d'8
- d'2
+ \set Score.proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1/16)
+ \override Score.SpacingSpanner.strict-note-spacing = ##t
+ c''8 c'' c'' \clef alto d' d'2
}
@end lilypond
that frequently appear in proportional scores. These include:
@itemize
-@item @code{\override SpacingSpanner #'strict-grace-spacing = ##t}
-@item @code{tupletFullLength = ##t}
-@item @code{\override Beam #'breakable = ##t}
-@item @code{\override Glissando #'breakable = ##t}
-@item @code{\override TextSpanner #'breakable = ##t}
-@item @code{\remove Forbid_line_break_engraver in the Voice context}
+@item @code{\override SpacingSpanner.strict-grace-spacing = ##t}
+@item @code{\set tupletFullLength = ##t}
+@item @code{\override Beam.breakable = ##t}
+@item @code{\override Glissando.breakable = ##t}
+@item @code{\override TextSpanner.breakable = ##t}
+@item @code{\remove "Forbid_line_break_engraver" in the Voice context}
@end itemize
These settings space grace notes strictly, extend tuplet brackets to
to break across systems and pages. See the respective parts of the manual
for these related settings.
-
@seealso
Notation Reference:
@ref{New spacing area}.
@section Fitting music onto fewer pages
Sometimes you can end up with one or two staves on a second
-(or third, or fourth...) page. This is annoying, especially
+(or third, or fourth@dots{}) page. This is annoying, especially
if you look at previous pages and it looks like there is plenty
of room left on those.
that may be altered for page formatting, set
@code{annotate-spacing} in the @code{\paper} block:
-@c need to have \book{} otherwise we get the separate systems. -hwn
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
-#(set-default-paper-size "a6" 'landscape)
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,papersize=a6landscape]
\book {
\score { { c4 } }
\paper { annotate-spacing = ##t }
(@var{a},@var{b}) are intervals, where @var{a} is the lower
edge and @var{b} the upper edge of the interval.
-
@seealso
Notation Reference:
@ref{Setting the staff size}.
@}
@end example
+@item
+Force the number of pages. For example, the following
+assignment will force a layout with 2 pages.
+
+@example
+\paper @{
+ page-count = #2
+@}
+@end example
+
@item
Avoid (or reduce) objects that increase the vertical size of a
system. For example, volta repeats (or alternate repeats) require
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
e4 c g\f c
-e4 c g-\tweak #'X-offset #-2.7 -\tweak #'Y-offset #2.5 \f c
+e4 c g-\tweak X-offset #-2.7 \f c
@end lilypond
@item
\layout {
\context {
\Score
- \override SpacingSpanner
- #'common-shortest-duration = #(ly:make-moment 1 2)
+ \override SpacingSpanner.common-shortest-duration =
+ #(ly:make-moment 1/2)
}
}
}
@end itemize
-
@seealso
Notation Reference:
@ref{Page layout},
projects / lilypond.git / blobdiff