Guide, node Updating translation committishes..
@end ignore
-@c \version "2.17.20"
+@c \version "2.19.22"
@node Tweaking output
@chapter Tweaking output
shape. Objects with an extended shape like these are called
@q{Spanners}.
+Spanners cannot be tweaked after their creation. This includes both
+@code{StaffSymbol} and @code{LedgerLineSpanner} which continue
+throughout the score, except if they are terminated by the
+@code{\stopStaff} command and then recreated using @code{\startStaff}
+command.
+
+What is more, there are @q{abstract} grobs which do not print
+anything of their own, but rather collect, position and manage
+other grobs. Common examples for this are
+@code{DynamicLineSpanner}, @code{BreakAlignment},
+@code{NoteColumn}, @code{VerticalAxisGroup},
+@code{NonMusicalPaperColumn} and similar. We will see how some of
+these are used later.
+
It remains to explain what @q{Interfaces} are. Many objects, even
though they are quite different, share common features which need to
be processed in the same way. For example, all grobs have a color, a
modified by different commands, so it is useful to be able to recognize
the types of objects and properties from their names.
+@seealso
+Notation Reference:
+@ruser{Modifying properties}.
+
@node Tweaking methods
@subsection Tweaking methods
* The once prefix::
* The overrideProperty command::
* The tweak command::
+* The single prefix::
@end menu
@node The override command
@cindex override syntax
@funindex \override
-@funindex override
We have already met the commands @code{\set} and @code{\with}, used to
change the properties of @strong{contexts} and to remove and add
@cindex color property, example
@cindex NoteHead, example of overriding
-@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=1]
-c4 d
-\override NoteHead.color = #red
-e4 f |
-\override NoteHead.color = #green
-g4 a b c |
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
+\relative {
+ c'4 d
+ \override NoteHead.color = #red
+ e4 f |
+ \override NoteHead.color = #green
+ g4 a b c |
+}
@end lilypond
@cindex revert command
@funindex \revert
-@funindex revert
Once overridden, the property retains its new value until it is
overridden again or a @code{\revert} command is encountered.
@cindex color property, example
@cindex NoteHead, example of overriding
-@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=1]
-c4 d
-\override NoteHead.color = #red
-e4 f |
-\override NoteHead.color = #green
-g4 a
-\revert NoteHead.color
-b4 c |
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
+\relative {
+ c'4 d
+ \override NoteHead.color = #red
+ e4 f |
+ \override NoteHead.color = #green
+ g4 a
+ \revert NoteHead.color
+ b4 c |
+}
@end lilypond
@unnumberedsubsubsec The @code{@bs{}once} prefix
@funindex \once
-@funindex once
-Both the @code{\override} and the @code{\set} commands may be prefixed
-by @code{\once}. This causes the following @code{\override} or
-@code{\set} command to be effective only during the current musical
+@code{\override}, @code{\revert}, @code{\set}, and @code{\unset}
+commands may be prefixed with @code{\once}. This causes such a
+command to be effective only during the current musical
moment before the property reverts back to its previous value (this can
be different from the default if another @code{\override} is still in
effect). Using the same example, we can change the color of a single
@cindex color property, example
@cindex NoteHead, example of overriding
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=1]
-c4 d
-\override NoteHead.color = #red
-e4 f |
-\once \override NoteHead.color = #green
-g4 a
-\revert NoteHead.color
-b c |
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
+\relative {
+ c'4 d
+ \override NoteHead.color = #red
+ e4 f |
+ \once \override NoteHead.color = #green
+ g4 a
+ \once \revert NoteHead.color
+ b c |
+ \revert NoteHead.color
+ f2 c |
+}
@end lilypond
The @code{\once} prefix may also be used in front of many
predefined commands to limit their effect to one musical moment:
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=1]
-c4 d
-\once \stemDown
-e4 f |
-g4 a
-\once \hideNotes
-b c |
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
+\relative {
+ c'4( d)
+ \once \slurDashed
+ e4( f) |
+ g4( a)
+ \once \hideNotes
+ b( c) |
+}
@end lilypond
-However, predefined commands of the form @code{\@dots{}Neutral},
-@code{\@dots{}Off} and @code{\un@dots{}} use @code{\revert} internally
-rather than @code{\override} so prefixing these with @code{\once} has no
-effect.
-
-
@node The overrideProperty command
@unnumberedsubsubsec The @code{@bs{}overrideProperty} command
@cindex overrideProperty command
@funindex \overrideProperty
-@funindex overrideProperty
There is another form of the override command,
@code{\overrideProperty}, which is occasionally required.
@cindex tweak command
@funindex \tweak
-@funindex tweak
The final tweaking command which is available is @code{\tweak}. This
should be used when several objects occur at the same musical moment,
@cindex font-size property, example
@cindex NoteHead, example of overriding
-@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=1]
-<c e g>4
-\once \override NoteHead.font-size = #-3
-<c e g>4
-<c e g>4
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
+\relative {
+ <c' e g>4
+ \once \override NoteHead.font-size = #-3
+ <c e g>4
+ <c e g>4
+}
@end lilypond
We see the override affects @emph{all} the note heads in the chord.
@cindex font-size property, example
@cindex @code{\tweak}, example
-@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=1]
-<c e g>4
-<c \tweak font-size #-3 e g>4
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
+\relative {
+ <c' e g>4
+ <c \tweak font-size #-3 e g>4
+}
@end lilypond
Note that the syntax of @code{\tweak} is different from that of the
@cindex color property, example
@cindex @code{\tweak}, example
-@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2]
-a4^"Black"
+@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim]
+a'4^"Black"
-\tweak color #red ^"Red"
-\tweak color #green _"Green"
@end lilypond
the layout object, provided that LilyPond can trace its origin back to
the original event:
-@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2]
-<\tweak Accidental.color #red cis4
- \tweak Accidental.color #green es
- g>
+@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim]
+<\tweak Accidental.color #red cis''4
+ \tweak Accidental.color #green es''
+ g''>
@end lilypond
This long form of the @code{\tweak} command can be described as
@example
-\tweak @var{layout-object}.@var{layout-property} @var{value}
+\tweak @var{LayoutObject}.@var{layout-property} #@var{value}
@end example
@cindex tuplets, nested
@cindex direction property, example
@cindex color property, example
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,relative=2]
-\tweak direction #up
-\tuplet 3/4 {
- \tweak color #red
- \tuplet 3/2 { c8[ c c] }
- \tuplet 3/2 { c8[ c c] }
- \tuplet 3/2 { c8[ c c] }
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
+\relative c'' {
+ \tweak direction #up
+ \tuplet 3/4 {
+ \tweak color #red
+ \tuplet 3/2 { c8[ c c] }
+ \tuplet 3/2 { c8[ c c] }
+ \tuplet 3/2 { c8[ c c] }
+ }
}
@end lilypond
@cindex transparent property, example
@cindex TupletNumber, example of overriding
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,relative=1]
-\tuplet 3/2 { c8[ c c] }
-\once \override TupletNumber.text = #tuplet-number::calc-fraction-text
-\tuplet 3/2 {
- c8[ c]
- c8[ c]
- \once \override TupletNumber.transparent = ##t
- \tuplet 3/2 { c8[ c c] }
- \tuplet 3/2 { c8[ c c] }
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
+\relative {
+ \tuplet 3/2 { c'8[ c c] }
+ \once \override TupletNumber.text = #tuplet-number::calc-fraction-text
+ \tuplet 3/2 {
+ c8[ c]
+ c8[ c]
+ \once \override TupletNumber.transparent = ##t
+ \tuplet 3/2 { c8[ c c] }
+ \tuplet 3/2 { c8[ c c] }
+ }
}
@end lilypond
Notation Reference:
@ruser{The tweak command}.
+@node The single prefix
+@unnumberedsubsubsec The @code{@bs{}single} prefix
+
+@funindex \single
+@cindex tweak, generated from override
+
+Suppose we wanted to emphasize particular note heads by coloring them
+red and increasing their size, and to make it easy suppose also we
+have defined a function to do this:
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
+emphNoteHead = {
+ \override NoteHead.color = #red
+ \override NoteHead.font-size = 2
+}
+\relative {
+ c''4 a \once \emphNoteHead f d |
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+The @code{\once} prefix works fine to emphasize single notes or
+complete chords, but it cannot be used to emphasize a single note
+@emph{within} a chord. Earlier we have seen how @code{\tweak} can
+be used to do this, see
+@ref{The tweak command,,The @code{@bs{}tweak} command}. But
+@code{\tweak} cannot be used with a function; that's where
+@code{\single} comes in:
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
+emphNoteHead = {
+ \override NoteHead.color = #red
+ \override NoteHead.font-size = 2
+}
+\relative {
+ <c'' a \single \emphNoteHead f d>4
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+In summary, @code{\single} converts overrides into tweaks so when
+there are several objects at the same point in musical time (like
+noteheads in a chord), @code{\single} will only affect a single one,
+the one generated by the immediately following music expression, in
+contrast to @code{\once} which will affect all of those objects.
+
+By using @code{\single} in this way any shorthand function
+containing just overrides may be applied to individual notes in a
+chord. However, @code{\single} does not convert @code{\revert},
+@code{\set} or @code{\unset} into tweaks.
+
+@seealso
+Learning Manual:
+@ref{The tweak command,,The @code{@bs{}tweak} command},
+@ref{Using variables for layout adjustments}.
+
@node The Internals Reference manual
@section The Internals Reference manual
@c Mozart, Die Zauberflöte Nr.7 Duett
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
{
\key es \major
\time 6/8
- {
- r4 bes8 bes[( g]) g |
+ \relative {
+ r4 bes'8 bes[( g]) g |
g8[( es]) es d[( f]) as |
as8 g
}
@cindex Slur example of overriding
@cindex thickness property, example
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
{
\key es \major
\time 6/8
- {
+ \relative {
% Increase thickness of all following slurs from 1.2 to 5.0
\override Slur.thickness = #5.0
- r4 bes8 bes[( g]) g |
+ r4 bes'8 bes[( g]) g |
g8[( es]) es d[( f]) as |
as8 g
}
@cindex once override
@funindex \once
-@funindex once
As you can see, @emph{all} the slurs are thicker in the final example
above. But what if we wanted just the first slur to be thicker? This
@cindex Slur, example of overriding
@cindex thickness property, example
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
{
\key es \major
\time 6/8
- {
- r4 bes8
+ \relative {
+ r4 bes'8
% Increase thickness of immediately following slur only
\once \override Slur.thickness = #5.0
bes8[( g]) g |
@cindex default properties, reverting to
@funindex \revert
-@funindex revert
Finally, what if we wanted just the first two slurs to be
heavier? Well, we could use two commands, each preceded by
@cindex Slur, example of overriding
@cindex thickness property, example
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
{
\key es \major
\time 6/8
- {
- r4 bes8
+ \relative {
+ r4 bes'8
% Increase thickness of immediately following slur only
\once \override Slur.thickness = #5.0
bes[( g]) g |
@cindex Slur, example of overriding
@cindex thickness property, example
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
{
\key es \major
\time 6/8
- {
- r4 bes8
+ \relative {
+ r4 bes'8
% Increase thickness of all following slurs from 1.2 to 5.0
\override Slur.thickness = #5.0
bes[( g]) g |
@cindex LyricText, example of overriding
@cindex @code{\addlyrics}, example
-@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2]
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
{
\key es \major
\time 6/8
- {
- r4 bes8 bes[( g]) g |
+ \relative {
+ r4 bes'8 bes[( g]) g |
g8[( es]) es d[( f]) as |
as8 g
}
@cindex BarLine, example of overriding
@cindex stencil property, example
-@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2]
-{
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
+\relative {
\time 12/16
\override BarLine.stencil = ##f
- c4 b8 c d16 c d8 |
+ c''4 b8 c d16 c d8 |
g,8 a16 b8 c d4 e16 |
e8
}
@cindex BarLine, example of overriding
@cindex stencil property, example
-@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2]
-{
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
+\relative {
\time 12/16
\override Staff.BarLine.stencil = ##f
- c4 b8 c d16 c d8 |
+ c''4 b8 c d16 c d8 |
g,8 a16 b8 c d4 e16 |
e8
}
shorthand for it called @code{\omit}:
@funindex \omit
-@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2]
-{
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
+\relative {
\time 12/16
\omit Staff.BarLine
- c4 b8 c d16 c d8 |
+ c''4 b8 c d16 c d8 |
g,8 a16 b8 c d4 e16 |
e8
}
@code{point-stencil} function, which sets the stencil to an object
with zero size:
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
-{
- c4 c
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
+\relative {
+ c''4 c
\once \override NoteHead.stencil = #point-stencil
c4 c
}
@cindex BarLine, example of overriding
@cindex break-visibility property, example
-@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2]
-{
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
+\relative {
\time 12/16
\override Staff.BarLine.break-visibility = ##(#f #f #f)
- c4 b8 c d16 c d8 |
+ c''4 b8 c d16 c d8 |
g,8 a16 b8 c d4 e16 |
e8
}
@cindex TimeSignature, example of overriding
@cindex transparent property, example
-@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2]
-{
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
+\relative {
\time 12/16
\override Staff.TimeSignature.transparent = ##t
- c4 b8 c d16 c d8 |
+ c''4 b8 c d16 c d8 |
g,8 a16 b8 c d4 e16 |
e8
}
@code{\hide}:
@funindex \hide
-@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2]
-{
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
+\relative {
\time 12/16
\hide Staff.TimeSignature
- c4 b8 c d16 c d8 |
+ c''4 b8 c d16 c d8 |
g,8 a16 b8 c d4 e16 |
e8
}
@cindex TimeSignature, example of overriding
@cindex stencil property, example
-@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2]
-{
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
+\relative {
\time 12/16
\omit Staff.TimeSignature
- c4 b8 c d16 c d8 |
+ c''4 b8 c d16 c d8 |
g,8 a16 b8 c d4 e16 |
e8
}
@cindex BarLine, example of overriding
@cindex color property, example
-@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2]
-{
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
+\relative {
\time 12/16
\override Staff.BarLine.color = #white
- c4 b8 c d16 c d8 |
+ c''4 b8 c d16 c d8 |
g,8 a16 b8 c d4 e16 |
e8
}
@cindex BarLine, example of overriding
@cindex color property, example
-@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2]
-{
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
+\relative {
\time 12/16
\override Staff.BarLine.color = #(x11-color 'white)
- c4 b8 c d16 c d8 |
+ c''4 b8 c d16 c d8 |
g,8 a16 b8 c d4 e16 |
e8
}
@cindex BarLine, example of overriding
@cindex color property, example
-@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2]
-{
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
+\relative {
\time 12/16
\override Staff.BarLine.color = #(rgb-color 1 1 1)
- c4 b8 c d16 c d8 |
+ c''4 b8 c d16 c d8 |
g,8 a16 b8 c d4 e16 |
e8
}
@cindex color property, example
@cindex x11-color, example of using
-@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2]
-{
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
+\relative {
\time 12/16
\override Staff.StaffSymbol.color = #(x11-color 'grey30)
\override Staff.TimeSignature.color = #(x11-color 'grey60)
\override Voice.NoteHead.color = #(x11-color 'grey85)
\override Voice.Stem.color = #(x11-color 'grey85)
\override Staff.BarLine.color = #(x11-color 'grey10)
- c4 b8 c d16 c d8 |
+ c''4 b8 c d16 c d8 |
g,8 a16 b8 c d4 e16 |
e8
}
@cindex alignAboveContext property, example
@cindex @code{\with}, example
-@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2]
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
\new Staff ="main" {
- \relative g' {
- r4 g8 g c4 c8 d |
+ \relative {
+ r4 g'8 g c4 c8 d |
e4 r8
<<
{ f8 c c }
@cindex Clef, example of overriding
@cindex TimeSignature, example of overriding
-@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2]
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
\new Staff ="main" {
- \relative g' {
- r4 g8 g c4 c8 d |
+ \relative {
+ r4 g'8 g c4 c8 d |
e4 r8
<<
{ f8 c c }
@cindex Clef, example of overriding
@cindex TimeSignature, example of overriding
-@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2]
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
\new Staff ="main" {
- \relative g' {
- r4 g8 g c4 c8 d |
+ \relative {
+ r4 g'8 g c4 c8 d |
e4 r8
<<
{ f8 c c }
and @code{\omit} for setting the @code{transparent} property and
clearing the @code{stencil} here, leading to the result
-@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2]
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
\new Staff ="main" {
- \relative g' {
- r4 g8 g c4 c8 d |
+ \relative {
+ r4 g'8 g c4 c8 d |
e4 r8
<<
{ f8 c c }
@cindex TimeSignature, example of overriding
@cindex fontSize property, example
-@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2]
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
\new Staff ="main" {
- \relative g' {
- r4 g8 g c4 c8 d |
+ \relative {
+ r4 g'8 g c4 c8 d |
e4 r8
<<
{ f8 c c }
@cindex staff-space property, example
@cindex stencil property, example
-@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2]
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
\new Staff ="main" {
- \relative g' {
- r4 g8 g c4 c8 d |
+ \relative {
+ r4 g'8 g c4 c8 d |
e4 r8
<<
{ f8 c c }
@cindex markup example
-@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2]
-c2^"Text1"
-c2^"Text2" |
-c2^"Text3"
-c2^"Text4" |
+@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim]
+c''2^"Text1"
+c''2^"Text2" |
+c''2^"Text3"
+c''2^"Text4" |
@end lilypond
Staves are also positioned, by default, as closely together as
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
<<
\new Staff {
- \relative c' { c4 a, }
+ \relative { c'4 a, }
}
\new Staff {
- \relative c'''' { c4 a, }
+ \relative { c''''4 a, }
}
>>
@end lilypond
@cindex center
@cindex neutral
-The following example shows in bar 1 the default behavior of stems,
-with those on high notes pointing down and those on low notes pointing
-up, followed by four notes with all stems forced down, four notes with
-all stems forced up, and finally four notes reverted back to the
-default behavior.
+The following example shows the default positioning of slurs in the
+first bar, with slurs starting on high notes positioned above the notes
+and those starting on low notes positioned below, followed by a bar
+with both slurs forced down, a bar with both slurs forced up, and
+finally a bar with both slurs reverted back to the default behavior.
-@cindex Stem, example of overriding
+@cindex Slur, example of overriding
@cindex direction property, example
-@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2]
-a4 g c a |
-\override Stem.direction = #DOWN
-a4 g c a |
-\override Stem.direction = #UP
-a4 g c a |
-\revert Stem.direction
-a4 g c a |
+@lilypond[quote,fragment,verbatim]
+a'4( g') c''( a') |
+\override Slur.direction = #DOWN
+a'4( g') c''( a') |
+\override Slur.direction = #UP
+a'4( g') c''( a') |
+\revert Slur.direction
+a'4( g') c''( a') |
@end lilypond
-Here we use the constants @code{DOWN} and @code{UP}.
+Here we have used the constants @code{DOWN} and @code{UP}.
These have the values @w{@code{-1}} and @code{+1} respectively, and
these numerical values may be used instead. The value @code{0}
may also be used in some cases. It is simply treated as meaning
-@code{UP} for stems, but for some objects it means @q{center}.
+@code{UP} for slurs, but for some objects it means @q{center}.
There is a constant, @code{CENTER} which has the value @code{0}.
However, these explicit overrides are not usually used, as there are
@end multitable
The neutral/normal variants of these commands are implemented
-using @code{\revert} and may @strong{not} be
+using @code{\revert} and these may @strong{not} be
preceded by @code{\once}. If you wish to limit the
effect of the other commands (which are implemented using
@code{\override}) to a single timestep, you can precede them with
@code{\once} like you would do with explicit overrides.
+Or, if just a single layout object needs to be forced up or down, the
+direction indicators, @code{^} or @code{_}, may be used:
+
+@lilypond[quote,fragment,verbatim]
+a'4( g') c''( a') |
+a'4^( g') c''_( a') |
+@end lilypond
+
@node Fingering
@unnumberedsubsubsec Fingering
@cindex Fingering, example of overriding
@cindex direction property, example
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
-c4-5 a-3 f-1 c'-5 |
-\override Fingering.direction = #DOWN
-c4-5 a-3 f-1 c'-5 |
-\override Fingering.direction = #UP
-c4-5 a-3 f-1 c'-5 |
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
+\relative {
+ c''4-5 a-3 f-1 c'-5 |
+ \override Fingering.direction = #DOWN
+ c4-5 a-3 f-1 c'-5 |
+ \override Fingering.direction = #UP
+ c4-5 a-3 f-1 c'-5 |
+}
@end lilypond
However, overriding the @code{direction} property is not the
@cindex fingering example
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
-c4-5 a-3 f-1 c'-5 |
-c4_5 a_3 f_1 c'_5 |
-c4^5 a^3 f^1 c'^5 |
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
+\relative {
+ c''4-5 a-3 f-1 c'-5 |
+ c4_5 a_3 f_1 c'_5 |
+ c4^5 a^3 f^1 c'^5 |
+}
@end lilypond
The @code{direction} property is ignored for chords, but the
@cindex fingering example
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
-<c-5 g-3>4
-<c-5 g-3 e-2>4
-<c-5 g-3 e-2 c-1>4
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
+\relative {
+ <c''-5 g-3>4
+ <c-5 g-3 e-2>4
+ <c-5 g-3 e-2 c-1>4
+}
@end lilypond
@noindent
@cindex fingering example
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
-<c-5 g-3 e-2 c-1>4
-<c^5 g_3 e_2 c_1>4
-<c^5 g^3 e^2 c_1>4
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
+\relative {
+ <c''-5 g-3 e-2 c-1>4
+ <c^5 g_3 e_2 c_1>4
+ <c^5 g^3 e^2 c_1>4
+}
@end lilypond
Even greater control over the placement of fingering of the
@cindex @code{\set}, example of using
@cindex fingeringOrientations property, example
-@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=1]
-\set fingeringOrientations = #'(left)
-<f-2>4
-<c-1 e-2 g-3 b-5>4
-\set fingeringOrientations = #'(left)
-<f-2>4
-<c-1 e-2 g-3 b-5>4 |
-\set fingeringOrientations = #'(up left down)
-<f-2>4
-<c-1 e-2 g-3 b-5>4
-\set fingeringOrientations = #'(up left)
-<f-2>4
-<c-1 e-2 g-3 b-5>4 |
-\set fingeringOrientations = #'(right)
-<f-2>4
-<c-1 e-2 g-3 b-5>4
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
+\relative {
+ \set fingeringOrientations = #'(left)
+ <f'-2>4
+ <c-1 e-2 g-3 b-5>4
+ \set fingeringOrientations = #'(left)
+ <f-2>4
+ <c-1 e-2 g-3 b-5>4 |
+ \set fingeringOrientations = #'(up left down)
+ <f-2>4
+ <c-1 e-2 g-3 b-5>4
+ \set fingeringOrientations = #'(up left)
+ <f-2>4
+ <c-1 e-2 g-3 b-5>4 |
+ \set fingeringOrientations = #'(right)
+ <f-2>4
+ <c-1 e-2 g-3 b-5>4
+}
@end lilypond
@noindent
@code{Fingering} object in the IR to be @w{@code{-5}}, so let's
try @w{@code{-7}}:
-@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=1]
-\override Fingering.font-size = #-7
-\set fingeringOrientations = #'(left)
-<f-2>4
-<c-1 e-2 g-3 b-5>4
-\set fingeringOrientations = #'(left)
-<f-2>4
-<c-1 e-2 g-3 b-5>4 |
-\set fingeringOrientations = #'(up left down)
-<f-2>4
-<c-1 e-2 g-3 b-5>4
-\set fingeringOrientations = #'(up left)
-<f-2>4
-<c-1 e-2 g-3 b-5>4 |
-\set fingeringOrientations = #'(right)
-<f-2>4
-<c-1 e-2 g-3 b-5>4
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
+\relative {
+ \override Fingering.font-size = #-7
+ \set fingeringOrientations = #'(left)
+ <f'-2>4
+ <c-1 e-2 g-3 b-5>4
+ \set fingeringOrientations = #'(left)
+ <f-2>4
+ <c-1 e-2 g-3 b-5>4 |
+ \set fingeringOrientations = #'(up left down)
+ <f-2>4
+ <c-1 e-2 g-3 b-5>4
+ \set fingeringOrientations = #'(up left)
+ <f-2>4
+ <c-1 e-2 g-3 b-5>4 |
+ \set fingeringOrientations = #'(right)
+ <f-2>4
+ <c-1 e-2 g-3 b-5>4
+}
@end lilypond
@node Outside-staff objects
placed at the start of the spanner, which might include several
linked hairpins and dynamics.
-@multitable @columnfractions .3 .3 .3
+@multitable @columnfractions .3 .15 .45
@headitem Layout Object
@tab Priority
@tab Controls position of:
@item @code{MetronomeMark}
@tab @code{1000}
@tab Metronome marks
+@item @code{SostenutoPedalLineSpanner}
+ @tab @code{1000}
+ @tab Pedal indication
+@item @code{SustainPedalLineSpanner}
+ @tab @code{1000}
+ @tab
+@item @code{UnaCordaPedalLineSpanner}
+ @tab @code{1000}
+ @tab
+@item @code{MeasureCounter}
+ @tab @code{750}
+ @tab Measure number
@item @code{VoltaBracketSpanner}
@tab @code{600}
@tab Volta brackets
+@item @code{InstrumentSwitch}
+ @tab @code{500}
+ @tab Instrument switch text
@item @code{TextScript}
@tab @code{450}
@tab Markup text
@item @code{MultiMeasureRestText}
@tab @code{450}
- @tab Markup text over full-bar rests
+ @tab Markup text over multimeasure rests
+@item @code{CombineTextScript}
+ @tab @code{450}
+ @tab Part-combine text
@item @code{OttavaBracket}
@tab @code{400}
@tab Ottava brackets
@tab @code{250}
@tab All dynamic markings
@item @code{BarNumber}
- @tab @code{ 100}
+ @tab @code{100}
@tab Bar numbers
@item @code{TrillSpanner}
@tab @code{50}
@tab Spanning trills
+@item @code{AccidentalSuggestion}
+ @tab @code{0}
+ @tab Annotational accidentals
@end multitable
Here is an example showing the default placement of some of
@cindex ottava bracket
@funindex \startTextSpan
-@funindex startTextSpan
@funindex \stopTextSpan
-@funindex stopTextSpan
@cindex TextSpanner, example of overriding
@cindex bound-details property, example
-@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=1]
+@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim]
% Set details for later Text Spanner
\override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.text
= \markup { \small \bold Slower }
\dynamicUp
% Start Ottava Bracket
\ottava #1
-c'4 \startTextSpan
+c''4 \startTextSpan
% Add Dynamic Text and hairpin
-c4\pp\<
-c4
+c''4\pp\<
+c''4
% Add Text Script
-c4^Text |
-c4 c
+c''4^Text |
+c''4 c''
% Add Dynamic Text and terminate hairpin
-c4\ff c \stopTextSpan |
+c''4\ff c'' \stopTextSpan |
% Stop Ottava Bracket
\ottava #0
-c,4 c c c |
+c'4 c' c' c' |
@end lilypond
This example also shows how to create Text Spanners --
overridden. Suppose we would like the ottava bracket to be placed
below the text spanner in the example above. All we need to do is to
look up the priority of @code{OttavaBracket} in the IR or in the
-tables above, and reduce it to a value lower than that of a
+table above, and reduce it to a value lower than that of a
@code{TextSpanner}, remembering that @code{OttavaBracket} is created
in the @code{Staff} context:
@cindex TextSpanner, example of overriding
@cindex bound-details property, example
-@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=1]
+@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim]
% Set details for later Text Spanner
\override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.text
= \markup { \small \bold Slower }
\once \override Staff.OttavaBracket.outside-staff-priority = #340
% Start Ottava Bracket
\ottava #1
-c'4 \startTextSpan
+c''4 \startTextSpan
% Add Dynamic Text
-c4\pp
+c''4\pp
% Add Dynamic Line Spanner
-c4\<
+c''4\<
% Add Text Script
-c4^Text |
-c4 c
+c''4^Text |
+c''4 c''
% Add Dynamic Text
-c4\ff c \stopTextSpan |
+c''4\ff c'' \stopTextSpan |
% Stop Ottava Bracket
\ottava #0
-c,4 c c c |
+c'4 c' c' c' |
@end lilypond
Note that some of these objects, in particular bar numbers,
other outside-staff objects according to that value. Here's an
example showing the effect of the two methods:
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
-c4( c^\markup { \tiny \sharp } d4.) c8 |
-c4(
-\once \override TextScript.avoid-slur = #'inside
-\once \override TextScript.outside-staff-priority = ##f
-c4^\markup { \tiny \sharp } d4.) c8 |
-\once \override Slur.outside-staff-priority = #500
-c4( c^\markup { \tiny \sharp } d4.) c8 |
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
+\relative c'' {
+ c4( c^\markup { \tiny \sharp } d4.) c8 |
+ c4(
+ \once \override TextScript.avoid-slur = #'inside
+ \once \override TextScript.outside-staff-priority = ##f
+ c4^\markup { \tiny \sharp } d4.) c8 |
+ \once \override Slur.outside-staff-priority = #500
+ c4( c^\markup { \tiny \sharp } d4.) c8 |
+}
@end lilypond
Changing the @code{outside-staff-priority} can also be used to
@cindex TextScript, example of overriding
@cindex outside-staff-priority property, example
-@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2]
-c2^"Text1"
-c2^"Text2" |
+@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim]
+c''2^"Text1"
+c''2^"Text2" |
\once \override TextScript.outside-staff-priority = #500
-c2^"Text3"
-c2^"Text4" |
+c''2^"Text3"
+c''2^"Text4" |
@end lilypond
This certainly lifts @qq{Text3} above @qq{Text4} but it also lifts it
@cindex notes, spreading out with text
@funindex \textLengthOn
-@funindex textLengthOn
@funindex \textLengthOff
-@funindex textLengthOff
By default, text produced by markup takes up no horizontal space
as far as laying out the music is concerned. The @code{\textLengthOn}
command reverses this behavior, causing the notes to be spaced
out as far as is necessary to accommodate the text:
-@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2]
+@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim]
\textLengthOn % Cause notes to space out to accommodate text
-c2^"Text1"
-c2^"Text2" |
-c2^"Text3"
-c2^"Text4" |
+c''2^"Text1"
+c''2^"Text2" |
+c''2^"Text3"
+c''2^"Text4" |
@end lilypond
The command to revert to the default behavior is
@cindex TextScript, example of overriding
@cindex outside-staff-priority property, example
-@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2]
-% This markup is short enough to fit without collision
-c2^"Tex" c'' |
-R1 |
-
-% This is too long to fit, so it is displaced upwards
-c,,2^"Text" c'' |
-R1 |
-
-% Turn off collision avoidance
-\once \override TextScript.outside-staff-priority = ##f
-c,,2^"Long Text " c'' |
-R1 |
-
-% Turn off collision avoidance
-\once \override TextScript.outside-staff-priority = ##f
-\textLengthOn % and turn on textLengthOn
-c,,2^"Long Text " % Spaces at end are honored
-c''2 |
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
+\relative {
+ % This markup is short enough to fit without collision
+ c''2^"Tex" c'' |
+ R1 |
+
+ % This is too long to fit, so it is displaced upwards
+ c,,2^"Text" c'' |
+ R1 |
+
+ % Turn off collision avoidance
+ \once \override TextScript.outside-staff-priority = ##f
+ c,,2^"Long Text " c'' |
+ R1 |
+
+ % Turn off collision avoidance
+ \once \override TextScript.outside-staff-priority = ##f
+ \textLengthOn % and turn on textLengthOn
+ c,,2^"Long Text " % Spaces at end are honored
+ c''2 |
+}
@end lilypond
@node Dynamics placement
This can give quite acceptable results, as this example
shows:
-@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=1]
-\clef "bass"
-\key aes \major
-\time 9/8
-\dynamicUp
-bes4.~\f\< \( bes4 bes8 des4\ff\> c16 bes\! |
-ees,2.~\)\mf ees4 r8 |
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
+\relative {
+ \clef "bass"
+ \key aes \major
+ \time 9/8
+ \dynamicUp
+ bes4.~\f\< \( bes4 bes8 des4\ff\> c16 bes\! |
+ ees,2.~\)\mf ees4 r8 |
+}
@end lilypond
However, if the notes and attached dynamics are close
not be the optimum placement, as this rather artificial example
shows:
-@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2]
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment]
\dynamicUp
-a4\f b\mf a\mp b\p
+\relative { a'4\f b\mf a\mp b\p }
@end lilypond
@noindent
@cindex extra-spacing-width property, example
-@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2]
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment]
\dynamicUp
% Extend width by 1 staff space
\override DynamicText.extra-spacing-width = #'(-0.5 . 0.5)
-a4\f b\mf a\mp b\p
+\relative { a'4\f b\mf a\mp b\p }
@end lilypond
@noindent
@cindex collisions, notes
@cindex shift commands
@funindex \shiftOff
-@funindex shiftOff
@funindex \shiftOn
-@funindex shiftOn
@funindex \shiftOnn
-@funindex shiftOnn
@funindex \shiftOnnn
-@funindex shiftOnnn
Within a voice, all the notes occuring at the same musical moment are
grouped into a note column, and a @code{NoteColumn} object is created
@cindex Script, example of overriding
@cindex padding property, example
-@lilypond[quote,fragment,relative=1,verbatim]
-c2\fermata
+@lilypond[quote,fragment,verbatim]
+c'2\fermata
\override Script.padding = #3
b2\fermata
@end lilypond
@cindex MetronomeMark, example of overriding
@cindex padding property, example
-@lilypond[quote,fragment,relative=1,verbatim]
+@lilypond[quote,fragment,verbatim]
% This will not work, see below
\override MetronomeMark.padding = #3
\tempo 4 = 120
-c1 |
+c'1 |
% This works
\override Score.MetronomeMark.padding = #3
\tempo 4 = 80
-d1 |
+d'1 |
@end lilypond
Note in the second example how important it is to figure out what
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
sesquisharp = \markup { \sesquisharp }
-\relative c'' {
- c4
+\relative {
+ c''4
% This prints a sesquisharp but the spacing is too small
\once \override Accidental.stencil = #ly:text-interface::print
\once \override Accidental.text = #sesquisharp
@cindex DynamicLineSpanner, example of overriding
@cindex staff-padding property, example
-@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2]
+@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim]
\override DynamicLineSpanner.staff-padding = #3
-a4\f b\mf a\p b\mp
+\relative { a'4\f b\mf a\p b\mp }
@end lilypond
@cindex StringNumber, example of overriding
@cindex self-alignment-X property, example
-@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=3]
+@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim]
\voiceOne
-<a\2>
+<a''\2>
\once \override StringNumber.self-alignment-X = #RIGHT
-<a\2>
+<a''\2>
@end lilypond
@node The staff-position property
for notes and rests that occur at the same time. Here's an
example of a collision of this type:
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,fragment,ragged-right, relative=1]
-<< { c4 c c c } \\ { R1 } >>
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
+<< \relative { c'4 c c c } \\ { R1 } >>
@end lilypond
The best solution here is to move the multimeasure rest down, since the
@cindex MultiMeasureRest, example of overriding
@cindex staff-position property, example
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,fragment,ragged-right, relative=1]
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
<<
- { c4 c c c }
+ \relative { c'4 c c c }
\\
\override MultiMeasureRest.staff-position = #-8
{ R1 }
@cindex Fingering, example of overriding
@cindex extra-offset property, example
-@lilypond[quote,fragment,relative=1,verbatim]
-\stemUp
-f4-5
+@lilypond[quote,fragment,verbatim]
+f'4-5
\once \override Fingering.extra-offset = #'(-0.3 . -1.8)
-f4-5
+f'4-5
@end lilypond
Here's an example in which the phrasing slur and slur collide:
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,fragment,ragged-right,relative=2]
-a8 \( ( a'16 ) a \)
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
+\relative { a'8 \( ( a'16 ) a \) }
@end lilypond
@cindex PhrasingSlur, example of overriding
select the phrasing slur from the candidates it has found with its
end points closest to these:
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,fragment,ragged-right,relative=2]
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,fragment,ragged-right]
\once \override PhrasingSlur.positions = #'(2.5 . 4.5)
-a8 \( ( a'16 ) a \)
+a'8 \( ( a''16 ) a'' \)
@end lilypond
This is an improvement, but why not lower the right end of the slur
Here's a further example. We see that the beams
collide with the ties:
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,fragment,ragged-right]
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
{
\time 4/2
<<
- { c'1 ~ c'2. e'8 f' }
+ \relative { c'1~ 2. e8 f }
\\
- { e''8 e'' e'' e'' e'' e'' e'' e'' f''2 g'' }
+ \relative {
+ e''8 e e e
+ e e e e
+ f2 g
+ }
>>
<<
- { c'1 ~ c'2. e'8 f' }
+ \relative { c'1~ 2. e8 f }
\\
- { e''8 e'' e'' e'' e'' e'' e'' e'' f''2 g'' }
+ \relative {
+ e''8 e e e
+ e e e e
+ f2 g
+ }
>>
}
@end lilypond
@cindex Beam, example of overriding
@cindex positions property, example
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,fragment,ragged-right]
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
{
\time 4/2
<<
- { c'1 ~ c'2. e'8 f' }
+ \relative { c'1~ 2. e8 f }
\\
- {
+ \relative {
\override Beam.positions = #'(-1 . -1)
- e''8 e'' e'' e'' e'' e'' e'' e'' f''2 g''
+ e''8 e e e
+ e e e e
+ f2 g
}
>>
<<
- { c'1 ~ c'2. e'8 f' }
+ \relative { c'1~ 2. e8 f }
\\
- { e''8 e'' e'' e'' e'' e'' e'' e'' f''2 g'' }
+ \relative {
+ e''8 e e e
+ e e e e
+ f2 g
+ \revert Beam.positions
+ }
>>
}
@end lilypond
@noindent
-Note that the override continues to apply in the first voice of
+Note that the override continues to apply in the second voice of
the second measure of eighth notes, but not to any of the beams in the
-second voice.
+first voice, even those in the later second measure. As soon as the
+override should no longer apply it should be reverted, as shown.
@node The force-hshift property
@unnumberedsubsubsec The @code{force-hshift} property
was left looking like this:
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,fragment,ragged-right]
-\new Staff \relative c'' {
+\new Staff \relative {
\key aes \major
<<
- { c2 aes4. bes8 }
+ { c''2 aes4. bes8 }
\\
{ <ees, c>2 des }
\\
@noindent
The inner note of the first chord (i.e. the A-flat in the fourth
Voice) need not be shifted away from the note column of the higher
-note. We might expect to correct this by using @code{\shiftOff}, but
-this will cause warnings about clashing note columns. Instead, we
-set @code{force-hshift}, which is a property of @code{NoteColumn},
-of this note to zero.
+note, so we use @code{\shiftOff}.
In the second chord we prefer the F to line up with the A-flat and
the lowest note to be positioned slightly right to avoid a collision
@cindex force-hshift property, example
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,fragment,ragged-right]
-\new Staff \relative c'' {
+\new Staff \relative {
\key aes \major
<<
- { c2 aes4. bes8 }
+ { c''2 aes4. bes8 }
\\
{ <ees, c>2 \once \override NoteColumn.force-hshift = 0.5 des }
\\
\\
- { \once \override NoteColumn.force-hshift = 0 aes'2
- \once \override NoteColumn.force-hshift = 0 f4 fes }
+ { \once \shiftOff aes'2 \once \shiftOff f4 fes }
>> |
<c ees aes c>1 |
}
@c This example should not be indexed
@c line-width ensures no break
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,line-width=6\in]
-rhMusic = \relative c'' {
+rhMusic = \relative {
\new Voice {
- r2 c4.\( g8 |
+ r2 c''4.\( g8 |
\once \override Tie.staff-position = #3.5
bes1~ |
\bar "||"
\time 6/4
\mergeDifferentlyHeadedOn
\mergeDifferentlyDottedOn
- bes2.^\markup { \bold "Moderato" } r8
+ bes2.\tempo "Moderato" r8
<<
{ c,8 d fis bes a }
\new Voice {
}
}
-lhMusic = \relative c' {
- r2 <c g ees>2( |
+lhMusic = \relative {
+ r2 <c' g ees>2( |
<d g, d>1)\arpeggio |
r2. d,,4 r4 r |
r4
@c line-width ensures no break
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right,line-width=6\in]
-rhMusic = \relative c'' {
+rhMusic = \relative {
\new Voice {
- r2 c4. g8 |
+ r2 c''4. g8 |
bes1~ |
\time 6/4
bes2. r8
{ c,8 d fis bes a } % continuation of main voice
\new Voice {
\voiceTwo
- c,8~ c2
+ c,8~ 2
}
\new Voice {
\voiceThree
}
}
-lhMusic = \relative c' {
- r2 <c g ees>2 |
+lhMusic = \relative {
+ r2 <c' g ees>2 |
<d g, d>1 |
r2. d,,4 r4 r |
r4
@c line-width ensures no break
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right,line-width=6\in]
-rhMusic = \relative c'' {
+rhMusic = \relative {
\new Voice {
- r2 c4.\( g8 |
+ r2 c''4.\( g8 |
bes1~ |
\time 6/4
bes2. r8
{ c,8 d fis bes a } % continuation of main voice
\new Voice {
\voiceTwo
- c,8~ c2
+ c,8~ 2
}
\new Voice {
\voiceThree
}
}
-lhMusic = \relative c' {
- r2 <c g ees>2( |
+lhMusic = \relative {
+ r2 <c' g ees>2( |
<d g, d>1) |
r2. d,,4 r4 r |
r4
@c line-width ensures no break
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right,line-width=6\in]
-rhMusic = \relative c'' {
+rhMusic = \relative {
\new Voice {
- r2 c4.\( g8 |
+ r2 c''4.\( g8 |
\once \override Tie.staff-position = #3.5
bes1~ |
\bar "||"
{ c,8 d fis bes a } % continuation of main voice
\new Voice {
\voiceTwo
- c,8~ c2
+ c,8~ 2
}
\new Voice {
\voiceThree
}
}
-lhMusic = \relative c' {
- r2 <c g ees>2( |
+lhMusic = \relative {
+ r2 <c' g ees>2( |
<d g, d>1)\arpeggio |
r2. d,,4 r4 r |
r4
@end lilypond
On to bar three and the start of the Moderato section. The tutorial
-showed how to add bold text with the @code{\markup} command, so
-adding @qq{Moderato} in bold is easy. But how do we merge notes in
+showed how to add a tempo indication with the @code{\tempo} command, so
+adding @qq{Moderato} is easy. But how do we merge notes in
different voices together? This is where we need to turn again to
the Notation Reference for help. A search for @qq{merge} in the
Notation Reference index quickly leads us to the commands for merging
@c line-width ensures no break
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,line-width=6\in]
-rhMusic = \relative c'' {
+rhMusic = \relative {
\new Voice {
- r2 c4.\( g8 |
+ r2 c''4.\( g8 |
\once \override Tie.staff-position = #3.5
bes1~ |
\bar "||"
\time 6/4
- bes2.^\markup { \bold "Moderato" } r8
+ bes2.\tempo "Moderato" r8
\mergeDifferentlyHeadedOn
\mergeDifferentlyDottedOn
% Start polyphonic section of four voices
{ c,8 d fis bes a } % continuation of main voice
\new Voice {
\voiceTwo
- c,8~ c2
+ c,8~ 2
}
\new Voice {
\voiceThree
}
}
-lhMusic = \relative c' {
- r2 <c g ees>2( |
+lhMusic = \relative {
+ r2 <c' g ees>2( |
<d g, d>1)\arpeggio |
r2. d,,4 r4 r |
r4
@c line-width ensures no break
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right,line-width=6\in]
-rhMusic = \relative c'' {
+rhMusic = \relative {
\new Voice {
- r2 c4.\( g8 |
+ r2 c''4.\( g8 |
\once \override Tie.staff-position = #3.5
bes1~ |
\bar "||"
\time 6/4
- bes2.^\markup { \bold "Moderato" } r8
+ bes2.\tempo "Moderato" r8
\mergeDifferentlyHeadedOn
\mergeDifferentlyDottedOn
% Start polyphonic section of four voices
}
}
-lhMusic = \relative c' {
- r2 <c g ees>2( |
+lhMusic = \relative {
+ r2 <c' g ees>2( |
<d g, d>1)\arpeggio |
r2. d,,4 r4 r |
r4
@c line-width ensures no break
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right,line-width=6\in]
-rhMusic = \relative c'' {
+rhMusic = \relative {
\new Voice {
- r2 c4.\( g8 |
+ r2 c''4.\( g8 |
\once \override Tie.staff-position = #3.5
bes1~ |
\bar "||"
\time 6/4
- bes2.^\markup { \bold "Moderato" } r8
+ bes2.\tempo "Moderato" r8
\mergeDifferentlyHeadedOn
\mergeDifferentlyDottedOn
% Start polyphonic section of four voices
}
}
-lhMusic = \relative c' {
- r2 <c g ees>2( |
+lhMusic = \relative {
+ r2 <c' g ees>2( |
<d g, d>1)\arpeggio |
r2. d,,4 r4 r |
r4
* Simulating a fermata in MIDI::
@end menu
-@cindex transparent property, use of
-@cindex objects, making invisible
@cindex removing objects
@cindex objects, removing
-@cindex hiding objects
-@cindex objects, hiding
-@cindex invisible objects
-@cindex objects, invisible
@node Tying notes across voices
@unnumberedsubsubsec Tying notes across voices
@cindex tying notes across voices
-The following example demonstrates how to connect notes in
-different voices using ties. Normally, only two notes in the
-same voice can be connected with ties. By using two voices,
-with the tied notes in one of them
+The following example demonstrates how to connect notes in different
+voices using ties. Normally, only notes in the same voice can be
+connected with ties. By using two voices, with the tied notes in one
+of them
-@lilypond[quote,fragment,relative=2]
-<< { b8~ b\noBeam } \\ { b8[ g] } >>
+@lilypond[quote]
+<< { b'8~ 8\noBeam } \\ { b'8[ g'] } >>
@end lilypond
@noindent
-and blanking the first up-stem in that voice, the tie appears to
-cross voices:
+and removing the first up-stem and its flag in that voice, the tie
+appears to cross voices:
-@cindex Stem, example of overriding
-@cindex transparent property, example
-
-@lilypond[quote,fragment,relative=2,verbatim]
-<<
- {
- \tweak Stem.transparent ##t
- b8~ b\noBeam
- }
-\\
- { b8[ g] }
->>
-@end lilypond
-
-To make sure that the just-blanked stem doesn't squeeze the tie
-too much, we can lengthen the stem by setting the
-@code{length} to @code{8},
+@funindex \omit
+@cindex Stem, example of removing
+@cindex Flag, example of removing
+@cindex @code{\omit}, example
+@cindex example of @code{\omit}
-@lilypond[quote,fragment,relative=2,verbatim]
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
<<
{
- \tweak Stem.transparent ##t
- \tweak Stem.length #8
- b8~ b\noBeam
+ \once \omit Stem
+ \once \omit Flag
+ b'8~ 8\noBeam
}
\\
- { b8[ g] }
+ { b'8[ g'] }
>>
@end lilypond
-@funindex \single
-@cindex tweak, generated from override
-Now for @emph{overriding} the transparency of a graphical object,
-we could have used the shorthand @code{\hide} as explained above.
-Tweaking is a different operation, affecting only properties
-generated from a single music expression. It turns out that we
-can convert overrides into tweaks using @code{\single}, making it
-possible to rewrite the above example as
-
-@lilypond[quote,fragment,relative=2,verbatim]
-<<
- {
- \single \hide Stem
- \single \hide Flag
- \tweak Stem.length #8
- b8~ b\noBeam
- }
-\\
- { b8[ g] }
->>
-@end lilypond
+@seealso
+Learning Manual:
+@ref{The once prefix,,The @code{@bs{}once} prefix},
+@ref{The stencil property}.
-In this particular case, the difference to @code{\once \hide} is
-not apparent. It is important when there are several objects at
-the same point in musical time (like noteheads in a chord). In
-that case, @code{\once} will affect all of those objects while
-@code{\single} will only affect a single one, the one generated by
-the immediately following music expression.
@node Simulating a fermata in MIDI
@unnumberedsubsubsec Simulating a fermata in MIDI
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
\score {
- \relative c'' {
+ \relative {
% Visible tempo marking
\tempo 4=120
- a4 a a
+ a'4 a a
\once \hide Score.MetronomeMark
% Invisible tempo marking to lengthen fermata in MIDI
\tempo 4=80
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
\score {
- \relative c'' {
+ \relative {
% Visible tempo marking
\tempo 4=120
- a4 a a
+ a'4 a a
\once \omit Score.MetronomeMark
% Invisible tempo marking to lengthen fermata in MIDI
\tempo 4=80
global = { \key c \major \time 4/4 \partial 4 }
-SopranoMusic = \relative c' { c4 | e4. e8 g4 g | a4 a g }
-AltoMusic = \relative c' { c4 | c4. c8 e4 e | f4 f e }
-TenorMusic = \relative c { e4 | g4. g8 c4. b8 | a8 b c d e4 }
-BassMusic = \relative c { c4 | c4. c8 c4 c | f8 g a b c4 }
+SopranoMusic = \relative { c'4 | e4. e8 g4 g | a4 a g }
+AltoMusic = \relative { c'4 | c4. c8 e4 e | f4 f e }
+TenorMusic = \relative { e4 | g4. g8 c4. b8 | a8 b c d e4 }
+BassMusic = \relative { c4 | c4. c8 c4 c | f8 g a b c4 }
VerseOne = \lyrics {
E -- | ter -- nal \emphasize Fa -- ther, | \normal strong to save,
inst =
#(define-music-function
- (parser location string)
+ (string)
(string?)
#{ <>^\markup \bold \box #string #})
-\relative c'' {
+\relative {
\tempo 4=50
- a4.\mpdolce d8 cis4--\glissando a |
+ a'4.\mpdolce d8 cis4--\glissando a |
b4 bes a2 |
\inst "Clarinet"
cis4.\< d8 e4 fis |
inst =
#(define-music-function
- (parser location string)
+ (string)
(string?)
#@{ <>^\markup \bold \box #string #@})
@end example
@example
\include "definitions.ily"
-\relative c'' @{
+\relative @{
\tempo 4=50
- a4.\mpdolce d8 cis4--\glissando a |
+ a'4.\mpdolce d8 cis4--\glissando a |
b4 bes a2 |
\inst "Clarinet"
cis4.\< d8 e4 fis |
inst =
#(define-music-function
- (parser location string)
+ (string)
(string?)
#{ <>^\markup \bold \box #string #})
-\relative c'' {
+\relative {
\tempo 4=50
- a4.\mpdolce d8 cis4--\glissando a |
+ a'4.\mpdolce d8 cis4--\glissando a |
b4 bes a2 |
\inst "Clarinet"
cis4.\< d8 e4 fis |
inst =
#(define-music-function
- (parser location string)
+ (string)
(string?)
#@{ <>^\markup \bold \box #string #@})
inst =
#(define-music-function
- (parser location string)
+ (string)
(string?)
#{ <>^\markup \bold \box #string #})
}
}
-\relative c'' {
+\relative {
\tempo 4=50
- a4.\mpdolce d8 cis4--\glissando a |
+ a'4.\mpdolce d8 cis4--\glissando a |
b4 bes a2 |
\inst "Clarinet"
cis4.\< d8 e4 fis |
inst =
#(define-music-function
- (parser location string)
+ (string)
(string?)
#@{ <>^\markup \bold \box #string #@})
inst =
#(define-music-function
- (parser location string)
+ (string)
(string?)
#{ <>^\markup \bold \box #string #})
}
}
-\relative c'' {
+\relative {
\tempo 4=50
- a4.\mpdolce d8 cis4--\glissando a |
+ a'4.\mpdolce d8 cis4--\glissando a |
b4 bes a2 |
\inst "Clarinet"
cis4.\< d8 e4 fis |
Open @file{ly/property-init.ly} in a text editor. The one
you normally use for @code{.ly} files will be fine. This file
contains the definitions of all the standard LilyPond predefined
-commands, such as @code{\stemUp} and @code{\slurDotted}. You will
+commands, such as @code{\tieUp} and @code{\slurDotted}. You will
see that these are nothing more than definitions of variables
containing one or a group of @code{\override} commands. For
-example, @code{/tieDotted} is defined to be:
+example, @code{\tieDotted} is defined to be:
@example
tieDotted = @{
((0) (x11-color 'violet )) ; for B
)))
-\relative c' {
+\relative {
% Arrange to obtain color from color-notehead procedure
\override NoteHead.color = #color-notehead
a2 b | c2 d | e2 f | g2 a |
projects / lilypond.git / blobdiff