[lilypond.git] / Documentation / tex / reference-manual.yo

mailto(gnu-music-discuss@gnu.org)
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def(indexcode)(1)(cindex(ARG1@code(ARG1)))
def(indexandcode)(1)(code(ARG1)indexcode(ARG1))
def(keyindex)(1)(cindex(ARG1@code(\ARG1)))

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COMMENT(
  BUGS:

    restStyle=mensural doesn't seem to work (lots of characters not found
    for rests.fly)

  TODO:
  
    accordeon symbols
    Music expression / music expression
)


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  This document contains Mudela fragments.  You need at least
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)

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article(LilyPond 1.2.0 Reference Manual)
       (Adrian Mariano, Han-Wen Nienhuys and Jan Nieuwenhuizen)
       (nop()PIPETHROUGH(date "+%B %d, %Y")()()nop())


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sect(Overview)

This nop(document)footnote(This document has been revised for
LilyPond 1.2.) describes the the GNU LilyPond input format, which is
a language for defining music.  We call this language em(Music
Definition Language) or em(Mudela), for short.footnote(If anybody
comes up with a better name, we'd gladly take this.  Gourlay already
uses a ``Musical Description Language,'' ISO standard 10743 defines a
``Standard Music Description Language.''  We're not being original
here.)

em(Mudela) is a language that allows you to

itemize(
  it() create musical expressions by combining pitches, durations 
  it() output those musical expressions to various formats
  it() give those musical expressions and output definitions names, so
       you can enter them in manageable chunks.
)

em(Mudela) aims to define a piece of music completely, both from
typesetting and from a performance point of view.


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sect(Top level)
cindex(top level)

This section describes what you may enter at top level.

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subsect(Score definitions)
cindex(score definition)

The output is generated combining a music expression with an output
definition.  A score block has the following syntax:

quote(
  code(\score {) var(musicexpr) var(outputdefs) code(})
)

var(outputdefs) are zero or more output definitions.  If no output
definition is supplied, the default code(\paper) block will be added.

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subsect(Information header)
cindex(header)
keyindex(header)

The syntax is

quote(
  code(\header) code({) var(key1) = var(val1);
                        var(key2) = var(val2); ellipsis() code(})
)

A header describes the file's contents.  It can also appear in a
code(\score) block.  Tools like indexandcode(ly2dvi) can use this
information for generating titles.  Key values that are used by
code(ly2dvi) are: title, subtitle, composer, opus, poet, instrument,
metre, arranger, piece and tagline.

It is customary to put the code(\header) at the top of the file.

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subsect(Setting notenames and chordnames)
label(notenames)

Note name tables can be specified using

quote(
  code(\notenames)keyindex(notenames)
    code({) var(assignmentlist) code(})
)

var(assignmentlist) is a list of definitions of the form

quote(
  var(name) = var(pitch)
)

Chord modifiers can be set analogously, with
code(\chordmodifiers)keyindex(chordmodifiers).

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subsect(Output definitions)

A code(\paper) block at top level sets the default paper block.  A
code(\midi) block at top level works similarly.

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subsect(GUILE and Scheme)

LilyPond contains a Scheme interpreter (the GUILE library) for
internal use.  The following commands access the interpreter
directly.

quote(
  code(\scm)keyindex(scm) var(scheme) code(;)
)

Evaluates the specified Scheme code.  The result is discarded.

quote(
  code(\scmfile)keyindex(scmfile) var(filename) code(;)
)

Reads Scheme code from the specified file.  The result is discarded.


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subsect(Identifiers)

Identifier assignments may appear at top level.  Semicolons are
forbidden after top level assignments.


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sect(Lexical conventions)
cindex(lexical conventions)

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subsect(Comments)
cindex(comment)
indexcode(%)
whenlatex(cindex(%A@latexcommand(\texttt{\%\textbraceleft})))
whenlatex(cindex(%B@latexcommand(\texttt{\%\textbraceright})))

A one line comment is introduced by a `code(%)' character. 
Block comments are started by `code(%{)' and ended by `code(%})'. 
They cannot be nested.

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subsect(Keywords)
cindex(keyword)

Keywords start with a backslash, followed by a number of lower case
alphabetic characters.  These are all the keywords.

latexcommand(\begin{raggedright})
quote(
  code(\accepts)
  code(\addlyrics)
  code(\alternative)
  code(\bar)
  code(\breathe)
  code(\cadenza)
  code(\chordmodifiers)
  code(\chords)
  code(\clef)
  code(\cm)
  code(\consists)
  code(\consistsend)
  code(\context)
  code(\duration)
  code(\font)
  code(\grace)
  code(\header)
  code(\in)
  code(\key)
  code(\keysignature)
  code(\lyrics)
  code(\mark)
  code(\midi)
  code(\mm)
  code(\musicalpitch)
  code(\name)
  code(\notenames)
  code(\notes)
  code(\paper)
  code(\partial)
  code(\penalty)
  code(\property)
  code(\pt)
  code(\relative)
  code(\remove)
  code(\repeat)
  code(\repetitions)
  code(\scm)
  code(\scmfile)
  code(\score)
  code(\script)
  code(\sequential)
  code(\shape)
  code(\simultaneous)
  code(\skip)
  code(\spanrequest)
  code(\tempo)
  code(\textscript)
  code(\time)
  code(\times)
  code(\translator)
  code(\transpose)
  code(\type)
)
latexcommand(\end{raggedright})

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subsect(Integers)
cindex(integer)

Formed from an optional minus sign followed by digits.  Arithmetic
operations cannot be done with integers, and integers cannot be mixed
with reals.

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subsect(Reals)
cindex(real) 

Formed from an optional minus sign and a sequence of digits followed
by a em(required) decimal point and an optional exponent such as
code(-1.2e3).  Reals can be built up using the usual operations:
`indexandcode(+)', `indexandcode(-)', `indexandcode(*)', and
`indexandcode(/)', with parentheses for grouping.

A real constant can be followed by one of the dimension
keywords:cindex(dimensions) code(\mm)keyindex(mm),
code(\pt)keyindex(pt), code(\in)keyindex(in), or
code(\cm)keyindex(cm), for millimeters, points, inches and
centimeters, respectively.  This converts the number to a real that
is the internal representation of dimensions.

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subsect(String)
cindex(string) 

Begins and ends with the `code(")' character.  To include a `code(")'
character in a string write `code(\")'.  Various other backslash
sequences have special interpretations as in the C language.  A
string that contains no spaces can be written without the quotes. 
See bind(section)ref(modes) for details on unquoted strings; their
interpretation varies depending on the situation.  Strings can be
concatenated with the `code(+)' operator.

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subsect(Tokenizer commands)

The tokenizer accepts the following commands.  They can appear
anywhere.

quote(
  code(\maininput)keyindex(maininput)
)

This command is used in init files to signal that the user file must
be read. This command cannot be used in a user file.

quote(
  code(\include)keyindex(include) var(file)
)

Include var(file).  The argument var(file) may be a quoted string (an
unquoted string will not work here!) or a string identifier.  The full
filename including the file(.ly) extension must be given,

quote(
  code(\version)keyindex(version) var(string) code(;)
)

Specify the version of LilyPond that a file was written for.  The
argument is a version string in quotes, for example code("1.2.0"). 
This is used to detect invalid input, and to aid
code(convert-mudela), a tool that automatically upgrades input files.

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subsect(Pitch Names in Other Languages)
cindex(other languages)
label(notelang)

Note name definitions have been provided in various languages. 
Simply include the language specific init file.  For example:
`code(\include "english.ly")'.  The available language files and the
names they define are:

quote(
verb(                        Note Names               sharp       flat

nederlands.ly  c   d   e   f   g   a   bes b   -is         -es
english.ly     c   d   e   f   g   a   bf  b   -s/-sharp   -f/-flat
deutsch.ly     c   d   e   f   g   a   b   h   -is         -es
norsk.ly       c   d   e   f   g   a   b   h   -iss/-is    -ess/-es
svenska.ly     c   d   e   f   g   a   b   h   -iss        -ess
italiano.ly    do  re  mi  fa  sol la  sid si  -d          -b
catalan.ly     do  re  mi  fa  sol la  sid si  -d/-s       -b)
)

Pitch names can be redefined using the
code(\notenames)keyindex(notenames) command, see
bind(subsection)ref(notenames).

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subsect(Lexical modes)
cindex(lexical modes)
cindex(modes)
label(modes)

To simplify entering notes, lyrics, and chords, em(Mudela) has three
special input modes on top of the default mode.  In each mode, words
are identified on the input.  If code("word") is encountered, it is
treated as a string.  If code(\word) is encountered, it is treated as
a keyword or as an identifier.  The behavior of the modes differs in
two ways: Different modes treat unquoted words differently, and
different modes have different rules for deciding what is a word.

description(
  dit(Normal mode.)cindex(mode!normal) 
    At the start of parsing, em(Mudela) is in Normal mode.  In Normal
    mode, a word is an alphabetic character followed by alphanumeric
    characters.  If code(word) is encountered on the input it is
    treated as a string.

  dit(Note mode.)cindex(mode!note)

    Note mode is introduced by the keyword
    code(\notes)keyindex(notes).  In Note mode, words can only
    contain alphabetic characters.  If code(word) is encountered,
    LilyPond first checks for a notename of code(word).  If no
    notename is found, then code(word) is treated as a string.

    Since combinations of numbers and dots are used for indicating
    durations, it is not possible to enter real numbers in this mode.

  dit(Chord mode.)cindex(mode!chord)
    Chord mode is introduced by the keyword
    code(\chords)keyindex(chords).  It is similar to Note mode, but
    words are also looked up in a chord modifier table (containing
    code(maj), code(dim), etc).

    Since combinations of numbers and dots are used for indicating
    durations, you can not enter real numbers in this mode.  Dashes
    and carets are used to indicate chord additions and subtractions,
    so scripts can not be entered in Chord mode.

  dit(Lyrics mode.) cindex(mode!lyric)

    Lyrics mode is introduced by the keyword
    code(\lyrics)keyindex(lyrics).  This mode has rules that make it
    easy to include punctuation and diacritical marks in words.  A
    word in Lyrics mode begins with: an alphabetic character,
    `code(_)', `code(?)', `code(!)', `code(:)', `code(')', the
    control characters code(^A) through code(^F), code(^Q) through
    code(^W), code(^Y), code(^^), any 8-bit character with ASCII code
    over 127, or a two-character combination of a backslash followed
    by one of `code(`)', `code(')', `code(")', or
    `code(^)'.footnote(The purpose of Lyrics mode is that you can
    enter lyrics in TeX() format or a standard encoding without
    needing quotes.  The precise definition of this mode indeed is
    ludicrous.  This will remain so until the authors of LilyPond
    acquire a deeper understanding of character encoding, or someone
    else steps up to fix this.)

    Subsequent characters of a word can be any character that is not
    a digit and not white space.  One important consequence of this
    is that a word can end with `code(})', which may be confusing if
    you thought the closing brace was going to terminate Lyrics
    mode.footnote(LilyPond will issue a warning, though.)  Any
    `code(_)' characters which appear in an unquoted word are
    converted to spaces.  This provides a mechanism for introducing
    spaces into words without using quotes.  Quoted words can also be
    used in Lyrics mode to specify words that cannot be written with
    the above rules.  Here are some examples.  Not all of these words
    are printable by TeX().

COMMENT(
DOEXPAND(muckslash)^etre          % a word
)

    quote(
verb(Ah!             % a word
2B_||_!2B       % not a word because it starts with a digit
``Hello''       % not a word because it starts with `
_ _ _ _         % 4 words, each one a space)
    )

    Since combinations of numbers and dots are used for indicating
    durations, you can not enter real numbers in this mode.
)

It is possible to create words that break the rules by prefixing them
with the dollar sign `indexandcode($)'.  Regardless of the context, a
word beginning with `code($)' extends until the next white space
character.  Such words can contain numbers (even in Note mode), or
other forbidden characters.  The dollar sign can be used to create
and access identifiers that could not otherwise be used.footnote(Use
of `code($)' hampers readability and portability to future LilyPond
versions, thus the use of the dollar sign is discouraged.)


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sect(Types)
cindex(types and identifiers)

em(Mudela) has a limited set of types:

itemize(
  it() integers
  it() reals
  it() strings
  it() music expressions
  it() durations of notes and rests (specified with
       code(\notenames)keyindex(notenames))
  it() note name tables
  it() context definitions, part of output definitions.  See
       bind(section)ref(contextdefs) for more information
  it() output definitions (like code(\paper)keyindex(paper) blocks
       and code(\midi)keyindex(midi) blocks)
  it() score definitions (code(\score)keyindex(score) blocks)
)

Type is a syntactical property: em(Mudela) has no real type system,
so there is no support for generic expressions, functions, or user
defined types.  For the same reason, it is not possible to mix reals
and integers in arithmetic expressions, and ``type
errors''cindex(type error) (e.g., using a string identifier to
initialize a code(\paper)keyindex(paper) block) will yield a ``parse
error''.

Identifiers allow objects to be assigned to names.  To assign an
identifier, you use `var(name)=var(value)' and to refer to an
identifier, you preceed its name with a backslash:
`code(\)var(name)'.  Identifier assignments must appear at top level
in the em(Mudela) file.  Semicolons are forbidden after assignments
appearing at top level but they are obligatory after assignments
appearing in the code(\paper) block, see bind(Section)ref(paper).

var(value) is any of the types listed above.

An identifier can be created with any string for its name, but you
will only be able to refer to identifiers whose names begin with a
letter, being entirely alphanumeric.  It is impossible to refer to an
identifier whose name is the same as the name of a keyword.

The right hand side of an identifier assignment is parsed completely
before the assignment is done, so it is allowed to redefine an
identifier in terms of its old value, e.g.

quote(
  code(foo = \foo * 2.0)
)

When an identifier is referenced, the information it points to is
copied.  Therefore it only makes sense to put identifiers for
translators, output definitions, and code(\score)keyindex(score)
blocks as the first item in a block.  For this reason, if you
reference a code(\foo) variable in a code(\foo) block, it must be the
first item in the list following code(\foo).footnote(code(\paper{\one
\two}) does not make sense, because the information of code(\two)
would overwrite the information of code(\one), thereby making the
reference to the first identifier useless.)


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sect(Music expressions)
cindex(music expressions)

Music in em(Mudela) is entered as a music expression.  Notes, rests,
lyric syllables are music expressions (the atomic
expressions)cindex(atomic music expressions), and you can combine
music expressions to form new ones.  This example forms a compound
expressions out of the quarter code(c) note and a code(d)
note:

quote(
  verb(\sequential { c4 d4 })
)

The meaning of this compound expression is to play the `code(c)'
first, and then the `code(d)' (as opposed to playing them
simultaneously, for instance).

Atomic music expression are discussed in
bind(subsection)ref(atomicmusic).  Compound music expressions are
discussed in bind(subsection)ref(compoundmusic).


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sect(Atomic music expressions)
label(atomicmusic)

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subsect(Pitch and duration)
cindex(pitch)
cindex(duration) 

The syntax for pitch specification is

quote(
  code(\musicalpitch)keyindex(musicalpitch)
    code({) var(octave) var(note) var(shift) code(})
)

var(octave) is specified by an integer, zero for the octave
containing middle C.  var(note) is a number from 0 to 7, with 0
corresponding to C and 7 corresponding to B.  The shift is zero for a
natural, negative to add flats, or positive to add sharps.

In Note and Chord mode, pitches may be designated by names.  See
bind(section)ref(notelang) for pitch names in different languages.

The syntax for duration specification is

quote(
  code(\duration)keyindex(duration)
    code({) var(length) var(dotcount) code(})
)

var(length) is the negative logarithm (base 2) of the duration:
bind(1)is a half note, bind(2)is a quarter note, bind(3)is an eighth
note, etc.  The number of dots after the note is given by
var(dotcount).

In Note, Chord, and Lyrics mode, durations may be designated by
numbers and dots.  See bind(Section)ref(notelang) for details.

COMMENT(%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%)

subsect(Note specification)
label(notedesc)
cindex(note specification)
cindex(pitches)
cindex(entering notes)

A note specification has the form

quote(
  var(pitch)[var(octavespec)][code(!)][code(?)][var(duration)]
)

The pitch of the note is specified by the note's name.

subsubsect(Pitches)

The default names are the Dutch note names.  The notes are specified
by the letters `code(c)' through `code(b)', where `code(c)' is an
octave below middle C and the letters span the octave above that C. 
In Dutchcindex(notenames!Dutch), a sharp is formed by adding
`code(-is)' to the end of a pitch name.  A flat is formed by adding
`code(-es)'. Double sharps and double flats are obtained by adding
`code(-isis)' or `code(-eses)'.  `code(aes)' and `code(ees)' are
contracted to `code(as)' and `code(es)' in Dutch, but both forms will
be accepted.

LilyPond has predefined sets of notenames for various languages.  See
bind(section)ref(notelang) for details.

subsubsect(Octaves)

The optional octave specification takes the form of a series of
single quote (`indexandcode(')') characters or a series of comma
(`indexandcode(,)') characters.  Each code(') raises the pitch by one
octave; each code(,) lowers the pitch by an octave.

mudela(fragment,verbatim,center)(  c' d' e' f' g' a' b' c'')

mudela(fragment,verbatim,center)(  cis' dis' eis' fis' gis' ais' bis')

mudela(fragment,verbatim,center)(  ces' des' es' fes' ges' as' bes')

mudela(fragment,verbatim,center)(  cisis' eisis' gisis' aisis' beses')

mudela(fragment,verbatim,center)(  ceses' eses' geses' ases' beses')

Whenever a C-sharp is desired,  you must specify a C-sharp.  LilyPond
will determine what accidentals to typeset depending on the key and
context.  A reminder accidental cindex(reminder accidental) can be
forced by adding an exclamation mark `code(!)' after the pitch.  A
cautionary accidental, cindex(cautionary accidental) i.e., an
accidental within parentheses can be obtained by adding the question
mark `indexandcode(?)' after the pitch.

mudela(fragment,verbatim,center)(  cis' d' e' cis'  c'? d' e' c'!)

subsubsect(Duration)
cindex(duration)

Durations are entered as their reciprocal values.  For notes longer
than a whole note, use identifiers.

quote(
verb(c'\longa c'\breve  
c'1 c'2 c'4 c'8 c'16 c'32 c'64 c'64)
)

quote(
mudela()(\score {
  \notes \relative c'' {
    a\longa a\breve  
    a1 a2 a4 a8 a16 a32 a64 a64 
  }
  \paper {
    loose_column_distance = 2.5 * \interline;
    linewidth = -1.0;
    \translator {
      \type "Score_engraver";
      \name "Score";
      \consists "Note_heads_engraver";
      \consists "Stem_engraver";
      \consists "Rhythmic_column_engraver";
    }
  }
})
)

quote(
verb(r\longa r\breve  
r1 r2 r4 r8 r16 r32 r64 r64)
)

quote(
mudela()(\score {
  \notes \relative c'' {
    r\longa r\breve  
    r1 r2 r4 r8 r16 r32 r64 r64 
  }
  \paper {
    loose_column_distance = 2.5 * \interline;
    linewidth = -1.0;
    \translator {
      \type "Score_engraver";
      \name "Score";
      \consists "Rest_engraver";
      \consists "Stem_engraver";
      \consists "Rhythmic_column_engraver";
    }
  }
})
)

If the duration is omitted then it is set equal to the previous
duration.  If there is no previous duration, a quarter note is
assumed.  The duration can be followed by a dot (`indexandcode(.)')
to obtain dotted note lengths.

mudela(fragment,verbatim,center)(  a'4. b'4.)

You can alter the length of duration by writing
`code(*)var(fraction)' after it.  This will not affect the
appearance of note heads or rests.

subsubsect(Rests)

Rests are entered like notes, with note name `indexandcode(r)',
or `indexandcode(R)'.  There is also a note name `indexandcode(s)',
which produces a space of the specified duration. 
`code(R)' is specifically meant for entering parts: the code(R) rest
can expand to fill a score with rests, or it can be printed as a
single multimeasure rest.

subsubsect(Lyrics syllables)
cindex(lyrics expressions)

Syllables are entered like notes, with pitches replaced by text.  For
example, `code(Twin-4 kle4 twin-4 kle4)' enters four syllables, each
with quarter note duration.  Note that the hyphen has no special
meaning for lyrics, and does not introduce special symbols.  See
bind(section)ref(modes) for a description of what is interpreted as
lyrics.

Spaces can be introduced into a lyric either by using quotes
(`code(")') or by using an underscore without quotes: `code(He_could4
not4)'.  All unquoted underscores are converted to spaces.  Printing
lyrics is discussed in bind(section)ref(lyricprint).

COMMENT(%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%)

subsect(Properties)
cindex(properties)

quote(
  code(\property)keyindex(property)
    var(contextname)code(.)var(propname) code(=) var(value)
)

Sets the var(propname) property of the context var(contextname) to
the specified var(value).  All three arguments are strings. 
Depending on the context, it may be necessary to quote the strings or
to leave space on both sides of the dot.

COMMENT(%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%)

subsect(Translator switches)
cindex(translator switches)

quote(
  code(\translator)keyindex(translator)
    var(contexttype) = var(name)
)

A music expression indicating that the context which is a direct
child of the a context of type var(contexttype) should be shifted to
a context of type var(contexttype) and the specified name.

Usually this is used to switch staffs in Piano music, e.g.

quote(
  code(\translator Staff = top) var(Music)
)

COMMENT(%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%)

subsect(Commands)
cindex(commands)

Commands are music expressions that have no duration.   

subsubsect(Key signatures)

quote(
  code(\key)keyindex(key) var(pitch) var(type) code(;)
)

Change the key signature.  var(type) should be
code(\major)keyindex(major) or code(\minor)keyindex(minor) to get
var(pitch)-major or var(pitch)-minor, respectively.  The second
argument is optional; the default is major keys.  The var(\context)
argument can also be given as an integer, which tells the number of
semitones that should be added to the pitch given in the subsequent
code(\key)keyindex(key) commands to get the corresponding major key,
e.g., code(\minor)keyindex(minor) is defined bind(as)3.  The standard
mode names code(\ionian)keyindex(ionian),
code(\locrian)keyindex(locrian), code(\aeolian)keyindex(aeolian),
code(\mixolydian)keyindex(mixolydian), code(\lydian)keyindex(lydian),
code(\phrygian)keyindex(phrygian), and code(\dorian)keyindex(dorian)
are also defined.

quote(
  code(\keysignature)keyindex(keysignature) var(pitchseq) code(;)
)

Specify an arbitrary key signature.  The pitches from var(pitch) will
be printed in the key signature in the order that they appear on the
list.

subsubsect(Rehearsal marks)
        
quote(
  code(\mark)keyindex(mark) var(unsigned) code(;) nl()
  code(\mark) var(string) code(;)
)

Prints a mark over or under (depending on the
indexandcode(markDirection) property) the staff.  You must add
indexandcode(Mark_engraver) to either the Score or Staff context for
this to work.

subsubsect(Bar lines)
label(barlines)

quote(
  code(\bar)keyindex(bar) var(bartype) code(;)
)

This is a request to print a special bar symbol. It replaces the 
regular bar symbol with a special
symbol.  The argument var(bartype) is a string which specifies the
kind of bar to print.  Options are code(":|")cindex("|A@code(:|)),
code("|:")cindex("|B@code(|:)), code(":|:")cindex("|C@code(:|:)),
code("||")cindex("|D@code(||)), code("|.")cindex("|E@code(|.)),
code(".|")cindex("|F@code(.|)), and code(".|.")cindex("|G@code(.|.)). 
These produce, respectively, a right repeat, a left repeat, a double
repeat, a double bar, a start bar, an end bar, and a thick double
bar.  If var(bartype) is set to code("empty") then nothing is
printed, but a line break is allowed at that spot.

You are encouraged to use code(\repeat) for repetitions.
See bind(section)ref(sec:repeats).

subsubsect(Timing commands) 

quote(
  code(\cadenza)keyindex(cadenza) var(togglevalue) code(;)
)

Music expression that toggles the automatic generation of bar lines. 
If var(togglevalue) bind(is)1, bar line generation is turned off.  If
var(togglevalue) bind(is)0, a bar line is immediately printed and 
automatic bar generation is turned on.

quote(
  code(\time)keyindex(time) var(numerator)code(/)var(denominator) code(;)
)

Change the time signature.  The default time signature bind(is)4/4. 
The time signature is used to generate bar lines.

quote(
  code(\tempo)keyindex(tempo) var(duration) = var(perminute) code(;)
)

Used to specify the tempo.  For example, `code(\tempo 4 = 76;)'
requests output with bind(76)quarter notes per minute.

quote(
  code(\partial)keyindex(partial) var(duration) code(;)
)
cindex(anacrusis)
cindex(upstep)

This creates an incomplete measure (anacrusis, upbeat) at the start of 
the music, e.g., `code(\partial 8*2;)' creates a starting measure 
lasting two eighth notes.

quote(
  code(|)indexcode(|)cindex(bar check)
)
cindex(shorten measures)
cindex(upstep)

`code(|)' is a barcheck.  Whenever a barcheck is encountered during
interpretation, a warning message is issued if it doesn't fall at a
measure boundary.  This can help you finding errors in the input. 
The beginning of the measure will be relocated, so this can also
be used to shorten measures.

subsubsect(Other commands)

quote(
  code(\penalty)keyindex(penalty) var(int) code(;)
)

Discourage or encourage line breaks.  See identifiers
code(\break)keyindex(break) and code(\nobreak)keyindex(nobreak) in
bind(section)ref(ident).

quote(
  code(\clef)keyindex(clef) var(clefname) code(;)
)

Music expression that sets the current clef.  The argument is a
string which specifies the name of the clef.  Several clef names are
supported.  If `code(_8)' or `code(^8)' is added to the end of a clef
name, then the clef lowered or raised an octave will be generated. 
Here are the supported clef names with bind(middle)C shown in each
clef:

quote(
mudela()(\score {
  \notes {
    \cadenza 1;
    %\property Voice.textStyle = typewriter
    \clef subbass;     c'4-"\kern -5mm subbass" 
    \clef bass;        c'4^"\kern -2mm bass"
    \clef baritone;    c'4_"\kern -5mm baritone"
    \clef varbaritone; c'4^"\kern -6mm varbaritone"
    \clef tenor;       c'4_"\kern -3mm tenor"
    \clef "G_8";       c'4^"\kern -2mm G\\texttt{\\_}8" 
  }  
  \paper {
    linewidth = 4.5 \in;
  }
})
)

quote(
mudela()(\score {
  \notes {
    \cadenza 1;
    \clef alto;         c'4_"\kern -2mm alto"
    \clef mezzosoprano; c'4^"\kern -9mm mezzosoprano"
    \clef soprano;      c'4_"\kern -6mm soprano"
    \clef treble;       c'4^"\kern -4mm treble"
    \clef french;       c'4_"\kern -4mm french"
  }
  \paper {
    linewidth = 4.5 \in;
  }
})
)

The three clef symbols can also be obtained using the names `code(G)', 
`code(C)' or `code(F)', optionally followed by an integer which 
indicates at which note line the clef is located. An as example, the 
code(mezzosoprano) clef can also be given as `code(C2)'.

quote(
  code(\skip)keyindex(skip) var(duration) code(;)
)

Skips the amount of time specified by var(duration).  If no other
music is played, a gap will be left for the skipped time with no
notes printed.  It works in Note Mode or Lyrics Mode.  In Note mode,
this has the same effect as the space rest `code(s)'.

subsubsect(Beams)
cindex(beams)
label(manualbeam)

A beam is specified by surrounding the beamed notes with brackets
`indexandcode([)' and `indexandcode(])'.  

mudela(fragment,verbatim,center)(  [a'8 a'] [a'16 a' a' a'])

Some more elaborate constructions:

mudela(fragment,verbatim,center)(  [a'16 <a' c''> c'' <a' c''>]
  \times 2/3 { [e'8 f' g'] })

Beaming can be generated automatically; see bind(section)ref(autobeam).

To place tremolo marks cindex(tremolo beams) between two notes, begin
with `code([:)var(length)' and end with `code(])'.  Tremolo marks
will appear instead of beams.  Putting more than two notes in such a
construction will produce odd effects.  To create tremolo beams on a
single note, simply attach `code(:)var(length)' to the note itself
(see also bind(section)ref(tremolo)).
  
mudela(fragment,verbatim,center)(  [:16 e'1 g'] [:8 e'4 f'])
  
mudela(fragment,verbatim,center)(  c'4:32 [:16 c'8 d'8])

subsubsect(Lyric helpers)
cindex(--@code(-)code(-))
indexcode(__)
cindex(extender)
cindex(hyphen)

The syntax for an extender mark is `code(__)'.  This syntax can only
be used within lyrics mode.  The syntax for a spanning hyphen (i.e.,
a hyphen that will be printed between two lyric syllables) is
`code(-)code(-)'.

subsubsect(Ties)
cindex(ties)

A tie connects two adjacent note heads of the same pitch.  When used
with chords, it connects all of the note heads whose pitches match.
Ties are indicated using the tilde symbol `indexandcode(~)'.
If you try to tie together chords which have no common pitches, a
warning message will appear and no ties will be created.

mudela(fragment,verbatim,center)(  e' ~ e' <c' e' g'> ~ <c' e' g'>)

COMMENT(%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%)

subsect(Atomic music expressions: add-ons)

[TODO: explain Requests]

subsubsect(Articulations)
cindex(articulations)
cindex(scripts)
cindex(ornaments)

A variety of symbols can appear above and below notes to indicate
different characteristics of the performance.  These symbols can be
added to a note with `var(note)code(-\)var(name)'.  Numerous symbols
are defined in file(script.ly) and file(script.scm).  Symbols can be
forced to appear above or below the note by writing
`var(note)code(^\)var(name)' and `var(note)code(_\)var(name)'
respectively.  Here is a chart showing symbols above notes, with the
name of the corresponding symbol appearing underneath.

mudela()(
  \score {
    < \notes {
        c''-\accent      c''-\marcato      c''-\staccatissimo c''-\fermata 
        c''-\stopped     c''-\staccato     c''-\tenuto        c''-\upbow
        c''-\downbow     c''^\lheel        c''-\rheel         c''^\ltoe
        c''-\rtoe        c''-\turn         c''-\open          c''-\flageolet
        c''-\reverseturn c''-\trill        c''-\prall         c''-\mordent
        c''-\prallprall  c''-\prallmordent c''-\upprall       c''-\downprall
        c''-\thumb       c''-\segno        c''-\coda
      }
      \context Lyrics \lyrics {  
        accent__      marcato__      staccatissimo__ fermata
        stopped__     staccato__     tenuto__        upbow
        downbow__     lheel__        rheel__         ltoe
        rtoe__        turn__         open__          flageolet
        reverseturn__ trill__        prall__         mordent
        prallprall__  prallmordent__ uprall__        downprall
        thumb__       segno__        coda
      }
    >
    \paper {
      linewidth = 5.875\in;          
      indent    = 0.0;
    }
  }
)

In addition, it is possible to place arbitrary strings of text or
TeX() above or below notes by using a string instead of an
identifier: `code(c^"text")'.  Fingerings cindex(fingering) can be
placed by simply using digits.  All of these note ornaments appear in
the printed output but have no effect on the MIDI rendering of the
music.

To save typing, fingering instructions (digits 0 bind(to)9 are
supported) and single characters shorthands exist for a few
common symbols

mudela()(
  \score {
    \notes {
      \property Voice.textStyle = typewriter
      c''4-._"c-."      s4
      c''4--_"c-{}-"    s4
      c''4-+_"c-+"      s4
      c''4-|_"c-|"      s4
      c''4->_"c->"      s4
      c''4-^_"c-\\^{ }" s4
      c''4-1_"c-1"      s4
      c''4-2_"c-2"      s4
      c''4-3_"c-3"      s4
      c''4-4_"c-4"      s4
    }
    \paper {
      linewidth = 5.875 \in;
      indent    = 0.0;
    }
  }
)

Dynamic marks are specified by using an identifier after a note:
`code(c4-\ff)' (the dash is optional for dynamics: `code(c4 \ff))'.  
The available dynamic marks are:
code(\ppp)keyindex(ppp),
code(\pp)keyindex(pp), code(\p)keyindex(p), code(\mp)keyindex(mp),
code(\mf)keyindex(mf), code(\f)keyindex(f), code(\ff)keyindex(ff),
code(\fff)keyindex(fff), code(\fff)keyindex(ffff),
code(\fp)keyindex(fp), code(\sf)keyindex(sf),
code(\sff)keyindex(sff), code(\sp)keyindex(sp),
code(\spp)keyindex(spp), code(\sfz)keyindex(sfz), and
code(\rfz)keyindex(rfz).

subsubsect(General text scripts)

quote(
  code(\textscript)keyindex(textscript) var(text) var(style)
)

Defines a text to be printed over or under a note.  var(style) is a
string that may be one of code(roman), code(italic), code(typewriter), 
code(bold), code(Large), code(large), code(dynamic) or code(finger).

You can attach a general textscript request using this syntax:

quote(
verb(c4-\textscript "6" "finger"
c4-\textscript "foo" "normal")
)

This is equivalent to `code(c4-6 c4-"foo")'.  

subsubsect(General scripts)
cindex(scripts)

quote(
  code(\script)keyindex(script) var(alias)
)

Prints a symbol above or below a note.  The argument is a string
which points into the script-alias table defined in file(script.scm).
The scheme definitions specify whether the symbol follows notes into
the staff, dependence of symbol placement on staff direction, and a
priority for placing several symbols over one note.  Usually the
code(\script)keyindex(script) keyword is not used directly.  Various
helpful identifier definitions appear in file(script.ly).

subsubsect(Slurs)
cindex(slur)

Slurs connects chords and try to avoid crossing stems.  A slur is
started with `code(CHAR(40))' and stopped with `code(CHAR(41))'.  The
starting `code(CHAR(40))' appears to the right of the first note in
the slur.  The terminal `code(CHAR(41))' appears to the left of the
first note in the slur.  This makes it possible to put a note in
slurs from both sides:

mudela(fragment,verbatim,center)(  f'()g'()a' [a'8 b'(] a'4 g'2 )f'4)

subsubsect(Crescendo)
cindex(crescendo)

A crescendo mark is started with code(\cr)keyindex(cr) and terminated
with code(\rc)keyindex(rc).  A decrescendo mark is started with
code(\decr)keyindex(decr) and terminated with
code(\rced)keyindex(rced).  There are also shorthands for these
marks.  A crescendo can be started with code(\<)keyindex(<) and a
decrescendo can be started with code(\>)keyindex(>).  Either one can
be terminated with code(\!)keyindex("!).  Note that code(\!)
must go before the last note of the dynamic mark whereas code(\rc)
and code(\rced) go after the last note.  Because these marks are
bound to notes, if you want to get several marks during one note, you
must use spacer notes.

mudela(fragment,verbatim,center)(  c'' \< \! c''   d'' \decr e'' \rced 
  < f''1 { s4 \< \! s2 \> \! s4 } >)

subsubsect(General spanners)

quote(
  code(\spanrequest)keyindex(spanrequest) var(startstop) var(type)
)

Define a spanning request. The var(startstop) parameter is bind(either)-1
(code(\start)keyindex(start)) bind(or)1 (code(\stop)keyindex(stop)) and
var(type) is a string that describes what should be started.
Supported types are code(crescendo), code(decrescendo),
code(beam), code(slur).  This is an internal command.  Users should
use the shorthands which are defined in the initialization file
file(spanners.ly).

You can attach a (general) span request to a note using

mudela(fragment,verbatim,center)(  c'4-\spanrequest \start "slur"
  c'4-\spanrequest \stop "slur")

The slur syntax with parentheses is a shorthand for this.

COMMENT(came till here with indexifying)

subsubsect(Tremolo marks)
cindex(tremolo marks)
label(tremolo)

Tremolo marks can be printed on a single note by adding
`code(:)[var(length)]' after the note.  The length must be at
bind(least)8.  A var(length) value bind(of)8 gives one line across
the note stem.  If the length is omitted, then the last value is
used, or the value of the indexandcode(abbrev) property if there was
no last value.

mudela(verbatim,fragment,center)(  c'2:8 c':32)


COMMENT(%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%)
COMMENT(%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%)

sect(Compound music expressions)
cindex(compound music expressions)
label(compoundmusic)

Music expressions are compound data structures.  You can nest music
expressions any way you like.  This simple example shows how three
chords can be expressed in two different ways:

mudela(fragment,verbatim,center)(  \notes \context Staff {
    \cadenza 1;
    <a c'> <b  d' > <c' e' >
    <{a b  c'}{c' d' e'}>
  })

COMMENT(%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%)

subsect(Context selection)
cindex(context selection)

quote(
  code(\context)keyindex(context)
    var(contexttype) [code(=) var(contextname)] var(musicexpr)
)

Interpret var(musicexpr) within a context of type var(contexttype). 
If the context does not exist, it will be created.  The new context
can optionally be given a name.  See
bind(section)ref(contextselection) bind(and)ref(contextdefs) for more
information on interpretation contexts.

COMMENT(%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%)

subsect(Music entry modes)
cindex(input modes)
cindex(mode switch)

Mode switching keywords form compound music expressions: code(\notes)
keyindex(notes) var(musicexpr), code(\chords) keyindex(chords)
var(musicexpr), and code(\lyrics) keyindex(lyrics) var(musicexpr). 
These expressions do not add anything to the meaning of their
arguments.  They are just a way to indicate that the arguments should
be parsed in indicated mode.  See bind(section)ref(modes) for more
information on modes.

More information on context selection can be found in
bind(section)ref(contextselection).

COMMENT(%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%)

subsect(Sequential music)
cindex(sequential music)
COMMENT(It's not possible to index `{' and `}' directly, thus we
        must construct it.)
whenlatex(cindex(?A@latexcommand(\texttt{\textbraceleft})))
whenlatex(cindex(?B@latexcommand(\texttt{\textbraceright})))

quote(
  code(\sequential)keyindex(sequential)
    code({) var(musicexprlist) code(})
)

This means that list should be played or written in sequence, i.e.,
the second after the first, the third after the second.  The duration
of sequential music is the the sum of the durations of the elements. 
There is a shorthand, which leaves out the keyword:

quote(
  code({) var(musicexprlist) code(})
)

COMMENT(%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%)

subsect(Simultaneous music)
cindex(simultaneous music)
indexcode(<)
indexcode(>)

quote(
  code(\simultaneous)keyindex(simultaneous)
    code({) var(musicexprlist) code(})
)

It constructs a music expression where all of its arguments start at
the same moment.  The duration is the maximum of the durations of the
elements.  The following shorthand is a common idiom:

quote(
  code(<) var(musicexprlist) code(>)
)

If you try to use a chord as the first thing in your score, you might
get multiple staffs instead of a chord.

mudela(verbatim,center)(  \score {
    \notes <c''4 e''>
    \paper {
      linewidth = -1.;
    }
  })

This happens because the chord is interpreted by a score context.
Each time a note is encountered a default Voice context (along with a
Staff context) is created.  The solution is to explicitly instantiate
a Voice context:

mudela(verbatim,center)(  \score {
    \notes\context Voice <c''4 e''>
    \paper {
      linewidth = -1.;
    }
  })

COMMENT(%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%)

subsect(Relative Pitch Specification)
cindex(relative pitch specification)
label(relative)

It is easy to get confused by octave changing marks and accidentally
putting a pitch in the wrong octave.  A much better way of entering a
note's octave is `the relative octave' mode.

quote(
  code(\relative)keyindex(relative) var(startpitch) var(musicexpr)
)

The octave of notes that appear in var(musicexpr) are calculated as
follows: If no octave changing marks are used, the basic interval
between this and the last note is always taken to be a fourth or
less.footnote(The interval is determined without regarding
accidentals.  A code(fisis) following a code(ceses) will be put above
the code(ceses).)  The octave changing marks `code(')' and `code(,)'
can then be added to raise or lower the pitch by an extra octave. 
Upon entering relative mode, an absolute starting pitch must be
specified that will act as the predecessor of the first note of
var(musicexpr).

Entering scales is straightforward in relative mode.

mudela(fragment,verbatim,center)(  \relative c' {
    c d e f g a b c c,
  })

And octave changing marks are used for intervals greater than a fourth.

mudela(fragment,verbatim,center)(  \relative c'' {
    c g c f, c' a, e'' })

If the preceding item is a chord, the first note of the chord is used
to determine the first note of the next chord.  But other notes
within the second chord are determined by looking at the immediately
preceding note.

mudela(fragment,verbatim,center)(  \relative c' {
    c <c e g> 
    <c' e g>
    <c, e' g>
  }) 

The pitch after the code(\relative) contains a notename.  To parse
the pitch as a notename, you have to be in note mode, so there must
be a surrounding code(\notes)keyindex(notes) keyword (which is not
shown here).

The relative conversion will not affect code(\transpose) or
code(\relative) sections in its argument.  If you want to use
relative within transposed music, you must place an additional
code(\relative) inside the code(\transpose).

It is strongly recommended to use relative pitch mode: less work,
less error-prone, and more readable.

COMMENT(%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%)

subsect(Chord names)

Chord names are a way to generate simultaneous music expressions that
correspond with traditional chord names.  It can only be used in
Chord mode (see bind(section)ref(modes)).

quote(
  var(tonic)[var(duration)][code(-)var(modifiers)]\
                           [code(^)var(subtractions)]\
                           [code(/)var(inversion)].
)

var(tonic) should be the tonic note of the chord, and var(duration)
is the chord duration in the usual notation.  There are two kinds of
modifiers.  One type is em(chord additions), which are obtained by
listing intervals separated by dots.  An interval is written by its
number with an optional `code(+)' or `code(-)' to indicate raising or
lowering by half a step.  Chord additions has two effects: It adds
the specified interval and all lower odd numbered intervals to the
chord, and it may lower or raise the specified interval.  Intervals
must be separated by a dot (`code(.)').

quote(
mudela(fragment,verbatim)(\transpose c'' {
  \chords {
    c1  c-3-       c-7     c-8
    c-9 c-9-.5+.7+ c-3-.5- c-4.6.8
  }
}
)
)

The second type of modifier that may appear after the `code(-)' is a
named modifier.  Named modifiers are listed in the file
file(chord-modifiers.ly).  The available modifiers are `code(m)' and
`code(min)' which lower the 3rd half a step, `indexandcode(aug)' which
raises the 5th, `indexandcode(dim)' which lowers the 5th,
`indexandcode(maj)' which adds a raised 7th, and `indexandcode(sus)'
which replaces the 5th with a 4th.

quote(
mudela(fragment,verbatim)(\transpose c'' {
  \chords {
    c1-m c-min7 c-maj c-aug c-dim c-sus
  }
}
)
) 

Chord subtractions are used to eliminate notes from a chord.  The
notes to be subtracted are listed after a `code(^)' character,
separated by dots.

mudela(fragment,verbatim,center)(  \transpose c'' {
    \chords {
      c1^3 c-7^5.3 c-8^7
    }
  }) 

Chord inversions can be specified by appending `indexandcode(/)' and
the name of a single note to a chord.  This has the effect of
lowering the specified note by an octave so it becomes the lowest
note in the chord.  If the specified note is not in the chord, a
warning will be printed.

mudela(fragment,verbatim,center)(  \transpose c''' {
    \chords {
      c1 c/e c/g c-7/e
    }
  }
) 

Throughout these examples, chords have been shifted around the staff
using code(\transpose).

You should not combine code(\relative) with named chords. 

COMMENT(%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%)

subsect(Tuplets)
cindex(tuplets)

Tuplets are made out of a music expression by multiplying their
duration with a fraction.

quote(
  code(\times)keyindex(times) var(fraction) var(musicexpr)
)

The duration of var(musicexpr) will be multiplied by the fraction. 
In print, the fraction's denominator will be printed over the notes,
optionally with a bracket.  The most common tuplet is the triplet in
which bind(3)notes have the length bind(of)2, so the notes are 2/3 of
their written length:

mudela(fragment,verbatim,center)(  g'4 \times 2/3 {c'4 c' c'} d'4 d'4)

COMMENT(%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%)

subsect(Grace notes)
cindex(grace notes)

quote(
  code(\grace)keyindex(grace) var(musicexpr)
)

A grace note expression has bind(duration)0; the next real note is
assumed to be the main note.

You cannot have the grace note after the main note, in terms of
duration, and main notes, but you can typeset the grace notes to the
right of the main note using the property
indexandcode(graceAlignPosition).

When grace music is interpreted, a score-within-a-score is set up:
var(musicexpr) has its own time bookkeeping, and you could (for
example) have a separate time signature within grace notes.  While in
this score-within-a-score, you can create notes, beams, slurs, etc.
Unbeamed eighth notes and shorter by default have a slash through the
stem.  This behavior can be controlled with the
indexandcode(stemStyle) property.

quote(
mudela(fragment,verbatim)(\relative c'' {
  \grace c8 c4 \grace { [c16 c16] } c4
  \grace { \property Grace.stemStyle = "" c16 } c4
}
)
)

At present, nesting code(\grace)keyindex(grace) notes, e.g.

quote(
  code(\grace { \grace c32 c16 } c4)
)

may result in run-time errors of LilyPond.  Since the meaning of such
a construct is unclear, we don't consider this a loss.  Similarly,
juxtaposing two code(\grace) sections is syntactically valid, but
makes no sense and may cause runtime errors.

Ending a staff or score with grace notes may also generate a run-time
error, since there will be no main note to attach the grace notes to.

COMMENT(%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%)

subsect(Repeats)
cindex(repeats)
label(sec:repeats)

In order to specify repeats, use the code(\repeat)keyindex(repeat)
keyword.  Since repeats look and sound differently when played or
printed, there are a few different variants of repeats.

description(
  dit(unfolded) nl()
    Repeated music is fully written (played) out.  Useful for MIDI
    output.

  dit(volta) nl()
    This is the normal notation: Repeats are not written out, but
    alternative endings (voltas) are printed, left to right.

  dit(folded) nl()
    Alternative endings are written stacked, which is useful for
    lyrics.
)  

The syntax for repeats is

quote(
  code(\repeat) var(variant) var(repeatcount) var(repeatbody)
)

If you have alternative endings, you may add

quote(
  code(\alternative)keyindex(alternative)
    code({) var(alternative1)
            var(alternative2)
            var(alternative3) ellipsis() code(})
)

where each var(alternative) is a Music expression.

Normal notation repeats are used like this:

quote(
mudela(fragment,verbatim)(  c'1
  \repeat volta 2 { c'4 d' e' f' }
  \repeat volta 2 { f' e' d' c' }
)
)

With alternative endings:

quote(
mudela(fragment,verbatim)(  c'1
  \repeat volta 2 {c'4 d' e' f'} 
  \alternative { {d'2 d'} {f' f} }
)
)

Folded repeats look like this:footnote(Folded repeats offer little
more over simultaneous music.  However, it is to be expected that
more functionality -- especially for the MIDI backend -- will be
implemented.)

quote(
mudela(fragment,verbatim)(  c'1
  \repeat fold 2 {c'4 d' e' f'} 
  \alternative { {d'2 d'} {f' f} }
)
)

quote(
mudela(fragment,verbatim)(\context Staff {
  \relative c' {
    \partial 4;
    \repeat volta 2 { e | c2 d2 | e2 f2 | }
    \alternative { { g4 g g } { a | a a a a | b1 } }
  }
}
)
)

If you don't give enough alternatives for all of the repeats, then
the first alternative is assumed to be repeated often enough to equal
the specified number of repeats.

quote(
mudela(fragment,verbatim)(\context Staff {
  \relative c' {
    \repeat volta 3 { \partial 4; e | c2 d2 | e2 f2 | }
    \alternative { { g4 g g }
                   {\partial 1; e4 e e } 
                   {\partial 1; a a a a | b1 } }
  }
}
)
)

It is possible to nest code(\repeat).  This is not entirely
supported: the notes will come be in the right places, but the repeat
bars will not.

COMMENT(%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%)

subsect(Transposition of Pitches)
cindex(transposition of pitches)
label(transpose)

A music expression can be transposed with
code(\transpose)keyindex(transpose).  The syntax is

quote(
  code(\transpose) var(pitch) var(musicexpr)
)

This means that middle C in var(musicexpr) is transposed to
var(pitch).

code(\transpose) distinguishes between enharmonic pitches: both
code(\transpose cis') or code(\transpose des') will transpose up half
a tone.  The first version will print sharps and the second version
will print flats.

quote(
mudela(fragment,verbatim)(\context Staff {
  \clef "F";
  { \key e; c d e f }
  \clef "G";
  \transpose des'' { \key e; c d e f }
  \transpose cis'' { \key e; c d e f }
}
)
)

If you want to use both code(\transpose) and code(\relative), then
you must use code(\transpose) first.  code(\relative) will have no
effect music that appears inside a code(\transpose).

COMMENT(%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%)

subsect(Automatic lyric durations)
cindex(automatic lyric durations)

If you have lyrics that are set to a melody, you can import the
rhythm of that melody into the lyrics using code(\addlyrics).
keyindex(addlyrics) The syntax for this is

quote(
  code(\addlyrics) var(musicexpr1 musicexpr2)
)

This means that both var(musicexpr1) and var(musicexpr2) are
interpreted, but that every non-command atomic music expression
(``every syllable'') in var(musicexpr2) is interpreted using timing
of var(musicexpr1).

If the property indexandcode(automaticMelismata) is set in the
context of var(musicexpr1), no lyrics will be put on slurred or tied
notes.

quote(
mudela(verbatim,fragment)(\addlyrics
\transpose c'' {
  \property Voice.automaticMelismata = "1"
  c8 () cis d8. e16 f2
}
\context Lyrics \lyrics {
 do4 re mi fa }
)
)

You should use a single rhythm melody, and single rhythm lyrics (a
constant duration is the obvious choice).  If you do not, you will get
undesired effects when using multiple stanzas:

quote(
mudela(verbatim,fragment)(\addlyrics
\transpose c'' {
  c8 () cis d8. e16 f2
}
\context Lyrics \lyrics
< { do4 re mi fa }
  { do8 re mi fa } >
)
)

It is valid (but probably not very useful) to use notes instead of
lyrics for var(musicexpr2).

COMMENT(
  mudela(verbatim,fragment)(
    \context Voice \addlyrics
      { s4 s8 s16 s32 }
      { [c16 c c c] }
  )
)


COMMENT(%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%)
COMMENT(%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%)

sect(Ambiguities)
cindex(ambiguities)

The grammar contains a number of ambiguities.footnote(The authors
hope to resolve them at a later time.)

itemize(
  it() The assignment

       quote(
         verb(foo = bar)
       )

       can be interpreted as making a string identifier code(\foo)
       containing code("bar"), or a music identifier code(\foo)
       containing the syllable `bar'.

  it() The assignment

       quote(
         verb(foo = -6)
       )

       can be interpreted as making an integer identifier
       bind(containing)-6, or a Request identifier containing the
       bind(fingering)`6' (with neutral direction).

  it() If you do a nested repeat like

       quote(
verb(\repeat ...
\repeat ...
\alternative)
       )

       then it is ambiguous to which code(\repeat) the
       code(\alternative) belongs.  This is the classic if-then-else
       dilemma.  It may be solved by using braces.

  it() (an as yet unidentified ambiguity :-)
)


COMMENT(%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%)
COMMENT(%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%)

sect(Notation conversion specifics)

COMMENT(%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%)

subsect(Automatic Beam Generation)
cindex(automatic beam generation)
label(autobeam)

By default, LilyPond will generate beams automatically.  This feature
can be disabled by setting the indexandcode(Voice.noAutoBeaming)
property bind(to)1.  It can be overridden for specific cases by
specifying explicit beams as described in
bind(section)ref(manualbeam).

A large number of Voice properties are used to decide how to generate
beams.  Their default values appear in file(auto-beam-settings.ly).
In general, beams can begin anywhere, but their ending location is
significant.  Beams can end on a beat, or at durations specified by
the indexandcode(Voice.beamAutoEnd) property.  To end beams every
quarter note, for example, you could set
indexandcode(Voice.beamAutoEnd) equal to `code("1/4")'.  To end beams
at every three eighth notes you would set it to `code("3/8")'.  The
same syntax can be used to specify beam starting points using
indexandcode(Voice.beamAutoBegin).

To allow different settings for different time signatures, these
property names can start with `code(time)var(N)code(_)var(M)' to
restrict the definition to `var(N)code(/)var(M)' time.  For example,
to specify beams ending only for bind(6/8)time you would use the
property code(Voice.time6_8beamAutoEnd).  To allow different endings
for notes of different durations, the duration can be tacked onto the
end of the property.  To specify beam endings for beams that contain
bind(32nd)notes, you would use code(Voice.beamAutoEnd_32).

COMMENT(%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%)

subsect(Printing chord names)
cindex(chord names)
cindex(chords)
cindex(printing!chord names)

For displaying printed chord names, use the indexandcode(ChordNames)
and indexandcode(ChordNameVoice) contexts.  The chords may be entered
either using the notation described above, or directly using
simultaneous music.

quote(
mudela(fragment,verbatim)(<
  \context ChordNames {
    \chords{a b c} \notes{<d f g>  <e g b>}
  }
  \context Staff \notes {
    a b c' d' e'
  }
>
)
)

LilyPond examines chords specified as lists of notes to determine a
name to give the chord.  By default, LilyPond will not try to
identify chord inversions:

mudela(fragment,verbatim,center)(  <
    \context ChordNameVoice \notes {
      <e'1 g' c''>
    }
    \context Thread \notes {
      <e'1 g' c''>
    }
  >)

If you want inversions to be recognized, you must set the property
indexandcode(ChordNames.chordInversion):

mudela(fragment,verbatim,center)(  <
    \property Score.chordInversion = 1
    \context ChordNameVoice \notes {
      <e'1 g' c''>
    }
    \context Thread \notes {
      <e'1 g' c''>
    }
  >)

COMMENT(%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%)

subsect(Printing lyrics)
cindex(lyrics)
cindex(printing!lyrics)
label(lyricprint)

Lyric syllables must be interpreted within a code(Lyrics) context
cindex(context!Lyrics) for printing them.

Here is a full example: 

quote(
mudela(verbatim)(\score {
  <
    \notes \transpose c'' {
      c d e c | c d e c |
      e f g2 | e4 f g2 \bar "|.";
    }
    \context Lyrics \lyrics { 
      Va-4 der Ja- cob Va- der Ja- cob
      Slaapt gij nog?2 Slaapt4 gij nog?2
    }
  >
}
)
)

You may want a continuous line after the syllables to show melismata. 
To achieve this effect, add a `code(__)' lyric as a separate word
after the lyric to be extended.  This will create an extender, a line
that extends over the entire duration of the lyric.  This line will
run all the way to the start of the next lyric, so you may want to
shorten it by using a blank lyric (using `code(_)').

quote(
mudela(verbatim)(\score {
  <
    \notes \relative c'' {
      a4 () b () c () d | c () d () b () a | c () d () b () a
    }
    \context Lyrics \lyrics {
      foo1 __ | bar2. __ _4 | baz1 __
    }
  >
}
)
)
     
If you want to have hyphens centered between syllables (rather than
attached to the end of the first syllable) you can use the special
`code(-)code(-)' lyric as a separate word between syllables.  This
will result in a hyphen which length varies depending on the space
between syllables, and which will be centered between the syllables. 
For example:

quote(
mudela(verbatim)(\score {
  <
    \notes \transpose c'' {
      c d e c | c d e c |
      e f g2 | e4 f g2 \bar "|.";
    }
    \context Lyrics \lyrics {
      Va4 -- der Ja -- cob | Va -- der Ja -- cob |
      Slaapt gij nog?2 | Slaapt4 gij nog?2
    }
  >
}
)
)


COMMENT(%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%)
COMMENT(%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%)

sect(Notation Contexts)
cindex(notation contexts)

Notation contexts are objects that only exist during a run of
LilyPond.  During the interpretation phase of LilyPond, the Music
expression contained in a code(\score) block is interpreted in time
order.  This is the order in which humans read, play, and write
music.

A context is an object that holds the reading state of the
expression; it contains information like

itemize(
  it() What notes are playing at this point?
  it() What symbols will be printed at this point?
  it() In what style will they printed?
  it() What is the current key signature, time signature, point within
       the measure, etc.?
)

Contexts are grouped hierarchically: A code(Voice) context is
contained in a code(Staff) context (because a staff can contain
multiple voices at any point), a code(Staff) context is contained in
a code(Score), code(StaffGroup), or code(ChoirStaff) context (because
these can all contain multiple staffs).

Contexts associated with sheet music output are called em(notation
contexts), those for sound output are called playing contexts.

Contexts are created either manually or automatically.  Initially,
the top level music expression is interpreted by the top level
context (the code(Score) context).  When a atomic music expression
(i.e. a note, a rest, code(\bar), or code(\time) commands), a nested
set of contexts is created that can process these atomic expressions,
as in this example:

quote(
  verb(\score { \notes < c4 > })
)

The sequential music, `code({ c4 })' is interpreted by code(Score)
context. When the note `code(c4)' itself is interpreted, a set of
contexts is needed that will accept notes.  The default for this is a
code(Voice) context, contained in a code(Staff) context.  Creation of
these contexts results in the staff being printed.

COMMENT(%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%)

subsect(Context selection)
label(contextselection)
cindex(context)

You can also create contexts manually, and you probably have to do so
if you want to typeset complicated multiple part material.  If a
`code(\context) var(name) var(musicexpr)' expression is encountered
during the interpretation phase, the var(musicexpr) argument will be
interpreted with a context of type var(name).  If you specify a name,
the specific context with that name is searched.

If a context of the specified type and name can not be found, a new
one is created.  For example,

quote(
mudela(verbatim)(\score {
  \notes \relative c'' {
    c4 <d4 \context Staff = "another" e4> f
  }
}
)
)

In this example, the code(c) bind(and)code(d) are printed on the
default staff.  For bind(the)code(e), a context Staff called
`code(another)' is specified; since that does not exist, a new
context is created.  Within code(another), a (default) Voice context
is created for bind(the)code(e4).  When all music referring to a
context is finished, the context is ended as well.  So after the
third quarter, code(another) is removed.

Almost all music expressions inherit their interpretation context
from their parent.  In other words, suppose that the syntax for a
music expression is

quote(
  code(\keyword) var(musicexpr1) var(musicexpr2) ellipsis()
)

When the interpretation of this music expression starts, the context
for var(musicexpr1), var(musicexpr2), etc. is that of the total
expression.

Lastly, you may wonder, why this:

quote(
verb(\score {
  \notes \relative c'' {
    c4 d4 e4
  }
})
)

doesn't result in this:

mudela()(
  \score {
    \notes \relative c'' {
      <c4> <d4> <e4>
    }
  }
)

For bind(the)code(c4), a default code(Staff) (with a contained
code(Voice)) context is created.  After bind(the)code(c4) ends, no
music refers to this default staff, so it would be ended, with the
result shown.  To prevent this inconvenient behavior, the context to
which the sequential music refers is adjusted during the
interpretation.  So after bind(the)code(c4) ends, the context of the
sequential music is also the default code(Voice) context. 
bind(The)code(d4) gets interpreted in the same context
bind(as)code(c4).

COMMENT(%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%)

subsect(Predefined contexts)

These are the contexts supplied with the package.  They are defined
in the initialization file file(ly/engraver.ly).

description(
  dit(code(Grace))indexcode(Grace) nl()
    The context for handling grace notes.  It is instantiated
    automatically when you use code(\grace).  Basically, it is an
    `embedded' miniature of the Score context.  Since this context
    needs special interaction with the rest of LilyPond, you should
    not explicitly instantiate it.

  dit(code(LyricVoice))indexcode(LyricVoice) nl()
    Corresponds to a voice with lyrics.  Handles the printing of a
    single line of lyrics.

  dit(code(Thread))indexcode(Thread) nl()
    Handles note heads, and is contained in the Voice context.  You
    have to instantiate this explicitly if you want to adjust the
    style of individual note heads.

  dit(code(Voice))indexcode(Voice) nl()
    Corresponds to a voice on a staff.  This context handles the
    conversion of dynamic signs, stems, beams, super- and subscripts,
    slurs, ties, and rests.

    You have to instantiate this explicitly if you want to have
    multiple voices on the same staff.

  dit(code(ChordNamesVoice))indexcode(ChordNamesVoice) nl()
    A voice with chord names.  Handles printing of a line of chord
    names.

  dit(code(ChordNames))indexcode(ChordNames) nl()
    Typesets chord names.  Can contain code(ChordNamesVoice)
    contexts.

  dit(code(Lyrics))indexcode(Lyrics) nl()
    Typesets lyrics.  It can contain code(LyricVoice) contexts.

  dit(code(Staff))indexcode(Staff) nl()
    Handles clefs, bar lines, keys, accidentals.  It can contain
    code(Voice) contexts.

  dit(code(RhythmicStaff))indexcode(RhythmicStaff) nl()
    A context like code(Staff) but for printing rhythms.  Pitches are
    ignored; the notes are printed on one line.  It can contain
    code(Voice) contexts.

  dit(code(GrandStaff))indexcode(GrandStaff) nl()
    Contains code(Staff) or code(RhythmicStaff) contexts.  It adds a
    brace on the left side, grouping the staffs together.  The bar
    lines of the contained staffs are connected vertically.  It can
    contain code(Staff) contexts.

  dit(code(PianoStaff))indexcode(PianoStaff) nl()
    Just like code(GrandStaff) but with code(minVerticalAlign) set
    equal to code(maxVerticalAlign) so that interstaff beaming and
    slurring can be used.

  dit(code(StaffGroup))indexcode(StaffGroup) nl()
    Contains code(Staff) or code(RhythmicStaff) contexts.  Adds a
    bracket on the left side, grouping the staffs together.  The bar
    lines of the contained staffs are connected vertically.  It can
    contain code(Staff), code(RhythmicStaff), code(GrandStaff), or
    code(Lyrics) contexts.

  dit(code(ChoirStaff))indexcode(ChoirStaff) nl()
    Identical to code(StaffGroup) except that the contained staffs
    are not connected vertically.

  dit(code(Score))indexcode(Score) nl()
    This is the top level notation context.  No other context can
    contain a code(Score) context.  This context handles the
    administration of time signatures.  It also makes sure that items
    such as clefs, time signatures, and key-signatures are aligned
    across staffs.  It can contain code(Lyrics), code(Staff),
    code(RhythmicStaff), code(GrandStaff), code(StaffGroup), and
    code(ChoirStaff) contexts.

    You cannot explicitly instantiate a Score context (since it is
    not contained in any other context).  It is instantiated
    automatically when an output definition (a code(\score) or
    code(\paper) block) is processed.
)

COMMENT(%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%)

subsect(Context properties)

Properties that are set in one context are inherited by all of the
contained contexts.  This means that a property valid for the
code(Voice) context can be set in the code(Score) context (for
example) and thus take effect in all code(Voice) contexts.

Properties can be preset within the code(\translator) block
corresponding to the appropriate context.  In this case, the syntax
is

quote(
  var(propname) code(=) var(value)
)

This assignment happens before interpretation starts, so a
code(\property) expression will override any predefined settings.

The code(\property) expression will create any property you specify.
There is no guarantee that a property will be used.  So if you spell
a property name wrong, there will be no error message.

The property settings are used during the interpretation phase.  They
are read by the LilyPond modules where interpretation contexts are
built of.  These modules are called em(translators).  Translators for
notation are called em(engravers), and translators for sound are
called em(performers).

The precise result of a property is determined by the implementation
of the translator that reads them.  Therefore, the result of a
property can vary, since it is implementation and configuration
dependent.

In order to fully find out what properties are used, you must
currently search the source code for calls to code(get_property). 
The rest of the section is devoted to an (incomplete) overview of
available properties.

subsubsect(Lyrics properties)
cindex(properties!Lyrics)

description(
  dit(code(textStyle))indexcode(textStyle) nl()
    Set the font for lyrics.  The available font choices are
    code(roman), code(italic), code(bold), code(large), code(Large),
    code(typewriter), and code(finger).  The code(finger) font can
    only display numbers.  Note also that you must be careful when
    using code(\property) in Lyrics mode, because of the way strings
    are parsed.  Either put quotes around the arguments to
    code(\property) or be sure to leave a space on both sides of the
    dot.
)

subsubsect(Thread properties)
cindex(properties!Thread)

description(
  dit(code(noteheadStyle))indexcode(noteheadStyle) nl()
    Selects type of note head.  Choices are code(cross),
    code(diamond), code(harmonic), code(transparent), and code(""). 
    They are shown in that order below.

    mudela(center)(
      \score {
        \notes { 
          \property Staff.barNonAuto = 1
          \property Voice.noteHeadStyle = cross 
          a'
          \property Voice.noteHeadStyle = diamond
          a'
          \property Voice.noteHeadStyle = harmonic
          a'
          \property Voice.noteHeadStyle = transparent
          a' 
          \property Voice.noteHeadStyle = ""
          a'
        }
        \paper {
          linewidth = -1.;
        }
      }
    )
)

subsubsubsect(Grace properties)
cindex(properties!Grace)
 
description(  
  dit(indexandcode(stemStyle)) nl()
    By default set to code("grace") meaning that all unbeamed 
    notes with flags are typeset with a slash through the flag. 
    Setting to code("") gives standard flags.
)

subsubsect(Voice properties)
cindex(properties!Voice)

description(  
  dit(code(stemLength))indexcode(stemLength) nl()
    Set length of stems.  Unit is `code(interline)/2', so
    code(stemLength) defaults bind(to)7.

  dit(code(stemLeftBeamCount))indexcode(stemLeftBeamCount) nl()
    Specify the number of beams to draw on the left side of the next
    note.  Overrides automatic beaming.  The value is only used once,
    and then it is erased.

  dit(code(stemRightBeamCount))indexcode(stemRightBeamCount) nl()
    Specify the number of beams to draw on the right side of the next
    note.  Overrides automatic beaming.  The value is only used once,
    and then it is erased.

  dit(code(noAutoBeaming))indexcode(beamAuto) nl()
    If set bind(to)1 then beams are not generated automatically.

  dit(code(beamAutoEnd))indexcode(beamAutoEnd) nl()
    Specifies when automatically generated beams can end.  See
    bind(section)ref(autobeam).

  dit(code(beamAutoBegin))indexcode(beamAutoBegin) nl()
    Specifies when automatically generated beams can start.  See
    bind(section)ref(autobeam).

  dit(code(textEmptyDimension))indexcode(textEmptyDimension) nl()
    If set bind(to)1 then text placed above or below the staff is
    assumed to have zero width.

  dit(code(beamquantisation))indexcode(beamquantisation) nl()
    Set to code(\none) for no quantization.  Set to code(\normal) to
    quantize position and slope.  Set to code(\traditional) to avoid
    wedges.  These three settings are available via
    code(\beamposfree)keyindex(beamposfree),
    code(\beamposnormal)keyindex(beamposnormal), and
    code(\beampostraditional)keyindex(beampostraditional).

  dit(code(beamslopedamping))indexcode(beamslopedamping) nl()
    Set to code(\none) for undamped beams.  Set to code(\normal) for
    damped beams.  Set to code(\infinity) for beams with zero slope. 
    The identifiers
    code(\beamslopeproportional)keyindex(beamslopeproportional),
    code(\beamslopedamped)keyindex(beamslopedamped), and
    code(\beamslopezero)keyindex(beamslopezero) each set the
    corresponding value.

  dit(code(restStyle))indexcode(restStyle) nl()
    Change the layout of rests shorter than quarter notes. 
    Currently, the standard layout code("") and mensural notation
    code("mensural") are available. Mensural rests of duration
    32 or shorter are not available.

  dit(code(midiInstrument))indexcode(midiInstrument) nl()
    Sets the instrument for MIDI output.  If this property is not set
    then LilyPond will use the code(instrument) property.  This must
    be set to one of the strings on the list of MIDI instruments that
    appears in bind(section)ref(midilist).  If you use a string which
    is not listed, LilyPond will silently substitute piano.

  dit(code(transposing))indexcode(transposing) nl()
    Transpose the MIDI output.  Set this property to the number of
    half-steps to transpose by.

  dit(code(oldTieBehavior))indexcode(oldTieBehavior) nl()
    Set bind(to)1 in order to get old tie behavior where ties would
    connect unequal pitches.  This property is deprecated, and its
    use is not recommended.

  dit(code(verticalDirection))indexcode(verticalDirection) nl()
    Determines the direction of stems, subscripts, beams, slurs, and
    ties.  Set to code(\down) to force them down, code(\up) to force
    them up, or code(\free) to let LilyPond decide.  This can be used
    to distinguish between voices on the same staff.  The
    code(\stemdown)keyindex(stemdown), code(\stemup)keyindex(stemup),
    and code(\stemboth)keyindex(stemboth) identifiers set this
    property.

  dit(code(slurVerticalDirection))indexcode(slurVerticalDirection) nl()
    Set to code(\free) for free choice of slur direction, set to
    code(\up) to force slurs up, set to code(\down) to force slurs
    down.  The shorthands code(\slurup)keyindex(slurup),
    code(\slurdown)keyindex(slurdown), and
    code(\slurboth)keyindex(slurboth) are available.

  dit(code(tieVerticalDirection))indexcode(tieVerticalDirection) nl()
    Set to code(\free) for free choice of tie direction, set to
    code(\up) to force ties up, set to code(\down) to force ties
    down.

  dit(code(slurDash))indexcode(slurDash) nl()
    Set bind(to)0 for normal slurs, bind(1)for dotted slurs, and a
    larger value for dashed slurs.  Identifiers
    code(\slurnormal)keyindex(slurnormal) and
    code(\slurdotted)keyindex(slurdotted) are predefined to set the
    first two settings.

  dit(code(horizontalNoteShift))indexcode(horizontalNoteShift) nl()
    Enable LilyPond to shift notes horizontally if they collide with
    other notes.  This is useful when typesetting many voices on one
    staff.  The identifier code(\shift)keyindex(shift) is defined to
    enable this.  Traditionally, the outer chords (the upmost and
    downmost voices), should have no code(horizontalNoteShift).

   dit(code(forceHorizontalShift))indexcode(forceHorizontalShift) nl()
    Force horizontal shift for collision resolution.  It overrides
    automatic collision resolution.  The value is the shift amount
    expressed in code(note_width), as set in the paper section.

  dit(code(dynamicDirection))indexcode(dynamicDirection) nl()
    Determines location of dynamic marks.  Set to code(\up) to print
    marks above the staff; set to code(\down) to print marks below
    the staff.

  dit(code(dynamicStyle))indexcode(dynamicStyle) nl()
    Set the text style for dynamics.  

  dit(code(textStyle))indexcode(textStyle) nl()
    Set the text style for superscripts and subscripts.  See above
    for list of text styles.

  dit(code(textScriptPadding))indexcode(textScriptPadding) nl()
    Determines the extra space added between superscripted resp.
    subscripted text and the closest staff line or note.

  dit(code(fontSize))indexcode(fontSize) nl()
    Can be used to select smaller font sizes for music.  The normal
    font size bind(is)0, and the two smaller sizes are -1
    bind(and)-2.

  dit(code(abbrev))indexcode(abbrev) nl()
    Set length for tremolo to be used if no length is explicitly
    specified.

  dit(code(tupletDirection))indexcode(tupletDirection) nl()
    Determines the direction of triplets and other tuplets.  Set to
    code(\down) to force them below the staff, code(\up) to force
    them above, or code(\free) to let LilyPond decide.

  dit(code(tupletVisibility))indexcode(tupletVisibility) nl()
    Determines whether tuplets of notes are labelled.  Setting
    bind(to)0 shows nothing; setting bind(to)1 shows a number;
    setting bind(to)2 shows a number and a bracket if there is no
    beam; setting bind(to)3 shows a number, and if there is no beam
    it adds a bracket; setting bind(to)4 shows both a number and a
    bracket unconditionally.

  dit(code(markScriptPadding))indexcode(markScriptPadding) nl()
    Determines the extra space added between the mark and the closest
    staff line or note.

  dit(code(markDirection))indexcode(markDirection) nl()
    Determines if marks should be printed above or below the staff.
    Set to code(\up) to print marks above the staff; set to
    code(\down) to print marks below the staff.

  dit(code(articulationScriptPadding))indexcode(articulationScriptPadding)
    nl()
    Determines the extra space added between articulation marks, such
    as staccato, tenuto, trill, up/down bow or fermata, and the
    closest staff line or note.

  dit(code(articulationScriptVerticalDirection))
    indexcode(articulationScriptVerticalDirection) nl()
    Determines the location of articulation marks.  Set to code(\up)
    to print marks above the staff; set to code(\down) to print marks
    below the staff.  This property does not override explicit
    directions marked with `code(^)' or `code(_)' in the mudela file.
)

subsubsubsect(Staff properties)
cindex(properties!Staff)

description(
  dit(code(createInitdefaultClef))indexcode(createInitdefaultClef) nl()
    Specify whether clefs are created on default?  (Doesn't seem to
    do anything.)

  dit(code(barNumberDirection))indexcode(barNumberDirection) nl()
    Set to code(\up) or code(\down) to put bar numbers above or below
    the staff.

  dit(code(barNumberHangOnClef))indexcode(barNumberHangOnClef) nl()
    Set bind(to)1 to cause bar numbers to appear above or below the
    clef instead of on the bar line.  This property is deprecated. 
    Do not use.

  dit(code(barNumberScriptPadding))indexcode(barNumberScriptPadding) nl()
    Sets extra space between the bar number and the bar it labels.

  dit(code(barSize))indexcode(barSize) nl()
    Specify the height of the bar lines if it should be different
    than the staff height.

  dit(code(markHangOnClef))indexcode(markHangOnClef) nl()
    Set bind(to)1 to cause marks to appear by clefs instead of by bar
    lines.  Deprecated, use is not recommended.

  dit(code(marginDirection))indexcode(marginDirection) nl()
    Set to code(\left) or code(\right) to specify location of
    marginal scripts.

  dit(code(marginScriptPadding))indexcode(marginScriptPadding) nl()
    Specify extra space for marginal scripts.

  dit(code(forgetAccidentals))indexcode(forgetAccidentals) nl()
    Causes accidentals to be printed at every note instead of
    remembered for the duration of a measure.

  dit(code(noResetKey))indexcode(noResetKey) nl()
    Do not reset the key at the start of a measure.  Accidentals will
    be printed only once and are in effect until overridden, possibly
    many measures later.

  dit(code(staffLineLeading))indexcode(staffLineLeading) nl()
    Specifies the distance (in points) between lines of the staff.

  dit(code(numberOfStaffLines))indexcode(numberOfStaffLines) nl()
    Specifies the number of staff lines.  The default bind(is)5.

  dit(code(postBreakPadding))indexcode(postBreakPadding) nl()
    Extra space in points to be added after the clef, time signature
    and key signature on the staff.  Deprecated, do not use.

  dit(code(barAtLineStart))indexcode(barAtLineStart) nl()
    Set bind(to)1 to produce a bar line after the clef at the start
    of each line (but not at the beginning of the music).

  dit(code(noVoltaBraces))indexcode(noVoltaBraces) nl()
    Set to true to suppress the printing of brackets over alternate
    endings specified by the command code(\alternative).

  dit(code(voltaSpannerDuration))indexcode(voltaSpannerDuration) nl()
    Set to an integer to control the size of the brackets printed by
    code(\alternative).  The integer specifies the number of whole
    notes duration to use for the brackets.  It is rounded to the
    nearest measure.  This can be used to shrink the length of
    brackets in the situation where one alternative is very large. 
    It may have odd effects if the specified duration is longer than
    the music given in an code(\alternative).

  dit(code(barNonAuto))indexcode(barNonAuto) nl()
    If set bind(to)1 then bar lines will not be printed
    automatically; they must be explicitly created with code(\bar)
    keywords.  Unlike with the code(\cadenza) keyword, measures are
    still counted.  Bar generation will resume according to that
    count if this property is set to zero.

  dit(code(defaultClef))indexcode(defaultClef) nl()
    Determines the default clef.  See code(\clef) keyword.

  dit(code(numberOfStaffLines))indexcode(numberOfStaffLines) nl()
    Sets the number of lines that the staff has.
 
  dit(code(barAlways))indexcode(barAlways) nl()
    If set bind(to)1 a bar line is drawn after each note.

  dit(code(defaultBarType))indexcode(defaultBarType) nl()
    Sets the default type of bar line. See bind(Section)ref(barlines) 
    for a list of available bar types.

  dit(code(keyOctaviation))indexcode(keyOctaviation) nl()
    If set bind(to)1, then keys are the same in all octaves.  If set
    bind(to)0 then the key signature for different octaves can be
    different and is specified independently:

    quote(
      code(\keysignature bes fis')
    )

    The default value bind(is)1.  Can be set to zero with
    code(\specialkey) or reset bind(to)1 with code(\normalkey).

  dit(code(instrument), code(instr))
    indexcode(instrument)indexcode(instr) nl()
    If code(Staff_margin_engraver)cindex(Staff_margin_engraver) is
    added to the Staff translator, then the code(instrument) property
    is used to label the first line of the staff and the code(instr)
    property is used to label subsequent lines.  If the
    code(midiInstrument) property is not set, then code(instrument)
    is used to determine the instrument for MIDI output.

  dit(code(createKeyOnClefChange))indexcode(createKeyOnClefChange) nl()
    Set to a nonempty string if you want key signatures to be printed
    when the clef changes.  Set to the empty string if you do not
    want key signatures printed.

  dit(code(timeSignatureStyle))indexcode(timeSignatureStyle) nl()
    Changes the default two-digit layout for time signatures.  The
    following values are recognized:

    description(
      dit(code(C))indexcode(C) nl()
        4/4 and 2/2 are typeset as C and struck C, respectively.  All
        other time signatures are written with two digits.

      dit(code(old))indexcode(old) nl()
        2/2, 3/2, 2/4, 3/4, 4/4, 6/4, 9/4, 4/8, 6/8 and 9/8 are
        typeset with old-style mensuration marks.  All other time
        signatures are written with two digits.

      dit(code(1))indexcode(1) nl()
        All time signatures are typeset with a single
        digit, e.g. 3/2 is written bind(as)3.

      dit(indexcode(CM/N)code(C)var(M)code(/)var(N), 
      indexcode(oldM/N)code(old)var(M)code(/)var(N) or
      indexandcode(old6/8alt)) nl()
        Tells LilyPond to use a specific symbol as time signature.
    )

    The different time signature characters are shown below with its
    names:

    mudela(center)(
      \score {
        \notes\relative c'' {
          \property Voice.textStyle = typewriter
          \property Staff.timeSignatureStyle = "C2/2"
          \time 2/2; a2^"C2/2" a2 
          \property Staff.timeSignatureStyle = "C4/4"
          \time 2/2; a2^"C4/4" a2 
          \property Staff.timeSignatureStyle = "old2/2"
          \time 2/2; a2^"old2/2" a2 
          \property Staff.timeSignatureStyle = "old3/2"
          \time 2/2; a2^"old3/2" a2 
          \property Staff.timeSignatureStyle = "old2/4"
          \time 2/2; a2^"old2/4" a2 
          \property Staff.timeSignatureStyle = "old4/4"
          \time 2/2; a2^"old4/4" a2 
          \property Staff.timeSignatureStyle = "old6/4"
          \time 2/2; a2^"old6/4" a2 
          \property Staff.timeSignatureStyle = "old9/4"
          \time 2/2; a2^"old9/4" a2 
          \property Staff.timeSignatureStyle = "old4/8"
          \time 2/2; a2^"old4/8" a2 
          \property Staff.timeSignatureStyle = "old6/8"
          \time 2/2; a2^"old6/8" a2 
          \property Staff.timeSignatureStyle = "old6/8alt"
          \time 2/2; a2^"old6/8alt" a2 
          \property Staff.timeSignatureStyle = "old9/8"
          \time 2/2; a2^"old9/8" a2 
        }
        \paper {
          linewidth = 4.5 \in;
        }
      }
    )

  dit(code(clefStyle))indexcode(clefStyle) nl()
    Determines how clefs are typeset.  If set to code(transparent),
    the clefs are not printed at all, if set to
    code(fullSizeChanges), clef changes in the middle of a line are
    typeset with a full size clef.  By default, clef changes are
    typeset in smaller size.
)
   
subsubsect(GrandStaff properties)
cindex(properties!GrandStaff)

description( 
  dit(code(alignmentReference))indexcode(alignmentReference) nl()
    Set to code(\center) for vertical alignment reference point to be
    in the center of the vertical group.  Set to code(\up) to put the
    reference point at the top of the group.

  dit(code(maxVerticalAlign))indexcode(maxVerticalAlign) nl()
    Set the maximum vertical distance between staffs.

  dit(code(minVerticalAlign))indexcode(minVerticalAlign) nl()
    Set the minimum vertical distance between staffs.  
)

subsubsect(Score properties)
cindex(properties!Score)

description(
  dit(code(skipBars))indexcode(skipBars) nl()
    Set bind(to)1 to skip the empty bars that are produced by
    multimeasure notes and rests.  These bars will not appear on the
    printed output.  Set to zero (the default) to expand multimeasure
    notes and rests into their full length, printing the appropriate
    number of empty bars so that synchronization with other voices is
    preserved.

    quote(
mudela(fragment,verbatim,center)\
  (r1 r1*3 R1*3\property Score.skipBars=1 r1*3 R1*3
)
    )
)

subsubsect(ChordNamesVoice properties)
cindex(properties!ChordNamesVoice)

description(
  dit(code(chordInversion))indexcode(chordInversion) nl()
    Determines whether LilyPond should look for chord inversions when
    translating from notes to chord names.  Set bind(to)1 to find
    inversions.  The default bind(is)0 which does not look for
    inversions.
)


COMMENT(%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%)
COMMENT(%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%)

sect(Notation output definitions)
cindex(output)
cindex(notation output)
cindex(output definition)
label(output)
label(paper)

The most important output definition is the code(\paper) block, for
music notation.  The syntax is

quote(
  code(\paper {) [var(paperidentifier)] var(items) code(})
)

where each of the items is one of

itemize(
  it() An assignment.  The assignment must be terminated by a
       semicolon.  See bind(section)ref(papervars) for information on
       paper variables.

  it() A context definition.  See bind(section)ref(contextdefs) for
       more information on context definitions.

  it() A margin shape declaration.  The syntax is

       quote(
         code(\shape) var(indent1)code(,) var(width1)code(,)
                      var(indent2)code(,) var(width2) ellipsis() code(;)
       )
       keyindex(shape)

       Each pair of var(indent) and var(width) values is a dimension
       specifying how far to indent and how wide to make the line. 
       The indentation and width of successive lines are specified by
       the successive pairs of dimensions.  The last pair of
       dimensions will define the characeristics of all lines beyond
       those explicitly specified.

  it() A font declaration.  Its syntax is

       quote(
         var(fontsize) code(=) code(\font)keyindex(font) var(fontname)
       )

       var(fontsize) is an integer describing the font to be used. 
       bind(0)is the default font.  var(fontname) is the basename of
       a font (usually a member of the Feta family).
)

COMMENT(%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%)

subsect(Changing Font Size and Paper Size)
cindex(changing font size and paper size)

The Feta font provides musical symbols at six different sizes.  These
fonts are bind(11)point, bind(13)point, bind(16)point, bind(20)point,
bind(23)point, and bind(26)point.  The point size of a font is the
height of the five lines in a staff when displayed in the font.

Definitions for these sizes are the files file(paperSZ.ly), where
code(SZ) is one of 11, 13, 16, 20, 23 bind(and)26.  If you include
any of these files, the identifiers code(paper_eleven),
code(paper_thirteen), code(paper_sixteen), code(paper_twenty),
code(paper_twentythree), and code(paper_twentysix) are defined
respectively.  The default code(\paper) block is also set.

To change the paper size, you must first set the
indexandcode(papersize) variable at top level.  Set it to the strings
code(a4), code(letter), or code(legal).  After this specification,
you must set the font as described above.  If you want the default
font, then use the bind(20)point font.  The new paper size will not
take effect if the font is not loaded and selected afterwards.  Paper
size selection works by loading a file named after the paper size you
select.

COMMENT(%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%)

subsect(Paper variables)
cindex(paper variables)
label(papervars)

There is a large number of paper variables that are used to control
details of the layout.  These variables control the defaults for the
entire score.  Usually, they do not have to be changed; they are by
default set to values that depend on the font size in use.  The
values are used by the graphic objects while formatting the score;
they are therefore implementation dependent.  Most variables are
accompanied by documentation in the initalization file
file(params.ly) or file(paperSZ.ly), where code(SZ) is the staff
height in points.

Nevertheless, here are some variables you may want to use or change:

description(
  dit(code(indent))indexcode(indent) nl()
    The indentation of the first line of music.

  dit(code(interline))indexcode(interline) nl()
    The distance between two staff lines, calculated from the center
    of the lines.  You should use either this or code(rulethickness)
    as a unit for distances you modify.
  
  dit(code(linewidth))indexcode(linewidth) nl()
    Sets the width of the lines.  If set bind(to)-1.0, a single
    unjustified line is produced.

  dit(code(output))indexcode(output) nl()
    Specifies an alternate name for the the output file(s).
    A file(.tex), file(.midi) or file(.ps) extension will be 
    added to the string you specify.

  dit(code(rulethickness))indexcode(rulethickness) nl()
    Determines the thickness of staff and bar lines. 

  dit(code(castingalgorithm))indexcode(castingalgorithm) nl()
    The algorithm to use for breaking lines.  Choices are
    code(\Gourlay)keyindex(Gourlay) for a TeX()-like dynamic
    programming algorithm, and code(\Wordwrap)keyindex(Wordwrap) for
    a simple algorithm.  Gourlay breaking looks much better, but
    takes a lot more resources.  Wordwrap leaves loosely spaced lines
    at the end.
)

COMMENT(%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%)

subsect(Context definitions)
label(contextdefs)
cindex(context definition)

A notation contexts is defined by the following information

enumerate(
  it() A name.

  it() The LilyPond modules that do the actual conversion of music to
       notation.  Each module is a so-called
       em(engraver)cindex(engraver).

  it() How these modules should cooperate, i.e. which ``cooperation
       module'' should be used.  This cooperation module is a special
       type of engraver.

  it() What other contexts the context can contain,

  it() What properties are defined.
)

A context definition has this syntax:

quote(
  code(\translator) code({)
                      var(translatorinit) var(translatormodifierlist)
                    code(})
)

var(translatorinit) can be an identifier or of the form

quote(
  code(\type) var(typename) code(;)
)

var(typename) is one of

description(
  dit(code(Engraver_group_engraver))indexcode(Engraver_group_engraver) nl()
    The standard cooperation engraver.

  dit(code(Score_engraver))indexcode(Score_engraver) nl()
    This is cooperation module that should be in the top level context.

  dit(code(Grace_engraver_group))indexcode(Grace_engraver_group) nl()
    This is a special cooperation module (resembling
    code(Score_engraver)) that is used to created an embedded
    `miniscore'.
) 

var(translatormodifierlist) is a list of items where each item is
one of

itemize(
  it() code(\consists) var(engravername) code(;) nl()
    Add var(engravername) to the list of modules in this context. 
    bind(Section)ref(engravers) contains an overview of the engravers
    available.  The order of engravers added with code(\consists) is
    significant.
  
  it() code(\consistsend) var(engravername) code(;) nl()
    Analogous to code(\consists), but makes sure that
    var(engravername) is always added to the end of the list of
    engravers.

    Some engraver types need to be at the end of the list; this
    insures they are put there, and stay there, if a user adds or
    removes engravers.  This command is usually not needed for
    end-users.
    
  it() code(\accepts) var(contextname) code(;) nl()
    Add var(contextname) to the list of  context this context can
    contain.  The first listed context the context to create by
    default.
  
  it() code(\remove) var(engravername) code(;) nl()
    Remove a previously added (with code(\consists)) engraver.
  
  it() code(\name) var(contextname) code(;) nl()
    This sets name of the context, e.g. code(Staff), code(Voice).  If
    the name is not specified, the translator won't do anything.

  it() var(propname) code(=) var(value) code(;) nl()
    A property assignment.  It is allowed to use reals for
    var(value).
)

In the code(\paper) block, it is also possible to define translator
identifiers.  Like other block identifiers, the identifier can only
be used as the very first item of a translator.  In order to define
such an identifier outside of code(\score), you must do

quote(
verb(\paper {
  foo = \translator { ... }
}
\score {
  \notes {
    ...
  }
  \paper {
    \translator { \foo ... }
  }
})
)

subsubsect(Paper Types, Engravers, and Pre-defined Translators)
cindex(paper types, engravers, and pre-defined translators)

Some pre-defined identifiers can simplify modification of
translators.  The pre-defined identifiers are:

description(
  dit(code(StaffContext))indexcode(StaffContext) nl()
    Default Staff context. 

  dit(code(RhythmicStaffContext))indexcode(RhythmicStaffContext) nl()
    Default RhythmicStaff context. 

  dit(code(VoiceContext))indexcode(VoiceContext) nl()
    Default Voice context.  

  dit(code(ScoreContext))indexcode(ScoreContext) nl()
    Default Score context. 

  dit(code(ScoreWithNumbers))indexcode(ScoreWithNumbers) nl()
    Score context with numbering at the Score level.

  dit(code(BarNumberingStaffContext))indexcode(BarNumberingStaffContext) nl()
    Staff context with numbering at the Staff level.

  dit(code(HaraKiriStaffContext))indexcode(HaraKiriStaffContext) nl()
    Staff context that does not print if it only contains rests. 
    Useful for orchestral scores.footnote(Harakiri, also called
    Seppuku, is the ritual suicide of the Samourai.)

  dit(code(OrchestralPartStaffContext))indexcode(OrchestralPartStaffContext)

  dit(code(OrchestralScoreContext))indexcode(OrchestralScoreContext)
)

Using these pre-defined values, you can remove or add items to the
translator:

quote(
verb(\paper {
  \translator {
    \StaffContext
    \remove Some_engraver;
    \consists Different_engraver;
  }
})
)
      
subsubsect(Engravers)
label(engravers)

The engravers for paper output are:

[incomplete, FIXME]

description(
  dit(code(Bar_engraver))indexcode(Bar_engraver) nl()
    Engraves bar lines.  Normally in code(Staff) and
    code(RhythmicStaff).

  dit(code(Bar_number_engraver))indexcode(Bar_number_engraver) nl()
    Engrave bar numbers.  These numbers appear at the start of each
    line.  Not normally in any translator.  Can be added to
    code(Score) for score-wide numbering or to code(Staff) for
    numbering on each staff.

  dit(code(Beam_engraver))indexcode(Beam_engraver) nl()
    Handles beam requests by engraving beams.  Normally appears in
    the code(Voice) translator.  If omitted, then notes will be
    printed with flags instead of beams.

  dit(code(Beam_req_swallow_translator))
    indexcode(Beam_req_swallow_translator) nl()
    Swallows beam requests.  In code(LyricVoice).  

  dit(code(Chord_name_engraver))indexcode(Chord_name_engraver) nl()
    Engraves chord names.  Normally in code(ChordNameVoice) .

  dit(code(Chord_tremolo_engraver))indexcode(Chord_tremolo_engraver)

  dit(code(Clef_engraver))indexcode(Clef_engraver) nl()
    Engraves the clef symbol.  Normally in code(Staff).

  dit(code(Collision_engraver))indexcode(Collision_engraver)

  dit(code(Dot_column_engraver))indexcode(Dot_column_engraver) nl()
    Engraves dots on dotted notes shifted to the right of the note. 
    Normally in code(Voice).  If omitted, then dots appear on top of
    the notes.

  dit(code(Dynamic_engraver))indexcode(Dynamic_engraver) nl()
    Engraves dynamics symbols.  Normally in code(Voice).

  dit(code(Font_size_engraver))indexcode(Font_size_engraver)

  dit(code(Key_engraver))indexcode(Key_engraver) nl()
    Engraves the key signature.  Normally in code(Staff).

  dit(code(Local_key_engraver))indexcode(Local_key_engraver)

  dit(code(Lyric_engraver))indexcode(Lyric_engraver) nl()
    Engraves lyrics.  Normally in code(LyricVoice).

  dit(code(Multi_measure_rest_engraver))
    indexcode(Multi_measure_rest_engraver) nl()
    Engraves multi-measure rests that are produced with code(R). 
    Normally in code(Voice).

  dit(code(Piano_bar_engraver))indexcode(Piano_bar_engraver)

  dit(code(Pitch_squash_engraver))indexcode(Pitch_squash_engraver) nl()
    Treat all pitches as middle C.  Used in code(RhythmicStaff). 
    Note that the notes move, but the locations of accidentals stay
    the same.

  dit(code(Priority_horizontal_align_engraver))
    indexcode(Priority_horizontal_align_engraver)

  dit(code(Repeat_engraver))indexcode(Repeat_engraver) nl()
    Handles repeats?  In code(Staff) and code(RhythmicStaff).

  dit(code(Rest_collision_engraver))indexcode(Rest_collision_engraver) nl()
    Handles collisions of rests.  In code(Staff).

  dit(code(Rest_engraver))indexcode(Rest_engraver) nl()
    Engraves rests.  Normally in code(Voice).

  dit(code(Rhythmic_column_engraver))indexcode(Rhythmic_column_engraver)

  dit(code(Score_priority_engraver))indexcode(Score_priority_engraver)

  dit(code(Script_engraver))indexcode(Script_engraver) nl()
    Handles note ornaments generated by code(\script).  Normally in
    code(Voice).

  dit(code(Separating_line_group_engraver))
    indexcode(Separating_line_group_engraver)

  dit(code(Skip_req_swallow_translator))
    indexcode(Skip_req_swallow_translator)

  dit(code(Slur_engraver))indexcode(Slur_engraver) nl()
    Engraves slurs.  Normally in code(Voice).

  dit(code(Span_bar_engraver))indexcode(Span_bar_engraver) nl()
    Engraves lines across multiple staffs.  Normally in
    code(Staffgroup) and code(GrandStaff).  Removing this from
    code(StaffGroup) gives the definition of code(ChoirStaff).

  dit(code(Span_score_bar_engraver))indexcode(Span_score_bar_engraver)

  dit(code(Staff_group_bar_engraver))indexcode(Staff_group_bar_engraver)

  dit(code(Staff_margin_engraver))indexcode(Staff_margin_engraver) nl()
    Prints the name of the instrument (specified by
    code(Staff.instrument) and code(Staff.instr)) at the left of the
    staff.

  dit(code(Staff_sym_engraver))indexcode(Staff_sym_engraver)

  dit(code(Stem_engraver))indexcode(Stem_engraver) nl()
    Engraves stems.  Normally in code(Voice).

  dit(code(Ties_engraver))indexcode(Ties_engraver) nl()
    Engraves ties.  Normally in code(Voice).

  dit(code(Time_signature_engraver))indexcode(Time_signature_engraver) nl()
    Engraves the time signature.  Normally in code(Staff) and
    code(RhythmicStaff).

  dit(code(Timing_engraver))indexcode(Timing_engraver) nl()
    Responsible for synchronizing timing information from staffs. 
    Normally in code(Score).  In order to create polyrhythmic music,
    this engraver should be removed from code(Score) and placed in
    code(Staff).

  dit(code(Tuplet_engraver))indexcode(Tuplet_engraver) nl()
    Engraves tuplet brackets?  In code(Staff).

  dit(code(Vertical_align_engraver))indexcode(Vertical_align_engraver) 
)


COMMENT(%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%)
COMMENT(%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%)

sect(Sound output)

COMMENT(%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%)

subsect(output definition)

The MIDI block is analogous to the paper block, but it is simpler.
The code(\midi) block can contain:cindex(MIDI block)

itemize(
  it() a code(\tempo) definition
  it() context definitions
)

Assignments in the code(\midi) block are not allowed.

COMMENT(%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%)

subsect(Context definitions)
cindex(context definition)

Context definitions follow precisely the same syntax as within the
\paper block.  Translation modules for sound are called performers.
The contexts for MIDI output are defined in file(ly/performer.ly).

COMMENT(%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%)

subsect(MIDI Instrument Names)
cindex(MIDI instrument names)
label(midilist)

The MIDI instrument name is set by the
indexandcode(Staff.midiInstrument) property or, if that property is
not set, the indexandcode(Staff.instrument) property.  The instrument
name should be chosen from the following list.  If the selected
string does not exactly match, then LilyPond uses the default piano.

COMMENT( acordina = accordion, tango accordian = concertina
         distortion guitar = distorted guitar
         orchestral strings = harp 
         pan flute = wood flute? )

quote(
verb("acoustic grand"            "contrabass"           "lead 7 (fifths)"
"bright acoustic"           "tremolo strings"      "lead 8 (bass+lead)"
"electric grand"            "pizzicato strings"    "pad 1 (new age)"
"honky-tonk"                "orchestral strings"   "pad 2 (warm)"
"electric piano 1"          "timpani"              "pad 3 (polysynth)"
"electric piano 2"          "string ensemble 1"    "pad 4 (choir)"
"harpsichord"               "string ensemble 2"    "pad 5 (bowed)"
"clav"                      "synthstrings 1"       "pad 6 (metallic)"
"celesta"                   "synthstrings 2"       "pad 7 (halo)"
"glockenspiel"              "choir aahs"           "pad 8 (sweep)"
"music box"                 "voice oohs"           "fx 1 (rain)"
"vibraphone"                "synth voice"          "fx 2 (soundtrack)"
"marimba"                   "orchestra hit"        "fx 3 (crystal)"
"xylophone"                 "trumpet"              "fx 4 (atmosphere)"
"tubular bells"             "trombone"             "fx 5 (brightness)"
"dulcimer"                  "tuba"                 "fx 6 (goblins)"
"drawbar organ"             "muted trumpet"        "fx 7 (echoes)"
"percussive organ"          "french horn"          "fx 8 (sci-fi)"
"rock organ"                "brass section"        "sitar"
"church organ"              "synthbrass 1"         "banjo"
"reed organ"                "synthbrass 2"         "shamisen"
"accordion"                 "soprano sax"          "koto"
"harmonica"                 "alto sax"             "kalimba"
"concertina"                "tenor sax"            "bagpipe"
"acoustic guitar (nylon)"   "baritone sax"         "fiddle"
"acoustic guitar (steel)"   "oboe"                 "shanai"
"electric guitar (jazz)"    "english horn"         "tinkle bell"
"electric guitar (clean)"   "bassoon"              "agogo"
"electric guitar (muted)"   "clarinet"             "steel drums"
"overdriven guitar"         "piccolo"              "woodblock"
"distorted guitar"          "flute"                "taiko drum"
"guitar harmonics"          "recorder"             "melodic tom"
"acoustic bass"             "pan flute"            "synth drum"
"electric bass (finger)"    "blown bottle"         "reverse cymbal"
"electric bass (pick)"      "skakuhachi"           "guitar fret noise"
"fretless bass"             "whistle"              "breath noise"
"slap bass 1"               "ocarina"              "seashore"
"slap bass 2"               "lead 1 (square)"      "bird tweet"
"synth bass 1"              "lead 2 (sawtooth)"    "telephone ring"
"synth bass 2"              "lead 3 (calliope)"    "helicopter"
"violin"                    "lead 4 (chiff)"       "applause"
"viola"                     "lead 5 (charang)"     "gunshot"
"cello"                     "lead 6 (voice)")
)

subsubsect(MIDI Types and Performers)
cindex(MIDI types and performers)

The types available for  MIDI translators are:

description(
  dit(code(Performer_group_performer))indexcode(Performer_group_performer)
  dit(code(Score_performer))indexcode(Score_performer)
  dit(code(Staff_performer))indexcode(Staff_performer)
)

The performers for MIDI translators are:

description(
  dit(code(Key_performer))indexcode(Key_performer)
  dit(code(Time_signature_performer))indexcode(Time_signature_performer)
  dit(code(Note_performer))indexcode(Note_performer)
  dit(code(Lyric_performer))indexcode(Lyric_performer)
  dit(code(Swallow_performer))indexcode(Swallow_performer)
)


COMMENT(%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%)
COMMENT(%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%)

sect(Pre-defined Identifiers)
cindex(pre-defined identifiers)
label(ident)

Various identifiers are defined in the initialization files to
provide shorthands for some settings.  Most of them are in
file(ly/declarations.ly).

description(
  dit(code(\break))keyindex(break) nl()
    Force a line break in music by using a large argument for the
    keyword code(\penalty).

  dit(code(\center))keyindex(center) nl()
    Used for setting direction  properties.  bind(Equals)0.

  dit(code(\down))keyindex(down) nl()
    Used for setting direction setting properties.  Is equal
    bind(to)-1.

  dit(code(\free))keyindex(free) nl()
    Used for setting direction setting properties.  Is equal
    bind(to)0.

  dit(code(\left))keyindex(left) nl()
    Used for setting text alignment property.  Is equal bind(to)-1.

  dit(code(\nobreak))keyindex(nobreak) nl()
    Prevent a line break in music by using a large negative argument
    for the keyword code(\penalty).

  dit(code(\none))keyindex(none) nl()
    Used for setting code(Score.beamslopedamping) and
    code(Score.beamquantisation) properties.  Is equal bind(to)0.

  dit(code(\normal))keyindex(normal) nl()
    Used for setting code(Score.beamslopedamping) and
    code(Score.beamquantisation) properties.  Is equal bind(to)1.

  dit(code(\normalkey))keyindex(normalkey) nl()
    Select normal key signatures where each octave has the same key
    signature.  This sets the code(Staff.keyoctaviation) property.

  dit(code(\right))keyindex(right) nl()
    Used for setting text alignment property.  Is set bind(to)1.

  dit(code(\shiftoff))keyindex(shiftoff) nl()
    Disable horizontal shifting of note heads that collide.  Sets the
    code(Voice.horizontalNoteShift) property.

  dit(code(\shifton))keyindex(shifton) nl()
    Enable note heads that collide with other note heads to be
    shifted horiztonally.  Sets the code(Voice.horizontalNoteShift)
    property.

  dit(code(\slurboth))keyindex(slurboth) nl()
    Allow slurs to be above or below notes.  This sets the
    code(Voice.slurVerticalDirection) property.

  dit(code(\slurdown))keyindex(slurdown) nl()
    Force slurs to be below notes.  This sets the
    code(Voice.slurVerticalDirection) property.

  dit(code(\slurup))keyindex(slurup) nl()
    Force slurs to be above notes.  This sets the
    code(Voice.slurVerticalDirection) property.

  dit(code(\specialkey))keyindex(specialkey) nl()
    Allow key signatures do differ in different octaves.  This sets
    the code(Staff.keyoctaviation) property.

  dit(code(\stemboth))keyindex(stemboth) nl()
    Allow stems, beams, and slurs to point either upwards or
    downwards, decided automatically by LilyPond.  This sets the
    code(Voice.verticalDirection) property.

  dit(code(\stemdown))keyindex(stemdown) nl()
    Force stems, beams, and slurs to point down.  This sets the
    code(Voice.verticalDirection) property.

  dit(code(\stemup))keyindex(stemup) nl()
    Force stems, beams and slurs to point up.  This sets the
    code(Voice.verticalDirection) property.

  dit(code(\traditional))keyindex(traditional) nl()
    Used for setting the code(Score.beamquantisation) property.  Is
    equal bind(to)2.

  dit(code(\up))keyindex(up) nl()
    Used for setting various direction properties.  Is equal
    bind(to)1.
)


COMMENT(%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%)
COMMENT(%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%)

sect(Running LilyPond)
cindex(running LilyPond)


When invoked with a filename that has no extension, LilyPond will try
adding `file(.ly)' as an extension first, then `file(.fly)' and
finally `file(.sly)' extension.  If the filename ends with
`file(.fly)', LilyPond processes the file as music using
`file(init.fly)'.  In this case, LilyPond does something like:

quote(
verb(\score {
  \notes\relative c {
    \input "yourfile.fly"
  }
  \paper{}
  \midi{}
})
)
The result of `file(.sly)' is similar except that a single unjustified
line is produced.

If you invoke LilyPond with a file `file(foo.)var(ext)' that doesn't
have the `file(.ly)' extension, then LilyPond will look for a file
called `file(init.)var(ext)' and process this file.  The file
`file(init.)var(ext)' must contain the code(\maininput) keyword or
LilyPond will not read the user specified file.

When LilyPond processes file(filename.ly) it will produce
file(filename.tex) as output.  If file(filename.ly) contains a second
code(\paper) keyword, then LilyPond will produce file(filename-1.tex)
as well.  Subsequent code(\paper) keywords will produce sequentially
numbered file names.  Several files can be specified; they will each
be processed independently.footnote(Not entirely true: The status of
GUILE is kept.)

whenlatex(latexcommand(\printindex))

COMMENT(End of reference-manual.yo)